Vaccines, Clones &Transgenics. Plant vaccines contain dead or weakened strains of plant virus which are injected to plants against diseases Vaccines.

Vaccines, Clones Vaccines, Clones &Transgenics&Transgenics

Plant vaccines contain dead or Plant vaccines contain dead or weakened strains of plant weakened strains of plant virus which are injected to virus which are injected to plants against diseasesplants against diseases

Vaccines can also be encoded Vaccines can also be encoded in plant DNAin plant DNA

Transgenic plants can Transgenic plants can synthesize protein antigens synthesize protein antigens that retain immunological that retain immunological propertiesproperties

The Tobacco Mosaic virus The Tobacco Mosaic virus (TMV), produces a protein on (TMV), produces a protein on surface of the virus which surface of the virus which turns on the plant immune turns on the plant immune system in tobacco plantssystem in tobacco plants

Tobacco plants with TMV has Tobacco plants with TMV has the resistance against the the resistance against the virusvirus

With the advent of modern With the advent of modern molecular biology techniques molecular biology techniques in the 1980s, new strategies in the 1980s, new strategies were developed for the were developed for the production of subunit vaccinesproduction of subunit vaccines

Green plants are used as the Green plants are used as the “surrogate production “surrogate production organism” to produce antigens organism” to produce antigens of human pathogensof human pathogens

Rabies virus G-protein in tomatoRabies virus G-protein in tomato Norwalk virus Capsid protein in Norwalk virus Capsid protein in

tobacco & potatotobacco & potato Hepatitus B virus surface Hepatitus B virus surface

antigen in tobacco & potatoantigen in tobacco & potato E.coli heat-labile enterotoxin B E.coli heat-labile enterotoxin B

subunit (LT-B) in tobacco & subunit (LT-B) in tobacco & potatopotato

Cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) in Cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) in potatopotato

Eaten raw Eaten raw Appealing to children Appealing to children Inexpensive to produce Inexpensive to produce Native to many Native to many

developing countriesdeveloping countries Still under clinical trialsStill under clinical trials

The BT gene in Bacillus thuringiensis The BT gene in Bacillus thuringiensis , produces a crystalline protein that , produces a crystalline protein that kills insects and their larvae (an kills insects and their larvae (an insecticidal protein).insecticidal protein).

Instead of spreading the bacteria in Instead of spreading the bacteria in the field now can spread Bt genes!!! the field now can spread Bt genes!!! Tomatoes, potatoes, corn , cotton Tomatoes, potatoes, corn , cotton etc.etc.

Today, plants can be genetically Today, plants can be genetically engineered to produce their own Btengineered to produce their own Bt

Crops are genetically engineered to Crops are genetically engineered to be resistant to common herbicide be resistant to common herbicide called glyphosate( an enzyme which called glyphosate( an enzyme which block photosynthesis)block photosynthesis)

Generally herbicides are used to kill Generally herbicides are used to kill weeds and by doing so, crops get weeds and by doing so, crops get affected.affected.

Hence the need for genetically Hence the need for genetically engineered herbicide resistant cropsengineered herbicide resistant crops

Deficiency of Vitamin A causes Deficiency of Vitamin A causes night blindness. night blindness.

Genetically engineered rice to Genetically engineered rice to produce large amount of Beta produce large amount of Beta carotene, a provitamin which carotene, a provitamin which body converts to Vitamin A.body converts to Vitamin A.

Read pg 144 test book for further Read pg 144 test book for further infoinfo

http://www.nal.usda.gov/bic/http://www.nal.usda.gov/bic/BTTOX/bttoxin.htmBTTOX/bttoxin.htm

http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~vista/http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~vista/html_pubs/biotech/insect.htmhtml_pubs/biotech/insect.htm