VAI TRO COA LIEN MINH CHAU AU VA HIEP UOC LISBON

CHINH TRI - AN NINH CHAU AU

VAI TRO COA LIEN MINH CHAU AU VA HIEP UOC LISBON

L&i Toa soan: De trien khai de tdi nghien cieu "Nhiing thay doi cita EU sau Hiep u&c

Lisbon " nhdm ndng cao hieu biet ve EU trong boi cdnh Hiep ir&c Lisbon cd hieu luc trong

th&i gian gdn ddy, ngdy 27-08-2010, Phdng EU, Vu Chdu Au, Bo Ngogi giao dd tien hdnh

phong vdn PGS.TS. Dinh Cong Tudn, Tong bien tap Tgp chi Nghien cieu Chdu Au 3 cdu hdi

ve chii de ndy. Tgp chi Nghien cieu Chdu Au ddng todn vdn cdc cdu hoi vd trd l&i cita PGS.

TS. Dinh Cong Tudn.

Cdu hdi 1: Xin ong cho biet y kien ve

vai tro va vj the cua EU hien nay?

Tra l&i:

Lien minh Chau Au (EU) la mdt the ehe

da qudc gia hoan thien nhat, mot trung tam

kinh te, chinh tri, van hda Idn ciia the gidi.

Lien minh Chau Au la mdt dien hinh eho

hgp tac khu vyc, mdt he thdng the ehe xuyen

qudc gia va lien chinh phii vdi thiet che thi

trudng chung, ddng tien chung va cac chinh

sach thuong mai chung.

/. De hiiu dugc vai tro vd vi the ciia

EU hien nay, tru&c hit chiing ta hdy nhin

lgi ljch sd ra d&i vd su m& rong khong gian

dia ly cua td chdc ndy, bdt ddu tir nhitng

ndm 50 cua the ky XX.

Sau Chiln tranh thi gidi II, chau Au bi

tan pha nang nl. Noi am anh chien tranh ed

thi xay ra bit ky liic nao di thuc day chau

luc nay xay dyng nhirng mdi quan he qudc te

ben virng dl giur gin hda binh va ngan chan

nhiing tham kich tugng ty tai dien. Thang 9-

1949, Cdng hda Lien bang Diic ra ddi, cam

ket phi quan su hda tren lanh thd ciia minh.

Tinh hiiu nghi Phap - Diie dan dugc ndi lai

da thuc day Ngoai trudng Phap Robert

Schuman tuyen bd Ke hoach Schuman ve

mot Cdng ddng Than Thep Chau Au (9-5-

1950). Ke hoach nay chu truong thu tieu sy

tranh chap lau ddi gitra Phap va Dire, "dat

toan bd san xuat Phap - Diic ve than va thep

dudi mdt eo quan quyen luc chung, trong

mdt td chirc md cira cho cac nude chau Au

khac ciing tham gia"' '. Ke hoach Schuman

la "giay khai sinh" cho Lien minh Chau Au.

Ngay 18-4-1951, Hiep dinh Paris giira 6

nude Phap, Tay Diic, Italy, Bi, Ha Lan,

Lucxembourg (ndng cdt la Phap va Diic)

duge ky ket, thanh lap Cdng ddng Than

Thep Chau Au (ECSC)<^1 Cdng ding Than

' " Xem Duroselle J.B (1994), "Lich sie ngogi giao lie 1949 den nay", tr. 406, Hoc vien Quan he quoc te, Ha Noi. (2) European Coal and Steel Community.

NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).2010

Thep Chau Au la bude di cy the dau tien

trong tien trinh hgp nhat chau Au tir sau

Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai theo nguyen tac

cua hai chinh khach ngudi Phap Jean

Mormet va Robert Schumann: Caeh tdt nhit

de bat dau tien trinh gan ket chau Au la

thdng qua phat trien cac quan he kinh te*^\

Ndi each khac, Lien minh Chau Au thud ban

dau la chi la mot td chiic lien ket ve kinh te.

Sau mdt sd nam hgp tac cd ket qua tdt

tren hai ITnh vuc than va thep, sau nude

Phap, Dire, Y, Ha Lan, Bi va Lucxembourg

da md rdng sy hgp tac ra nhieu ITnh vyc kinh

te khac. Ngay 25-3-1957, Hiep dinh Rome

thanh lap Cdng ddng Kinh te Chau Au

(EEC)*'*' va Cdng ddng Nang lugng nguyen

tir Chau Au (EAEC)'^^ dugc ky kit. EEC va

EAEC hoat ddng song song vdi ECSC. Nam

1967, ea ba khdi nay hgp lai thanh Cdng

ddng Chau Au (EC)'^\ tap trung chu yeu ve

phat trien kinh te va ndng nghiep. EC timg

budc dugc md rdng tir nam 1973 vdi sy gia

nhap cua Dan Mach, Ireland; Anh, Hy Lap

gia nhap nam 1981; Bd Dao Nha va Tay Ban

Nha gia nhap nam 1986.

Hiep udc ve Lien minh Chau Au, dugc

ky tai Maastricht (Ha Lan) thang 7 nam

1992, chinh thirc khai sinh Lien minh Chau

Au thay the cho EC. Maastricht md rdng

<̂* Xem "Lich sic phdt triin EU", http://vnexpress.net/GL/The-gioi/Tu-lieu/2004/04/3B9DlDFE/ *•*' European Economic Community. ' ' ' European Atomic Energy Community. '*' European Community.

khai niem Lien minh Chau Au sang nhiing

ITnh vuc mdi vdi ke hoaeh cho ra ddi ddng

tien chung va ket cau ba try cdt: 1) Cgng

ddng Chau Au - try cdt mang tinh sieu qude

gia vdi ba thiet che la Uy ban Chau Au, Nghi

vien Chau Au va Tda an Cdng ly cd quyen

lyc Idn; 2) Chinh sach ddi ngoai va an ninh

ehung; 3) Tu phap va ndi vy. Hai try cdt sau

mang tinh lien chinh phu. Ket cau ba try cdt

nay phan anh nguyen vgng cua cac nude

mudn md rdng quan he lien ket mang tinh

sieu qudc gia trong cdng ddng kinh te sang

cac ITnh vuc khac nhu ehinh sach ddi ngoai,

quan sy... ^ '. Theo ket cau ba try cdt. Lien

minh Chau Au la try cdt thii nhat (mang tinh

lien ket sieu qudc gia), tach biet ve mat phap

ly vdi hai try cdt cdn lai (mang tinh lien ket

lien chinh phu) trong chinh sach ddi ngoai,

qudc phdng, ngi vu va hgp tac tu phap. Dieu

nay da han che quyen lye cua Uy ban Chau

Au, Nghi vien va Tda cdng ly trong viec gay

anh hudng den eac ITnh vuc chinh sach mang

tinh lien chinh phu d hai try cdt sau.

Chien tranh Lanh kit thiic da tao dilu

kien cho cac nude trung lap dung ngoai trat

tu ludng cue nhu Ao, Phin Lan, Thyy Diln

gia nhap EU. Nam 1995, s i thanh vien cua

EU tang tir 12 nude len 15 nude vdi sy tham

gia ciia ba nude nay. Gin 10 nam sau, EU

dugc md rdng tir 15 Ien 25 thanh vien vdi sy

gia nhap ciia 8 nude thudc viing Trung -

Xem Nguyen Quang Thuin (Cb), Gido trinh quan he kinh te qudc ti ciia Lien minh Chdu Au, tr. 16, Nxb DHQG TP. H6 Chi Minh, 2009.

J

^ai tr& eua Mien niinli &idu cAu.

Ddng Au va viing Baltic cimg hai nude

Malta va Cdng hda Sip vao ngay 1-5-2004.

Ngay 1-7-2007, Romania va Bungary ehinh

thirc gia nhap EU, nang tdng sd thanh vien

ciia td chirc nay len 27 nude. Trong tuong lai

EU se van tiep tuc md rdng sang phia Ddng.

Nhu vay, sau hon nira the ky, qua trinh

nhat the hda chau Au da dat dugc nhung

thanh cdng Idn. Tir mdt td chiie lien ket don

thuan ve kinh te, EU da phat trien thanh mdt

lien minh kinh te - tien te va mdt lien minh

chinh tri to Idn gdm 27 qudc gia thanh vien

vdi tdng dien tich la 4.442.773 km^ va dan sd

(tinh din thang 1-2010) 501,1 trieu ngudi*^'

Thanh cdng trong viec md rdng va Hiep udc

Lisbon dugc tat ea cac nude thanh vien

thdng qua (1/12/2009) da giiip EU manh len

rat nhieu va ed tieng ndi Idn ban tren trudng

qudc te. Ngay nay EU cd vai trd va vi the

quan trgng ddi vdi khu vyc eiing nhu ddi vdi

the gidi.

2. Vi vai tro vd vi the cua EU ngdy

nay, chung toi xin nhdn mgnh vdo mot so

diem sau:

Thie nhdt, doi v&i the gi&i: Hien nay EU

van dang la mdt trong nhiing trung tam kinh

te Idn cua the gidi. Vdi hon nira ty dan (dung

thii 3 thi gidi sau My va Trung Qude), EU

cd mot nen cdng nghiep phat trien lau ddi va

cd mdt nguon tai chinh khdng Id, dii sire

manh de tiep tyc canh tranh vdi eae cudng

qudc. EU tap trung cae nude cdng nghiep

phat trien nhat the gidi nhu Anh, Phap, Due.

Theo dy bao cua Goldman Sachs, GDP cua

EU nam 2010 dat khoang 12,9 nghin ty

USD, dung thii hai the gidi, sau My. Ciing

vdi My, EU chiim tdi 28,39% GDP cua toan

the gidi va 20,5% kim ngach thuong mai

toan cau, trd thanh mdt trong hai thuc the

kinh te Idn nhat, cd anh hudng Idn den trat ty

kinh te qudc te va ehi phdi xu hudng phat

trien thuong mai toan cau. Dy bao vao nam

2020, GDP ciia EU se la khoang 16,861

nghin ty USD, eao nhat the gidi, vugt My.

Ke tir khi md rdng vdi 27 nude thanh

vien trong thap ky dau tien cua the ky XXI,

sirc manh cua EU tren the gidi ngay cang

dugc cimg cd. Ddng euro trd thanh mot trong

nhung ddng tien try cgt cua the gidi, pha di

the dgc tdn eua ddng ddia My, giup cac nude

khac bdt phu thuge vao nen kinh te My va

ddng USD, thiic day the gidi da eye hoa.

Ddi vdi cac nude dang phat trien, EU cd

vai trd Idn trong cac vdng dam phan qudc te

nhu viec thuc hien cac myc tieu thien nien

ky (MDGs)^^\ vien trg phat trien chinh thiic

(ODA)... Vao nam 2015, EU cam kit se ehi

0,7% GDP de vien trg cho cac nude dang

phat trien thye hien eac myc tieu ciia MDGs.

Trong cac vdng dam phan Doha ciia WTO,

nhiing quyet dinh ciia EU se cd sy thay ddi

"* Xem: Lien minh Chdu .hi ghi nhdn ddn so tdng, http://www.cpv.org, vn/cpv/Modules^'c\\sTMewsDeta il.aspx?co_id-30480&cn_id=415016#0ZyuGS9OQrG

w) Millennium Development Goals.

NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).2010

so vdi thap nien 2010 nham mang lai lgi ich

eho ea EU va cac nude dang phat trien.

Vdi sire manh Idn ve kinh te, tieng ndi

cua EU tren trudng qudc te ngay cang cd

trgng lugng. EU cd tieng ndi quan trgng

trong nhieu td chirc qudc te nhu IMF, G-8,

G-20 nen kinh te Idn, dac biet la Lien hgp

qudc (hai trong sd nam nude thanh vien cd

dinh ciia Hdi ddng Bao an thudc EU). EU

ddng vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi Lien hgp

qude ve chinh tri - kinh te. Ciing vdi cac

nude thanh vien EU, Uy ban Chau Au (EC)

la nha tai trg Idn thir sau cua Lien hgp qudc

vdi 1 ty euro hang nam*'°'. Trong viec giii

gin an ninh, duy tri hda binh the gidi, ddi

phd vdi nhiing van de toan cau, thiic day tien

bd xa hdi, EU cung giii vai trd Idn.

Cac nude thanh vien ciia EU eiing "sdt

cdnh ben nhau" trong eudc chien chdng

khiing bd, tdi pham qude te va nhap cu bat

hgp phap. EU keu ggi the gidi giai quyet

xung dot bang hda binh va mong mudn con

ngudi se khdng cdn la nan nhan cua cac cuge

chien hay bao lyc. EU doan ket vi sy ty do

va phat trien trong khu vyc va tren toan the

gidi; keu ggi day liii ddi ngheo, benh dieh,

bao ve mdi trudng toan cau trude su thay ddi

cua khi hau, tiep tyc ddng vai trd chinh trong

cac boat ddng nhan dao.

''"' Xem Lien minh Chdu Au dong vai tro quan trong vai Lien hop quoc, http://vietbao.vn/The-gioi/EU-dong-vai-tro-quan-trong-voi-LHQ/65081172/159/

Chang han, d chau Au, EU cd vai trd

quan trgng trong viec quan ly va kiem soat

cac cuoc khiing hoang va xung dot (cac nude

thanh vien dam nhiem vai trd dan su va quan

sy) dae biet d khu vue Balcan va Kavkaz. d

Trung Ddng, EU cd the phdi hgp hanh dgng

tdt vdi My thdng qua cac eudc ddi thoai. EU

ciing tham gia giir gin hda binh d chau Phi,

dang chii y nhat la da tao ra mdt hanh lang an

toan cho tau thuyen bi bgn cudp bien d khu

vyc Simg chau Phi de dga. Tai Afghanistan,

EU hien dien khdng ehi bang lue lugng quan

sy ma cdn bang cae chuong trinh dao tao va

xay dyng co sd ha tang cho nude nay. Ciing

vdi eac ddi tac khae, EU cung dang gay ap

lyc vdi Iran nham bude Tehran phai thye

hien cae nghTa vy qude te cd lien quan den

chuong trinh hat nhan ciia hg. Cdngd la noi

EU thir nghiem vai trd mdi ve quan sy - an

ninh. EU da hai lan dua binh linh din Cdng

hda dan ehii Cdngd tham gia giir gin hda

binh eho cuge tdng tuyen cir va thdi gian sau

tuyen cir d dat nude chau Phi nay.

Thic hai: Doi v&i bdn thdn cdc nu&c noi

Khoi, EU giir vai trd chu chot trg giiip cac

nude thanh vien phat trien trong mdi trudng

toan cau hda, giiip hg duong dau vdi khiing

hoang. Bang chiing gan day la viec EU ciiu

trg cho Hy Lap trong eudc khiing hoang ng

cdng.

EU giii vai trd duy tri hda binh va In

dinh ndi khdi. Ngay nay, mau thuin hay

xung dot giiia cac nude thanh vien lau nam

eiia EU la dieu khd xay ra nhd cd sy hgp

(Vui tra euu Mien minh &idu du.

nhat ma hg da tao dung trong sudt 50 nam

qua. Tuy nhien, giira eac nude thanh vien cii

va cac nude thanh vien mdi ciing cd nguy co

cang thang do cac nude cii dang phai ganh

chiu nhiing khoan chi phi hd trg Idn de thu

hep khoang each vdi nhirng nude thanh vien

mdi, nhat la dudi tac ddng cua eudc khung

hoang tai chinh - kinh te toan cau nam 2008-

2009. Vi vay, lien minh nay phai tiep tuc cd

nhiing bien phap de duy tri hda binh va dn

dinh hon nira trong ngi bd.

Ngay 1-12-2009, Hiep udc Lisbon ciia

EU chinh thiic cd hieu luc da tao cho EU

mot dien mao mdi, md ra mdt chuong mdi

trong lich sir EU. Hi vgng Hiep udc Lisbon

se giiip Lien minh Chau Au trd thanh mdt td

chiirc ngay cang manh me ban, cd sy gan ket

khang khit hem giiia cac nude thanh vien va

ddng vai trd to Idn hon vao sy phat trien ciia

chau Au ndi rieng, the gidi ndi chung, dac

biet trong viec giai quyet nhiing van de toan

cau hien nay nhu bien ddi khi hau.

Cau hoi 2: Theo ong nhirng ly do

chinh nao dan den viec ra doi Hiep uoc

Lisbon, nhirng muc dich chinh cua Hiep

udc nay la gi?

Trd lffi:

* Nguyen nhdn chinh ddn den sir ra

d&i ciia Hiep u&c Lisbon

Cdc quy chi hogt dgng ciia EU ke tie

Hiep u&c Masstricst - Hiep le&c thdnh lap

EU - cd hieu luc (11-1993) din trie&c Hiep

u&c Lisbon (12-2009) da ngdy cdng tr& nen

lgc hdu so v&i th&i cuoc. Sy lien ket khu vyc

cua EU theo Masstricst dya tren ba try cdt

chinh: 1) Lien ket kinh te; 2) Ngoai giao va

an ninh chung; 3) Hgp tac tu phap va ndi vy.

Ciing vdi qua trinh lien ket theo chieu rdng,

tiic la ket nap them thanh vien (tir 12 len 15

nude sau khi ket nap 3 nude Ao, Phan Lan,

Thyy Dien vao nam 1995, tir 15 len 25 sau

khi ket nap them 8 nude thudc viing Trung -

Ddng Au, viing Baltic, Malta va Cgng hda

Sip vao nam 2004, tir 25 len 27 vao nam

2007 sau khi ket nap Bungary va Romania),

lien ket theo chieu sau eung ngay cang phat

trien. Try cdt kinh te da dat miie do lien ket

gan nhu hoan hao vdi thi trudng thdng nhat,

lien minh kinh te - tien te, ddng tien ehung,

chinh sach ndng nghiep chung, chinh sach ve

CO cau va phat trien viing... Trong lien ket

kinh te, EU duge xem nhu mdt cdng ddng

ma viec hoach dinh chinh sach lien quan tdi

cac ITnh vyc ke tren da dugc cac nude thanh

vien chuyen giao cho cac the che sieu qude

gia quyet dinh. Ve try cdt chinh sach ddi

ngoai va an ninh chung, mac du EU mong

mudn cd dugc sy thdng nhat giiia eac nude

thanh vien de tao siie manh, uy the eho Lien

minh trong viee giai quyet cac van de qudc

te, nhung viec ra quyet dinh van dya vao co

che lien chinh phu, ddi hdi su ddng thuan,

hay ndi mdt each khae, cac nude deu cd

quyen phii quyet. Co che ddng thuan da tao

ra tinh trang mdt qudc gia thanh vien (khdng

ke Idn hay be) cd kha nang giet chit mdt

chinh sach dap img duge yeu cau cua da sd

thanh vien khac tir trong trimg nude. Try cdt

8 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).2010

tu phap va ndi vy, ngoai mdt sd ndi dung lien

quan tdi cdng ddng kinh te, nhin ehung van

thudc tham quyen cua cae nude thanh vien.

Nhu vay, theo khudn khd Masstricst, nhieu

van de trong EU khd dat dugc tieng ndi

chung, nhat la d hai try cdt sau.

Vdi tham vgng thuc day nhanh qua trinh

nhat the hoa khu vyc, EU da bd sung Hiep

udc Masstricst bang nhieu hiep udc khac sau

dd nhu: Hiep ude Amsterdam (1999), Hiep

udc Nice (2003), dac biet la ban Dy thao

Hiep ude Hien phap nam 2004. Tuy nhien,

ban dy thao nay khdng duge phe chuan do

cir tri Phap va Ha Lan da ndi khdng trong

cae cuge tnmg cau dan y nam 2005. Tir day,

cd the ket luan, trude khi Hiep udc Lisbon ra

ddi vao nam 2007, qua trinh nhat the hda

chau Au ludn gap nhiing khd khan, bat ddng

y kien va mdt van ban phap ly cho toan EU

van chua dugc ky ket.

Song song vdi viec tim kiem mdt van

ban phap ly chung cho toan EU la viec thay

ddi nhiing tieu chi cai each tir Hdi nghi

Lisbon nam 2000 den Hiep udc Lisbon duge

ky ket nam 2007. Tai Hdi nghi Lisbon nam

2000, cac nude EU da tan thanh viec day

nhanh nhirng cai each co cau kinh te, nhan

manh khia canh phat trien xa hgi, dat myc

tieu tao ra 70%) viee lam, tang ngan sach

R&D (Nghien ciiu va Phat trien) len 3%

GDP... Tuy nhien, nhiing tieu chi nay rat

khd thye hien. Do vay, Hdi nghi Lisbon nam

2005 da sira ddi nhimg tieu chi nay eho phii

hgp hon, ehii yeu d hai diem: I) Tap trung

vao tang trudng va tao viec lam; 2) Thiic day

cac nude thanh vien mdi tien hanh cai each

the che. Vdi nhirng tieu chi dat ra mang tinh

cai each toan dien, Hdi nghi Lisbon nam

2005 dugc xem la Hdi nghi "cai each",

nhung do sy chia re y kien giira cac nude

thanh vien, Chien lugc Tang trudng va Viec

lam van gap nhieu khd khan.

Tai Hdi nghi Thugng dinh Lisbon nam

2007, Chien lugc Lisbon nam 2005 chinh

thiic dugc lay ten la Hiep udc Lisbon vdi cac

ndi dung md rdng ban niia, coi day la khung

phap ly chung cho EU. Ngay 19-10-2007,

cac nha lanh dao EU ve co ban da di den

thdng nhat mot Hiep ude cai each nham thay

the Dy thao Hien phap nam 2004.

Ngay 13-12-2007, tai Lisbon, thu dd Bd

Dao Nha, cac nha lanh dao 27 nude thanh

vien Lien minh Chau Au da ky ban hiep udc

vdi ten Hiep udc Lisbon. Hiep udc nay da

phai dieu chinh mot sd ndi dung va vugt qua

dugc eudc tnmg eau dan y tai Ailen nam

2008, den phiit chdt dugc Cdng hoa Sec phe

chuan va chinh thiic cd hieu luc tir ngay 01-

12-2009.

* Nhirng muc dich chinh cda Hiep u&c

Lisbon

Hiep udc Lisbon dugc biit din nhu hiep

dinh cai each (chii khdng phai la ban Hiln

phap), cd the phii hgp vdi quy md mdi rdng

Idn cua Lien minh Chau Au vdi 27 qudc gia

thanh vien. Hiep udc Lisbon da sira dii va

b l sung nhiing thilu sdt ciia Hiep uoc

<Vai trd eua Mien ininh ^du cAu...

Masstrict (Hiep udc vl Lien minh Chau Au

ky ket nam 1992 tai Masstrict - Ha Lan) va

Hiep udc Rome (Hiep udc thanh lap Cdng

ddng Chau Au ky ket nam 1957), Hiep udc

Amsterdam (1996) va Hiep udc Nice (2000)

nham myc tieu nang cao hieu qua va tinh

chinh thdng dan chu, hoan thien sy gan ket

trong hoat dgng eua Lien minh bang each

hien dai hda cac co cau cua EU.

Myc tieu cy the ban cua Hiep \xbc nay la

tao ra mot chinh sach ddi ngoai hieu qua

ban, giiip EU cd dugc tieng ndi Idn ban tren

binh dien qudc te; mdt vai trd lanh dao Idn

hon cho Lien minh Chau Au va giiip viec

hoach dinh chinh sach dan chu ban.

Nhung muc tieu tren dugc the hien

trong nhung thay ddi chu yeu cua Hiep udc

Lisbon so vdi cac hiep udc trude dd*' **' '

- Hiep u&c Lisbon da huy bd ket cdu ba

tru cgt de hgp lai thanh mdt phap nhan duy

nhat la Lien minh Chau Au. Dieu nay cd

nghTa la mgi thiet che eua EU gan vdi danh

tir "cgng ddng"*''^' deu phai bd di. Chang ban

"Uy ban eac Cdng ddng chau Au" - ggi tat la

Uy ban Chau Au - nay chinh thiic mang ten

Uy ban Chau Au.

'"* Xem: "GI&I thieu ve Hiep uoc Lisbon ciia EU", http://www.ttnn.com.vn/Country/270/Document/2626 6/Default.aspx "^' Xem: Nguyin Quang Thuin (Cb), "Gido trinh quan he kinh te quoc te ciia Lien minh Chdu Au", tr. 21-22, Nxb DHQG TP. H6 Chi Minh, 2009 "^' "Cong dong nang lugng nguyen tu" la ngoai le vi nang lugmg hat nhan la vin de nhay cam, dl gay lo ngai.

- Nhirng quyen lgi m&i cho cong ddn

EU: Trong Hien chuong ve cac quyen co

ban, Hiep udc Lisbon cd dilu khoan quy

dinh cdng dan EU cd the dugc tham gia vao

cdng viec cua Uy ban Chau Au (EC) trong

mdt sd ITnh vuc nhat dinh dl dua ra nhiing de

xuat phap ly. Ngoai ra, vdi Sang kien cua

Cdng dan (The Citizen's Initiative), mot trieu

ngudi dan tir nhieu nude thanh vien cd kha

nang yeu cau Hdi ddng Chau Au dua ra

nhiing ke hoaeh chinh sach mdi, gdp phan

tao ra mot chau Au trong sang, minh bach va

dan chu ban.

- Cdc chinh sdch men: Hiep ude neu ra

mdt sd chinh sach mdi nhu chinh sach nang

lugng chung. Day la chien luge de ddi phd

vdi su ndng len cua trai dat. Trong thuang

mai, canh tranh binh dang la yeu cau bat

budc nham dam bao cho thi trudng ngi dia

dugc van hanh theo dung chiic nang dich

thye cua nd. Trong van de an ninh, dieu

khoan "doan ket" dugc dua ra trong trudng

hgp bi tan cdng khiing bd. Neu mdt qudc gia

thanh vien trd thanh muc tieu tan cdng cua

ehil nghTa khung bd hay nan nhan ciia eac

tham hga thien tao hoac nhan tao se nhan

dugc sy giiip do cua cac qudc gia thanh vien

khac. Vdi nhirng chinh sach mdi nay, Hiep

udc Lisbon se tao ra mdt chau Au cd nhirng

quyen lgi va gia tri rieng, ty do, doan kit, va

an ninh, gdp phan nang cao uy tin cua EU

tren trudng qude te. ::; :; i

- The che vd chiec vii lanh dgo: Mdt Chu

tich Hdi ddng Chau Au se dugc biu ra vdi

10 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).2010

nhiem ky 2 nam rudi, thay cho nude Chu

tich Luan phien dugc chi dinh 6 thang mdt

lan. Chu tich Hdi ddng Chau Au se dieu

hanh cac cuge hgp thugng dinh va thay mat

EU tren trudng qudc te. Ngoai ra se cd chiic

danh "Dai dien cap cao ve Chinh sach Ddi

ngoai va An ninh" - Bd trudng Ngoai giao

cua EU, kiem Phd chu tich Uy ban Chau Au.

Vdi mdt vi Chu tich Hdi ddng Chau Au

thudng true va Bd trudng Ngoai giao Chau

Au cung su tham gia phe chuan cua Qude

hdi Chau Au, EU se cd tieng ndi thdng nhat

vdi eac ddi tac va cac td chirc qudc te. Uy

ban chau Au - ea quan thye thi chinh sach

ciia EU - se dugc nit ggn sd lugng thanh

vien tir nam 2014 nham nang cao hon niia

hieu qua boat ddng. Qudc hdi cac nude thanh

vien lan dau tien cd duge tieng ndi Idn hon

trong viee hoach dinh chinh sach ciia EU.

Nhirng thay ddi nay hiia hen tao ra mot chau

Au cd nang lyc ban.

- He thong bieu quyet: Quy tac bieu

quyet da sd se dugc ap dyng tdi da trong cac

ITnh vyc trude day bat budc phai cd sy ddng

thuan. Hiep udc cdn dua ra he thdng bd

phieu mdi ggi la "He thdng da sd kep", theo

dd chi can 55% sd nude thanh vien (15/27),

dai dien cho it nhat 65%) dan sd EU bieu

quyet thdng qua mdt van ban phap luat. Mdt

hanh ddng nao dd khdng duge thdng qua khi

ed 72% sd nude dai dien eho 65% cdng dan

EU phan ddi. Hiep udc ciing cd dieu khoan

ve kha nang mdt nude thanh vien rut khdi

EU theo mdt sd dieu kien dugc thda thuan

vdi cac nude thanh vien khac.

- Nhieng thay doi lien quan den thuong

mgi vd ddu tu: Hiep udc Lisbon dua ra 3

thay ddi chu yeu, dd la:

+ Thdm quyen cua EU dugc tdng cic&ng

vd xdc dinh ro rdng han. Hiep dinh Lisbon

phan dinh rd rang 3 Ilnh vuc tham quyen

giira EU va cac qudc gia thanh vien: 1) LTnh

vue thudc tham quyen cua EU nhu chinh

sach tien te cho cac nude sir dung ddng euro;

2) LTnh vyc EU cd the chia se nhu mang ludi

giao thdng xuyen chau Au; 3) LTnh vyc EU

hd trg hoac phdi hgp nhu van hda, giao

dye...

+ Nghi vien Chdu Au dugc trao quyen

lire l&n han do md rdng thu tyc ddng quyet

dinh vdi Hgi ddng Chau Au trong mot sd

ITnh vyc. Nghi vien eung cd quyen lyc Idn

ddi vdi toan bd ngan sach ciia EU. Dac biet,

Hiep udc mdi da md rdng quyen lye cho

Nghi vien cac nude thanh vien trong cac

cdng viec ndi chung va viec lap phap ndi

rieng cua cac thiet che EU.

+ Hgp nhdt cdc chinh sdch ngoai

thuong va dau tu, ddi ngoai va an ninh, mdi

trudng, phat trien va trg giup nhan dao thanh

hoat ddng ddi ngoai.

Cdu hoi 3: Danh gia cua ong ve tac

dong ciia Hiep uoc Lisbon doi voi tiin

trinh nhat the hoa chau Au?

Trd l&i:

Cd the ndi rang, Hiep udc Lisbon da tao

ra mdt dien mao mdi eho EU, chim diit

"eudc khung hoang chinh tri" keo dai nhilu

nam qua d cac nude Idn nhit trong EU, ddng

^ai trn eua Mien in inh &idu c4u. 11

thdi md ra mdt chuong mdi trong ljch sir

EU. Mot chdu Au m&i se dugc sinh ra tren

luc dia chdu Au gid coi theo nhu ldi Chii tieh

Uy ban Chau Au (EC) Manuel Baroso'"",

Hiep udc Lisbon the hien nhiing nd lyc nhat

thi hda chau Au d nhirng khia canh nhu cai

each the che va hoach dinh ehinh sach, thdng

nhat chinh sach an ninh va ddi ngoai chung

ciia toan EU, thay ddi viec hoach dinh chinh

sach thuong mai cua toan EU ddi vdi cae

nude ngoai Khdi, tang cudng quyen han

chung ciia Khdi. Cy the nhu sau:

Thic nhdt, Hiep udc Lisbon thuc day qua

trinh lien ket khu vyc bang nhiing cdi cdch

ve the che vd ca che hogch dinh chinh sdch.

Trong ba try cdt cua EU theo khudn khd

Hiep udc Masstricst, try cdt Cdng ddng kinh

te dat tdi miic do lien ket cao nhat. Su khac

biet can ban trong viee hoach dinh chinh

sach giiia try cdt nay vdi hai try cdt cdn lai la

CO cbl "da sd du thim quyln" (QMV) hay

thilu sd phyc timg da sd, khdng nude nao cd

quyln phii quyet nhirng chinh sach mang lai

lgi ich chung cho Lien minh. Vi the, Hiep

udc Lisbon da chuyen mdt sd ndi dung ciia

try cgt tu phap va ndi vy sang co che "da sd

dii thim quyln". Khdng nhiing vay, thii tuc

"da si du thim quyln" se dugc don gian hoa

thanh thii tyc "da sd kep", chinh thiic cd hieu

luc vao nam 2014. Theo nguyen tac nay, van

ban phap luat ciia EU dugc thdng qua khi d^t

dugc hai tieu ehi: da sd nude thanh vien vdi

55% sd nude va da sd dan chiing dai dien

cho 65%) dan sd toan khu vyc iing hd''^'. Co

che bd phieu nay se gdp phan lam cho qua

trinh hoach dinh chinh sach cua EU minh

bach va hieu qua hon, ddi hdi cac nude thanh

vien phai nd lyc ban, tranh dugc sy be tac

khi lgi ich ciia da sd cd nhimg mau thuan vdi

thieu sd.

Hiep udc Lisbon da thay the che do chu

tich luan phien giira eac nude thanh vien

nhiem ky 6 thang bang che do chu tich

thudng tryc nhiem ky 2 nam rudi. Nhiem vu

ciia chii tich thudng true EU la ehii tri cac

eudc hgp thugng dinh cua cac nguyen thii

eac qude gia thanh vien va thay mat EU tren

trudng qudc te. Vdi che do chii tich thudng

tryc nhiem ky dai hon, eac dinh hudng chinh

sach ciia EU se dugc thdng nhat hon va hieu

qua hon. Tai Hdi nghj thugng dinh Hdi ddng

Chau Au vao ngay 18 va 19-11-2009, dng

Herman Van Rompuy^'^', Thii tudng duong

nhiem Bi da duge bau la Chu tjch Thudng

tryc dau tien theo tinh than ciia Hiep udc

Lisbon. Co cau eua Uy ban Chau Au den

nam 2014 se tir 27 thanh vien (theo co ehe

mdi nude cd mdt dai dien) giam xudng edn

17 thanh vien se tao nen mdt uy ban khdng

mang tinh dai dien cho tat ca cac nude thanh

vien va thye sy la mdt the che sieu qudc gia

"•" Xem: Chdu Au ve'yi hdnh trang mai, http://www. cpv. org. vn/cpv/Modules/News/NewsDetail .aspx?co id=3067l&cn_ld=379685#

''^' Xem; "Gioi thieu ve Hiep uoc Lisbon ciia EU", http://www.ttnn,com. vn/Country/270/Document/2626 6/Default.aspx "*' http://wapedia.mobi/vi/Herman_Van_Rompuy.

12 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).2010

boat ddng vi lgi ich chung cua toan Lien

minh.

Thic hai, Hiep udc Lisbon tdng cu&ng

ddn chu vd minh bach trong qud trinh hogch

dinh chinh sdch cua EU.

Hiep udc Lisbon tang cudng vai trd cua

Qudc hdi Chau Au ciing nhu Qudc hdi cac

nude thanh vien trong qua trinh hoach dinh

chinh sach nhu: chuyen tir thu tuc ddng

quyet djnh sang thu tuc lap phap thdng

thudng lien quan tdi hon 70 ITnh vyc, tang

cudng quyen lap phap cua Qudc hdi EU, md

rdng thu tuc phe chuan ngan sach cua EU ddi

vdi cac khoan ngan sach bat budc va khdng

bat huge, md rdng tham quyen phe chuan cae

hiep djnh qudc te ma EU ky vdi cac ddi tae

ben ngoai. Hiep udc Lisbon giai quyet van

de "thieu dan chu" ve lap phap giira Qude

hdi cac nude thanh vien vdi Qudc hdi Chau

Au bang each tang tham quyen cho Qudc hdi

cac nude thanh vien trong viec giam sat Uy

ban Chau Au.

Khdng nhiing the, Hiep udc Lisbon cdn

chii trgng ban tdi cac quyen co ban cua

ngudi dan nhu nhan pham, ty do, dan chii,

binh dang va cac khia canh lien quan den

quyen con ngudi, hudng tdi khai niem cong

ddn chdu Au. Quyen cdng dan EU se dugc

bao dam binh dang giira cae nude thanh vien,

dong thdi duge thiet lap d miie do phap ly

cao nhat. Dieu nay cd nghTa la Hiep udc

Lisbon se bao dam tdt ban cae quyen nhu ty

do tdn giao, ngdn luan va ty do tiep can tai

lieu. Cling nhu binh dang gidi, bao ve cac

quyen eua tre em tren tat ca cac ITnh vyc, dac

biet nhan manh bao ve cac quyen cdng dan

day du tren cac khia canh kinh te, lao dgng,

dan sy va chinh trj.

Thic ba, Hiep udc Lisbon hudng tdi viec

thdng nhdt chinh sdch an ninh vd ddi ngogi

chung, cai thien hinh anh cua EU tren trudng

qudc te.

Song song vdi viec bau mdt vi Chii tjch

Thudng tryc, Hiep udc Lisbon cung bau ra

ngudi diing dau co quan ddi ngoai va an ninh

- mdt Bd trudng Ngoai giao cua EU kiem

Phd chu tjch Uy ban Chau Au. Vdi thay ddi

nay, Hiep udc Lisbon da danh dau su thay

ddi quan trgng cua EU trong quan he qudc

te. EU se xuat hien tren vii dai the gidi vdi

"hinh anh chung" va "tieng ndi chung". Mot

vj Chu tjch Thudng tryc, mdt vj Bd trudng

Ngoai giao Chau Au ciing su tham gia phe

chuan eiia Qude hdi Chau Au se giiip EU cd

dugc mdt tieng ndi thdng nhat vdi cac ddi tac

va cac td chiic qudc te. Dieu nay se gdp phan

cai thien vi the cua Lien minh trong viec ddi

phd vdi nhirng thach thiic toan ciu nhu bien

ddi khi hau. phat trien ben viing, an ninh

truyen thdng va phi truyen thing.

Ngiroi phong van: Xin tran trgng cam

on!

Ngudi phdng van: Dao Phuong Lan

Phdng EU, Vy Chau Au

Bd Ngoai giao