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M.S RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND

COMMERCE

A SEMINAR REPORT ON

SUBMITTED ON THE FULFILLMENT OF 1STYEAR M.SC 2ND SEM

BIOTECHNOLOGY PRESCRIBED BY BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:

NAHID JAHAN ANSARI MRS. YASHODHA

2ND SEM M.SC. BIOTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The submission of this seminar report gives me an opportunity to express

my gratitude to all those inspiring forces, which have been the pillars

behind the successful completion of this seminar.

First of all I would like to thank Mrs Yashodha , Department ofBiotechnology for guiding me and helping me in the delivery of my

seminar.

I am also thankful to Mrs. Asha, Head of Department of

Biotechnology for giving me the opportunity to deliver my seminar.

Paramita Saha

M.Sc Biotechnology

IInd Semester

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V

ACCINES

Submitted by:

PARAMITA SAHA

M.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY

II SEMESTER

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INDEX

INTRODUTION03

PRINCIPLE OF VACCINES

04

VACCINETION: A Bit Histoy

05

CLASSIFICATION06-08

VACCINE CONTENTS

09

VACCINES PRODUCTION

10

CONVENTIONAL VACCINES

11-12

SUBUNIT VACCINES

13-17

SUMMURY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION

INTRODUTION

PRINCIPLE OF VACCINES

VACCINETION- A Bit Histoy

CLASSIFICATION

VACCINE CONTENTS

VACCINES PRODUCTION

CONVENTIONALVACCINES

SUBUNIT VACCINES

CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION: What are vaccines?

Injections or oral drops.

Given any persons or even animals.

To prevent any disease caused by virus or becteria.

The word vaccine is derived from the Latin word vacca.

In Latin vaccameans cow.

First vaccines produced used the cowpox viruses from cow pox diseased

cows. Hence the name.

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THE PRINCIPLE

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PRINCIPLE OF VACCINATION

When the same virus either weakened or killed are introduced

intentionally into ones body.

Virus or bacteria attacks can cause disease to a person.

The body produces antibodies to fight against the virus.

If the virus or bacteria attack such person , the antibodies which are

already produced, fight against the disease, and the person is protected

against the disease.

Hence there is a resistence to the disease caused by the virus.

Hence vaccines can be used to prevent diseases caused by viruses or

bacteria.

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VACCINATION: A BIT OF HISTORY

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HISTORY

In 1978, Edward Janner, for the first time produced vaccines to

induces resistence to small pox .

Janner considered to be the founder of the system of vaccination.

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EDWARD JANNER

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AN IDEAL VACCINE

1. Should not be toxic or pathogenic.

2. Should have very low level of side-effects

3. Should not cause problems in individuals with an impaired immune system.

4. Should not spread either within the vaccinated individuals or to the others

individuals.

5. Should not contaminant the environment.

6. Should be effective in producing long lasting humoral and cellular

immunities.

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7. The technique of vaccination should be simple.

8. Should be cheap.

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CLASSIFICATION

Two Types :

1. Dead virus vaccines

2. Live virus vaccines

In dead virus vaccines, the viruses are killed.

In live virus vaccines , the viruses are weakened.

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CONTENT OF VACCINES

Vaccines- oil coloured/colourless clear fluid.

It is made up of Virus

About 7 million viruses are required for a dose of vaccination.

If we make sauce out of tomato, called as tomato sauce.

Vaccines are also similar to sauce but made up of viruses, hence knownas virus sauce.

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VACCINE PRODUCTION

1. Production of viruses in huge numbers.

2. Seperation of viruses.

3. Weakening or killing of viruses.

4. Proccessing, applying preservatives.

5. Packing and dispatching

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CONVENTIONAL VACCINES

It consist of whole pathogenic organisms, which may either be killed or

live; the virulence of pathogens is greately reduced (attenuation).

Conventional vaccines are produced in either whole animals or cultured

animal cells.

They are highly effective and relatively easy to produce at low cost.

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LIMITATION

Safety: Reversion to virulence.

Incomplete inactivation.

Contaminations.

Secondary effects: inflammation.

Fever.

Hypersensitivity

Immunosuppression.

Cold chain: refrigeration.

Not available against all diseases: ASF Non-differentiation between vaccinated and sick animals.

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SUBUNIT VACCINES

A vaccine containing viral antigens made free of viral nucleic acid by

chemical extraction and containing only minimal amounts of nonviral

antigens derived from the culture medium.

It is less likely to cause adverse reactions than a vaccine containingthe whole virion.

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Advantages:

Defined Composition

Various delivery systems available

Disadvantages:

Antigens must be produced and purified by cultivation of a pathogen

Multiple doses typically required

Adjuvant needed

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RECOMBINANT SUBUNIT VACCINES

Identify and isolate a specific gene from virulent bacteria or virusgene that codes immuno protective protein.

Gene is inserted into plasmid DNA and ligated with ligase.

New (engineered) plasmid inserted into another bacterium (transform).

Allowed to grow and actually produce the antigenic protein.

The vaccine is comprised of purified proteins recovered from theexpression vector.

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STRATEGIES OF R. SUBUNIT VACCINES

1.Integration of the transgene into plant genome

2.Expression as a coat protein fusion of a plant virus

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EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINES

Induce the right sort of immunity

Be stable on storage

Have sufficient immunogenicity

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SUMMARY

1. A state of immunity can be induced by passive or active.

2. In developing vaccine, the developing vaccine the branch of immune

system to be activated must be considered.

3. To induce immune system epitope must be present.

4. To induce CMI, a vaccine capable of transient intracellular growth isdesirable.

5. MHC class I molecule necessary for the CMI.

6. Three types of vaccines are currently used in humans: Attenuated,

inactivated, or Purified vaccines.

7. Recombinant vectors , including vaccinia virus,canarypox&attenuted canbe carry multiple gene s from infectious mos .

8. Plasmid DNA encoding a protein Ag from a pathogen has been shown

effective vaccine.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.wikipedia.org

www.britanica.com

Immunology By: Kuby

Immunology and Medical Microbiology By

B.D Singh.

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