Vaccines: HPV and HIV. Immune System esophagus stomach Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens.

Vaccines: HPV and HIV

ImmuneSystem

esophagus

stomach

Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens

CB 18.2

Pathogen: an organism that causes disease

Ebola

E. coli

Fungus from soil

Phage virus

various pathogens

Viruses only harm cells by invading them and using the cell to reproduce

Living organisms must fit all of the following criteria:

1. They must have organization.

2. They must have metabolism.

3. They must respond to the environment.

4. They must be able to reproduce themselves.

CB 6.6A typical bacteria

lag

exponential

stationary

The rapid growth of bacteriaCB 52.12

CB 52.22

Human Population Growth

36.4

9

2.3

36.4

9

2.3

How much of our society is based on continuing population increases?

CB 6.6A typical bacteria

What do bacteria do?from a human perspective

Good• Decay dead material• Help digest food• Protect body from “bad

bacteria”• Nitrogen fixation• Produce oxygen

Bad• Cause disease

– Food poisoning

– STD’s

– Cavities

– Infections of skin or body

• Spoil food/infect crops

CB 54.17 The nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen as part of amino acids and nucleotides

N NN

What do bacteria do?from a human perspective

Good• Decay dead material• Help digest food• Protect body from “bad

bacteria”• Nitrogen fixation• Produce oxygen

Bad• Cause disease

– Food poisoning

– STD’s

– Cavities

– Infections of skin or body

• Spoil food/infect crops

~40% of planted food does not make it to table

Resistance of bacteria to antibiotics

Evolution in Action:

What do bacteria do?from a human perspective

Good• Decay dead material• Help digest food• Protect body from “bad

bacteria”• Nitrogen fixation• Produce oxygen

Bad• Cause disease

– Food poisoning

– STD’s

– Cavities

– Infections of skin or body

• Spoil food/infect crops

~40% of planted food does not make it to table

esophagus

stomach

Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens

The Immune System

• Non-specific:– barriers

• Specific:–B-cells -> antibodies

–T-cells

CB 43.2

Non-Specific Immune SystemBarriers: Skin-

DryInhospitableCompetitionSecretions (lysozyme)

Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)Traps particles, swallowed

Stomach acidkills pathogens

CB 43.2

CB 43.2 Skin protects us from most pathogens

Non-Specific Immune SystemBarriers: Skin-

DryInhospitableCompetitionSecretions (lysozyme)

Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)Traps particles, swallowed

Stomach acidkills pathogens

CB 43.2

esophagus

stomach

Non-Specific Immune SystemBarriers: Skin-

DryInhospitableCompetitionSecretions (lysozyme)

Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)Traps particles, swallowed

Stomach acidkills pathogens

CB 43.2

How do vaccines to work?How do vaccines to work?By pre-activating the body’s immune system.By pre-activating the body’s immune system.