Vaccination against bacterial diseases in farmed Atlantic ...

Vaccination against bacterial diseases in farmed Atlantic salmon –experience and global applicability

Global Vaccine and Immunization Research Forum (GVIRF) 20-22 March 2018 ,Bangkok

Edgar Brun, Saraya Tavornpanich, Atle Lillehaug

The blue future

• 2030-50: Need food for 9-10 billion people• 2030: Global demand for seafood estimated to 261

million tones• 100 mill tones incl sea weeds in 2014• Aquaculture provided more fish for human consumption

than capture fisheries (2014)

• Aquaculture an efficient and CO2 – friendly way of supplying people with essential nutrients

• Governmental and private optimism; ambitious plans and available funding

Salmon production in Norway

• 310 mill smolts transferred to sea annually • 1 300 000 tones farmed salmon produced annually

More than 70 % of global aquaculture is small scale production

Aquatic animals diseases; • Important constraints• Devastating consequences

A brief history of salmon diseases

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1984

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- ISA made notifiable- Health certificate- Compulsory health control

in hatcheries- Regulation on moving fish

already put in sea - Regulations on transport

- Disinfection of wastewater from slaughterhouses and processing plants, and of the seawater supply in hatcheries

- Introduction of zones to combat outbreaks

- Contingency plan,

”Stop ISA campaign”

ISAV identified

Vibriosis Cold water vibriosis Furunculosis Winter skin ulcer

Production cycle

Broodstockin

freshwater On-growing farm in

sea-water

Slaughtering

On-growingbroodstock in

sea-water

• Time of vaccination• Multi-component

vaccines• Adjuvants• One injection

Smoltfreshwater

Hatchery

Killed instripping process

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7576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989900010203040506070809101112131415

Prod

ucti

on o

ffa

rmed

salm

on(t

ons

x 10

00)

Production of fish

Salmon production, vaccination and use of antibacterials 1975 - 2015

Vibriosis Cold-watervibriosis

Furun-culosis

Winterulcers

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75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15

Prod

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ffa

rmed

salm

on(t

ons

x 10

00)

Anti

bact

eria

ls (

tons

)

Antibacterials and fish production1996 - 2016

1.037

0.7460.679

0.591

0.6850.645

1.010

0.800

1.1591.215

1.428

0.649

0.905

1.313

0.649

0.549

1.591

0.972

0.511

0.2760.212

0

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96 01 06 11 16

Prod

ucti

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f fa

rmed

fis

h (t

ons

x 10

00)

Anti

bact

eria

ls (

tons

)

Use of antibiotics, fish farmingProduction of fish

Average annual use below 1 mg/kg fish produced.

Antibiotic (in kg) prescribed for treatment of farmed fish where the amount prescribed were ≥ 20 kg(from K Grave & K Olli Helgesen “Antibakterielle midler til oppdrettsfisk - rekvirering, forbruk og diagnoser 2013-2017» report 5-2018, Norwegian Veterinary Institute)

producion Diagnosis 2013 2014 20152016

2017Salmon growers

Bacterial infections 2024

2640

140310

Cold water vibrosis 21220275

UlcersYersiniosis

20 62220

Salmon broodstock

Bact infections 95Yersiniosis 21

Use of antimicrobials in aquaculture• Chronic diseases that cause reduced growth, low food

conversion rate and poor survival thus leading to reduced production

• Epidemic diseases that can cause mass mortalities• Failure of preventive therapy• New species in culture and new culture

systems/management • use of veterinary medicines in a lag phase between the

identification and characterization of pathogens and the development of disease control procedures

• Knowledge on when and how to give antibiotics efficiently

Efficacy of vaccination:

Most of the bacterial vaccines used in farmed salmon have a RPS of >70

Good herd immunity effect

Efficacy of vaccination:

PD-vaccination 2008 – 2010

Vaccinates Non-vaccinates

Mortality - % 15.0 22.5

Growth - % /day 0.75 0.72

Discarded at slaughter 1.28 2.74

Bang Jensen et al. 2012. Cohort study of effect of vacciantionon pancreas disease in Norwegian salmon aquaculture

Economic break-even analysis in relation to the efficacy of vaccination.

Thorarinsson &Powell; AquacultureVolume 256, Issues 1–4,15 June 2006, Pages 42-49

Key factors:• Species • Market• Disease profile

Success criteria for ab-reduction (1)

• Competence in epidemiology and biosecurity to• understand disease dynamics• develop biosecurity-based regulations • develop farm biosecurity

• prevention, control and containment systems

• Diagnostics• Focus on Ab –consumption

Success criteria for ab reduction (2)

• Vaccines • Public –private –partnership to encourage vaccine

development• Temporary licensing of vaccines• Efficient vaccination procedures

• Encouraging the use of vaccines• Cost-benefit documentation

• Reduce the total load of infection

Use of vaccines and farming

Brudeseth et al; Fish & Shellfish ImmunologyVolume 35, Issue 6, December 2013, Pages 1759-1768

How can we make vaccineinvestments profitable ?

Challenges• Vast diversity of cultured fish species and their

pathogens (4-500 species)• Lacking knowledge on immune response• Vaccine development -Autogenous vaccines

• Licensing procedures• Private-public partnership• Promotion of vaccines as a necessary

part of the biosecurity measure • Delivery systems

• Injection is immunologically efficient• Oral is a practical appl. method (only 5 vaccines)

Delivery systems

• Immersion

• Injection (i.p., i.m.)

• Oral

Algae based platform for oral delivery of drugs and vaccines (TransAlgae)

Take home message

• Biosecurity measures incl. vaccines, are necessary parts of aquatic animal health management

• An efficient vaccination protocol can give the industry a beneficial cost/benefit ratio.

• Ensure growth and reduce mortalities

• Diagnosic capability and standards for prudent used of ab needed

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