Vaccinations

SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy-nē-ŭn)Sheep & Goat Specialist

Western Maryland Research & Education [email protected] – www.sheepandgoat.com

2011 Ewe and Doe Management

Webinar Series

SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM

Jan 13 I. Late Gestation

Jan 20 II. Vaccinations

Feb 3 III. Parturition

Feb 10 IV. Neonatal Care

Feb 17 V. Lactation

Feb 24 VI. Weaning

2011 Ewe and Doe Management Webinar Series

Vaccinations

A biological substance given to stimulate the body’s production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease.

Usually prepared from the agent that causes the disease or a synthetic substitute.

What is a vaccine?

AntigenProteins that

white blood cells recognize and produce antibodies against.

Stimulates the immune system to develop antibodies to the antigens.

Characteristics of antigens are stored in memory cells which rapidly produce antibodies if that type of antigen is recognized.

Vaccine = antigen(s) + adjuvant

Adjuvant

How do vaccines work?

Blood flow (with white blood cells) to

injection site

Tissue reaction at injection site

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

From Understanding Vaccination Programs (timing is everything) by Joe Rook, DVM http://old.cvm.msu.edu/extension/Rook/ROOKpdf/Vacsbmlt.PDF

PROPHYLACTIC

To prevent disease

Examples: clostridial diseases, (certain) abortions, rabies, bacteria pneumonia

To treat or control disease

Examples: antitoxins, soremouth, caseous lymphadenitis, footrot

Two reasons to use vaccines

THERAPEUTIC

Prepared from dead microorganisms.

Examples: clostridial diseases, abortion, footrot, caseous lymphadenitis, rabies

Uses live bacteria or viruses to stimulate immunity.

Example: soremouth

Uses weakened bacteria or viruses to stimulate immunity

Example: bacterial pneumonia

Produced from disease-causing organisms isolated from sick animals.

Examples: caseous lymphadenitis, soremouth, mastitis

Vaccine types

3) MODIFIED LIVE

2) LIVE

1) KILLED

4) AUTOGENOUS

1) TOXOID

Delayed immunityLong-term immunityMultiple shots

2 shots during initial course, at least 10 days apart

Annual or semi-annual boostersProphylactic (prevent)

Examples: clostridial disease, CL, abortion, rabies, bacterial pneumonia, footrot

Immediate immunityShort-term immunityOne shotTherapeutic or prophylactic

Example: clostridial diseases

Two kinds of vaccines

2) ANTITOXIN

1. Clostridial diseases

2. Soremouth

3. Abortion

4. Caseous lymphadenitis

5. Footrot

6. Bacterial pneumonia

7. Rabies

8. Autogenous

9. Other

10. Future

What can you vaccinate sheep and goats for?

Enterotoxemias1) Type A (bloody gut)2) Type B (dysentery)3) Type C (hemorrhagic enteritis,

bloody scours)4) Type D (pulpy kidney disease,

“classic” overeating)5) Type E (enteritis)

Cl. Tetani (tetanus)

Cl. Septicum (malignant edema)

Cl. Novyi (black disease)

Cl. Haemolyticum (red water)

Cl. chauvoei (blackleg

Cl. Botolinum (botulism)

Clostridial diseasesClostridia are anaerobic bacteria that occur widely in nature

Overeating diseaseType C affects lambs and

kids under one month of ageType D (classic overeating)

affects lambs and kids over one month of age

Affects sheep and goats at any age.

Higher risk at time of docking, castrating, and disbudding, especially if rubber rings are used.

Overeating disease and tetanus (CD-T) The only universally recommended vaccine for sheep and goats

Tetanus

Image source: National Animal Disease Information Service (NADIS) - UK

Vaccinate ewes and does with CT-D toxoid 4 to 6 weeks prior to lambing and kidding.

Why? Provide active immunity to ewes and

does. Elevate immunity in colostrum

Transfer immunity to offspring via colostrum.

But… Females that have never been

vaccinated will require two doses of vaccine (4 weeks apart) prior to parturition, e.g. 4 and 8 weeks prior to parturition.

Do not vaccinate within 14 days of parturition.

Immunity may not last as long in goats.

Recommended CD-T vaccination protocol for ewes and does

Don’t

forget to

vaccinate

bucks,

rams,

and

wethers.

Vaccinate lambs and kids with the CD-T toxoid when they are approximately 6-8 and 10-12 weeks of age.

Why? Passive immunity from colostrum

begins to decline after 4 weeks and is completely gone by the time the lambs and kids are 12 to 16 weeks of age.

Earlier vaccinations (< 4 weeks) may not be as effective. Immature immune systems of

lambs and kids. Interference of maternal

antibodies.

Recommended vaccination protocol for lambs and kids

From Understanding Vaccination Programs (timing is everything) by Joe Rook, DVM http://old.cvm.msu.edu/extension/Rook/ROOKpdf/Vacsbmlt.PDF

A pre-lambing/kidding vaccination is the only way to provide protection from type C overeating.

Give tetanus anti-toxin at the time of docking, castrating, and/or disbudding.

Vaccinate lambs and kids from unvaccinated dams when they are approximately 4 and 8 weeks of age.

Antitoxins can be given in the event of a disease outbreak.

What if the dam wasn’t vaccinated(or the lamb or kid didn’t consume any (or enough) colostrum)?

What about the 7 or 8-way clostridial vaccines? (e.g. Covexin-8)

Use if your flock or herd is at high risk for clostridial diseases contained in the multi-strain vaccines.

Probably not necessary on most farms.

Same protocol as CD-T5 ml injection

2. Soremouth

3. Abortiona) Chlamydia spp. (Enzootic)b) Campylobacter spp. (Vibrio)

4. Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)

5. Footrot

6. Bacterial pneumonia

7. Rabies

8. Other

9. Future

What else can you vaccinate sheep and goats for?

Vaccinate only if the disease (virus) is already present on your farm or your animals are at high risk. You show, exhibit, or consign You buy and sell You loan and borrow

Topical application. Administer to scarified, hairless, protected

area.

Safe for pregnant females Don’t vaccinate near flank Some colostral immunity conferred

Vaccinate kid or lamb crop Vaccinate at least 6 weeks before show

LIVE VACCINE! Be careful. Wear disposable gloves. Is contagious to people.

Soremouth (contagious ecthyma, orf)

Vaccinate only if there is a history of footrot on the farm.

Vaccines do not cover all strains of footrot.

Won’t completely eliminate footrot

Reduces the incidence and severity of footrot.

Vaccinate prior to exposure periods (wet periods)

Abscesses are common at injection sites.

Footrot

Vaccinate only if flock or herd has a confirmed history of CL.

Reduces incidence and severity of disease.

Can be given in combination with clostridial vaccines.

Not approved or recommended for use in goats due to side effects. Must develop autogenous

vaccine.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)

When to vaccinate After abortion outbreak or

diagnosis of causative agent. If risk of abortion is high

Purchased ewes Open flock Maiden ewes

Given before breeding; repeat vaccination.

No vaccine (in U.S.) for toxoplasmosis; no approved vaccine for salmonella.

AbortionChlamydia spp. and Campylobacter spp.

Consider vaccination if flock or herd experiences high losses due to pneumonia and the cause of pneumonia is bacterial (not environmental).

1) Pasteurella (pneumonia)

2) Nasalgen®Parainfluenza 3 (PI3)

Questionable efficacy

Bacterial pneumonia

If required or risk is high

Public access to animalsFairs, shows, and festivalsAgro-tourism

Petting farmPublic grazing

Risk managementLivestock have contact with

wildlifePeople have a lot of

contact with livestockHigh value animals or pets

Rabies

Epididymitis Not recommended

Not effective Interferes with testing

Bluetongue Not all serotypes Not commonly given

Anthrax Not commonly given

Foot-and-mouth disease Not given in FMD-free countries U.S. has vaccine bank

Johne’s disease Not available in U.S.

Autogenous Examples: CL, soremouth, mastitis

Other vaccines

RoundwormsDeveloped in UKTrials currently underway

in AustraliaLargest grant every to be

award for animal health in the EU

Meningeal wormAt one point, was being

investigated (for camelids)

Future vaccines

DO’S Always follow directions on label.

Most vaccines are subcutaneous injections.

Use clean needles and syringes Clean needle for each animal Change every 15 to 20 animals

when using an automatic vaccination tool.

Use ½ or ¾ inch 18 to 20 gauge needles.

Use a different needle for drawing vaccine out of bottle.

Vaccination do’s and don’t’s

Store vaccines properly.

Heat and freezing can make vaccines ineffective.

Do not allow vaccines to reach room temperature.

Observe proper withdrawal times (21 days for CD-T).

Keep epinephrine on hand in case of adverse reactions to vaccines.

Discard unused vaccine.

Record vaccine use.

Vaccination do’s and don’t’s

DO’S

DON’T’S Don’t vaccinate wet or dirty animals.

Don’t vaccinate unfit, unhealthy animals.

Don’t vaccinate pregnant females within 14 days of parturition.

Don’t vaccinate very young animals.

Don’t give vaccinations in the leg or loin areas.

Never mix vaccines.

Vaccination Do’s and Don’t’s

Axilla

Neck

Over ribs

Ten reasons for vaccine failureEven when vaccines are used properly, they are not 100 percent effective.

1. Gave wrong vaccine

2. Incorrect dose

3. Incorrect route of administration

4. Inappropriate timing

5. Vaccinating at the wrong age.

Ten reasons for vaccine failureEven when vaccines are used properly, they are not 100 percent effective.

6. Failure to complete vaccination program before field challenge occurs.

7. Improper storage of vaccine

8. Using leftover vaccine.

9. Contamination of syringes and multi-dose guns.

10. Vaccinating unfit, unhealthy animals.

WHY VACCINATE?Manage disease riskPrevent and control

diseaseDisease risk is high“Insurance” against

disease outbreakCost < Loss (long-term)

Increase value of livestock

Disease risk is lowCost > Loss (long-term) You’re not going to do it

right.

WHY NOT VACCINATE?

Vaccination cost = vaccine + labor + localized tissue damage.

Thank you for your attention. Questions?

SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM

SUSAN SCHOENIANwww.sheepandgoat.com

[email protected]