Vaccination Protocols in the Horse Who, What, When, Where, Why Benjamin R Buchanan, DVM Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diplomate,

Vaccination Vaccination Protocols in the Protocols in the

HorseHorseWho, What, When, Where, Who, What, When, Where,

WhyWhyBenjamin R Buchanan, DVMBenjamin R Buchanan, DVM

Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Internal Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Internal MedicineMedicine

Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical CareEmergency and Critical Care

Brazos Valley Equine HospitalBrazos Valley Equine Hospital

Navasota, TX 77868Navasota, TX 77868

How vaccines work:How vaccines work:

Passive Passive ImmunizationImmunization

Active Active ImmunizationImmunization






Active Active ImmunizationImmunization


Passive Passive ImmunizationImmunization Brief period of Brief period of

protectionprotection Antibody absorption Antibody absorption

one time onlyone time only Active ImmunizationActive Immunization

Prolonged period of Prolonged period of protectionprotection

Boosting of protective Boosting of protective response by response by additional exposureadditional exposure


Passive or Active Passive or Active ImmunizationImmunization AntibodyAntibody Antibody-Antigen Antibody-Antigen

InteractionInteraction

WhoWho, What, Where, , What, Where, When, Why…..When, Why…..

Who needs to be vaccinated:Who needs to be vaccinated: All horses need certain vaccinationsAll horses need certain vaccinations Depends on:Depends on:

Environment Environment Region of countryRegion of country Degree of exposure to other horsesDegree of exposure to other horses Pregnant or Open Pregnant or Open

Who, Who, WhatWhat, Where, , Where, When, Why…..When, Why…..

Eastern EncephalitisEastern Encephalitis Western EncephalitisWestern Encephalitis Venezuelan Venezuelan

EncephalitisEncephalitis West Nile EncephalitisWest Nile Encephalitis InfluenzaInfluenza Equine Herpes VirusEquine Herpes Virus

Respiratory Respiratory AbortionAbortion

TetanusTetanus Tetanus toxoidTetanus toxoid Tetanus antitoxinTetanus antitoxin

Rabies Rabies Streptococcus equi Streptococcus equi

(strangles)(strangles) Potomac Horse Fever Potomac Horse Fever

(Neoricketsia ristici)(Neoricketsia ristici) Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum Equine Viral ArteritisEquine Viral Arteritis

Who, What, Who, What, WhereWhere, , When, Why…..When, Why…..

IntramuscularIntramuscular IntranasalIntranasal



IntranasalIntranasal

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. RabiesRabies

Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate = 100%100%

If infected, If infected, significant threat significant threat to peopleto people

TransmissionTransmission Preventable Preventable

diseasedisease

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. RabiesRabies

Initial at 5-6 Initial at 5-6 monthsmonths

Booster in 4 weeksBooster in 4 weeks Booster at one Booster at one

yearyear AnnualAnnual Good ProtectionGood Protection Does not rule out Does not rule out

diseasedisease

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. TetanusTetanus

Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate = moderatemoderate

Non zoonoticNon zoonotic TransmissionTransmission Preventable Preventable

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. TetanusTetanus

TOXOIDTOXOID Initial SeriesInitial Series

5 months and 6 months5 months and 6 months Booster at one yearBooster at one year AnnualAnnual Booster if interval is > 6 Booster if interval is > 6

months with SX and months with SX and lacerationslacerations

ANTITOXINANTITOXIN Associated with hepatic Associated with hepatic

necrosis (theiler’s dz)necrosis (theiler’s dz) Useful in non-vaccinated Useful in non-vaccinated

animals and foals born animals and foals born to non vaccinated mareto non vaccinated mare

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus

Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate = modestmodest

Non zoonoticNon zoonotic TransmissionTransmission PreventablePreventable June - SeptemberJune - September


TransmissionTransmission


Flavivirus (WNV)Flavivirus (WNV) Initial series > 6 Initial series > 6

monthsmonths Depends on time of Depends on time of

yearyear Maternal antibodies Maternal antibodies

inactivate vaccineinactivate vaccine Bi-annual vaccine?Bi-annual vaccine?

Depends on regionDepends on region Decent protection, but Decent protection, but

does not rule out does not rule out diseasedisease

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Western/Eastern Western/Eastern

EncephalitisEncephalitis Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate =

highhigh Non zoonoticNon zoonotic TransmissionTransmission PreventablePreventable June – SeptemberJune – September

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Western/Eastern Western/Eastern

EncephalitisEncephalitis Togavirus (WEE/EEE)Togavirus (WEE/EEE) Initial series > 6 Initial series > 6

monthsmonths Depends on time of Depends on time of

yearyear Maternal antibodies Maternal antibodies

inactivate vaccineinactivate vaccine Bi-annual vaccineBi-annual vaccine

Depends on regionDepends on region Decent protection, but Decent protection, but

does not rule out does not rule out diseasedisease

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Streptococcus equi Streptococcus equi

“Strangles”“Strangles” Fatality Rate = lowFatality Rate = low Non zoonoticNon zoonotic Highly contagious Highly contagious

to other horsesto other horses TransmissionTransmission Preventable Preventable

Sometimes?Sometimes?

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Streptococcus equi Streptococcus equi

“Strangles”“Strangles” Two types of vaccineTwo types of vaccine

IM (whole cell or M-IM (whole cell or M-protein)protein)

IN (provides little IN (provides little systemic immunity)systemic immunity)

Initial series is 2 doses Initial series is 2 doses at 4-6 week intervalsat 4-6 week intervals Foals mount poor Foals mount poor

response to vaccineresponse to vaccine Vaccinate 2-4 weeks Vaccinate 2-4 weeks

prior to exposureprior to exposure Semi-annual BoosterSemi-annual Booster

Purpura hemorrhagica Purpura hemorrhagica is a adverse reaction is a adverse reaction to vaccinationto vaccination

Abscesses and muscle Abscesses and muscle soreness are other soreness are other risksrisks Caution when using IN Caution when using IN

and IM vaccinesand IM vaccines IN/IM vaccine can IN/IM vaccine can

slow a outbreak in a slow a outbreak in a barnbarn Do not vaccinate horses Do not vaccinate horses

showing symptomsshowing symptoms

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Equine InfluenzaEquine Influenza

Fatality rate = lowFatality rate = low Contagious to Contagious to

other horsesother horses TransmissionTransmission PreventionPrevention

InfluenzaInfluenza Vaccinate against type H7N7 (A/equine 1) Vaccinate against type H7N7 (A/equine 1)

and H3N8 (A/equine 2) although H3N8 is and H3N8 (A/equine 2) although H3N8 is predominatepredominate

Variants between Europe and AmericasVariants between Europe and Americas Initial series > 6 monthsInitial series > 6 months

Or booster at 6 months if started at 3 monthsOr booster at 6 months if started at 3 months Booster can be 2 or 3 shotsBooster can be 2 or 3 shots

Short-term protectionShort-term protection Frequency of vaccine dependent on life Frequency of vaccine dependent on life

stylestyle

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Equine InfluenzaEquine Influenza

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Equine Herpes Equine Herpes

Virus Virus Fatality rate = lowFatality rate = low Contagious to Contagious to

other horsesother horses TransmissionTransmission PreventionPrevention

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Equine Herpes Equine Herpes

Virus Virus Vaccinate against Vaccinate against

types 1 and 4types 1 and 4 Initial series 5 Initial series 5

monthsmonths Booster at 6 monthsBooster at 6 months Maternal InterferenceMaternal Interference

Short-term Short-term protectionprotection

Frequency of vaccine Frequency of vaccine dependent on life dependent on life stylestyle

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Botulism Botulism

Fatality rate = Fatality rate = moderate-highmoderate-high

Not directly Not directly contagious to contagious to other horsesother horses

TransmissionTransmission PreventionPrevention

Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Potomac Horse Potomac Horse

FeverFever Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate =

moderatemoderate Non zoonoticNon zoonotic TransmissionTransmission Preventable Preventable

Challenge infection:Challenge infection: Clinical signs, except Clinical signs, except

fever, prevented in fever, prevented in 78% of horses, 4 78% of horses, 4 weeks after weeks after vaccination.vaccination.

66% challenged after 9 66% challenged after 9 months became ill.months became ill.

Vaccine Vaccine Pleasure Pleasure oror

Show Show

Pregnant Pregnant MareMare

Pasture Pasture HorseHorse

Boarding Boarding FacilityFacility

Weanling Weanling (> 6 mo)(> 6 mo)

FrequencFrequencyy

EEE/WEEEEE/WEE XX XX XX XX XX AnnualAnnual

West Nile West Nile VirusVirus

XX XX XX XX XX May/SeptMay/Sept

RabiesRabies XX XX XX XX XX AnnualAnnual

Herpes Herpes (Rhino)(Rhino)

XX XX XX +/-+/- Q 6 Q 6 monthsmonths

TetanusTetanus XX XX XX XX XX AnnualAnnual

InfluenzaInfluenza XX XX XX +/-+/- Q 6 Q 6 monthsmonths

StranglesStrangles XX XX XX +/-+/- AnnualAnnual

PHFPHF +/-+/- +/-+/- +/-+/- +/-+/- +/-+/- April/April/JuneJune

EPMEPM

BotulismBotulism Atlantic Atlantic statesstates

CommentsComments

High rate High rate of exposureof exposure

Maternal Maternal Antibodies Antibodies in last 30 in last 30 days of days of

pregnancypregnancy

Protect Protect from non-from non-

equine equine vectorsvectors

High rate of High rate of exposureexposure

BVEH Wellness PlanBVEH Wellness Plan

BasicBasic $29.95/month$29.95/month No emergency feesNo emergency fees Routine float and Routine float and

sedationsedation Vaccines – Vaccines –

Guarantee*Guarantee* Reminders and Reminders and

BVEH schedules BVEH schedules visitvisit

FecalFecal De-wormerDe-wormer CogginsCoggins Physical and Physical and

lameness examlameness exam Discount on Discount on

Strongid C, Strongid C, Solitude, and ACTH Solitude, and ACTH testingtesting


BasicBasic $29.95/month$29.95/month No emergency feesNo emergency fees Routine float and Routine float and

sedationsedation VaccinesVaccines Reminders and Reminders and

BVEH schedules BVEH schedules visitvisit

Cost of all servicesCost of all services $527.00$527.00

Cost of all vaccines Cost of all vaccines one timeone time

$134$134


OptimalOptimal $69.95/month$69.95/month

$200 upfront one time$200 upfront one time Colic Surgery Colic Surgery

GuaranteeGuarantee $7,500 any facility in $7,500 any facility in

USUS Medical ColicMedical Colic

$1,000 at BVEH$1,000 at BVEH No emergency feesNo emergency fees Reminders and BVEH Reminders and BVEH

schedules visitschedules visit

Performance float and Performance float and sedationsedation

Vaccines – Guarantee*Vaccines – Guarantee* FecalFecal De-wormerDe-wormer Annual CBC/ChemAnnual CBC/Chem CogginsCoggins Physical and lameness Physical and lameness

examexam Discount on Strongid Discount on Strongid

C, Solitude, and ACTH C, Solitude, and ACTH testingtesting


Colic Surgery Colic Surgery GuaranteeGuarantee $$7,500 any facility in US7,500 any facility in US Underwritten by Underwritten by

HartfordHartford

2 to 18 years2 to 18 years Free of colic for 12 Free of colic for 12

monthsmonths No history of colic No history of colic

surgerysurgery No foal in last 60 daysNo foal in last 60 days

Fill out formFill out form Notify Mandy at Notify Mandy at

BVEH-StephenvilleBVEH-Stephenville Send in monthly Send in monthly

report and paymentreport and payment

All vaccines and All vaccines and care must be done care must be done by BVEHby BVEH

Account must be in Account must be in good standinggood standing


Spring Spring (March/April)(March/April) Physical ExamPhysical Exam Dental ExamDental Exam Lameness ScreenLameness Screen WNV + EWTWNV + EWT FluFlu RhinoRhino StranglesStrangles CogginsCoggins Fecal and De-wormerFecal and De-wormer

Fall (Oct/Nov)Fall (Oct/Nov) Physical ExamPhysical Exam Dental ExamDental Exam Performance FloatPerformance Float CBC, Chem, ElytesCBC, Chem, Elytes RabiesRabies FluFlu RhinoRhino StranglesStrangles De-wormerDe-wormer


What is Not What is Not IncludedIncluded Farm CallFarm Call Lameness work-Lameness work-

upup Other Other

diagnosticsdiagnostics MedicationsMedications

Other than ColicOther than Colic

PneumobortPneumobort Other vaccinesOther vaccines 4X / year Rhino4X / year Rhino Boosters for Boosters for

initial seriesinitial series


What if…What if… Horse soldHorse sold

Care will transferCare will transfer Horse diesHorse dies

Prorated refundProrated refund Account Past DueAccount Past Due

Services put on Services put on holdhold

Don’t use Don’t use serviceservice No refundNo refund

Someone else Someone else does routine does routine carecare No guaranteesNo guarantees


What if…What if… Horse becomes illHorse becomes ill

Manufacturer will Manufacturer will pay for testing and pay for testing and treatmenttreatment

FluFlu RabiesRabies WNVWNV EWTEWT

I want to sign upI want to sign up Enrollment form on Enrollment form on

website website www.bveh.com/wellness_plan.htm

I want a discountI want a discount Possibly waive Possibly waive

$200 per horse $200 per horse with multiple with multiple horses or barn horses or barn

QuestionsQuestions

Vaccination Protocols in the Horse Who, What, When, Where, Why Benjamin R Buchanan, DVM Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diplomate,

Documents

open slide

active immunization

vaccinated mare slide

months booster

additional exposure

intranasal intranasal

tetanus fatality rate

months initial series