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Welcome to this live web presentation featuring:
Dr. Judy Marteniuk
Michigan State University
Please note: This presentation is intended for users with high-speed internet connections. Unfortunately, we cannot offer support for dial-up users at this time.
– Cannot assume anything – know what is given!• Do not administer more than 2 or 3 injections at a time. If
more injections are needed to complete a vaccination program, wait a week between injections
Vaccination SitesWhat determines vaccination site to be used? - Preference of veterinarian/owner - Temperament of horse - Risks of area versus safetyVaccines are primarily administered IM, but not always (strangles, influenza)KNOW YOUR VACCINE
• Morbidity/Mortality• EEE, WEE, VEE - very high, especially young/old• West Nile - 30 - 40% die• Immune system status important
• Survival • West Nile - horses normal or only slight residue effects• EEE, WEE, VEE - rarely normal, if survive
Encephalomyelitis• Vaccines are very effective and cheap
• WNV is currently more expensive then EEE, WEE, VEE• WNV is currently available from your veterinarian
(Fort Dodge, Merial and Intervet)– Fort Dodge has a combination vaccine that has WNV present– Intervet has protection after one dose
• Vaccines should be given in the late spring or twice a year in warm climates (EEE,WEE,VEE, WNV)
• VEE not necessary in northern areas
Rabies• Viral disease• Zoonotic disease - can be spread to other species • Fatal disease• Clinical signs
– Neurological - presentation can vary greatly• Vaccination
– use approved product – annual vaccination– check the dosage – 1cc to 2cc– effective vaccine – Veterinarian – document usage
Other Vaccine Considerations
Equine Influenza• Common viral equine disease• 2 most common strains (A1 & A2)
– subject to antigenic drift, A2• Vaccine immunity is short-lived
– Killed product – need to select the most recent strain– Modified live vaccine – seems to be more protective, Intranasal
vaccine; not available in combination product– Re-vaccinate ?? times/yr (vaccine dependent/ use of horse, but
usually 1-2X/year)– Research – start foals later
• Vaccinated dam – 9, 10, 11 mo. (aaep changes)• Non vaccinated dam – 6, 7, 8 mo.
Equine Influenza• Clinical signs
– Primarily concerned with down time– 1 - 3 day incubation– Elevated temp (up to 1050F) for up to 5 days– Can cause loss of appetite and dullness– Dry cough that can last for several weeks– Nasal discharge – initially clear > cloudy (secondary bacterial
• Immunity: long-term• Disease of young/naïve horses• Disease outbreak usually lasts about 3 months on a farm
Strangles• Extremely contagious• Vaccine available
– Vaccinate? Consider risk factors– Killed
• M protein• Efficacy is about 50%• Use in broodmares to provide colostral antibodies
– Modified live intranasal• Efficacy appears to be better• Should not be given at same time as any IM injections - ABSCESSES
Potomac Horse Fever• Caused by Ehrlichia risticii (Neorichetsia risticii)
– Multiple strains now known– Transmission involves snails, trematodes and flying aquatic insects (eaten on
pasture)– Associated with water, warm and humid/wet weather
• Clinical Signs– ADR (ain’t doin right) and decreased appetite– Fever – may miss initial fever– Colic – Diarrhea – immediate attention required when 1st noticed– Possible laminitis, can be mild to severe, may require euthanasia– Abortion
Potomac Horse Fever• Treatment
– Maintain hydration-drinking/oral/IV– Oxytetracycline– Banamine– Laminitis treatment - if occurs
• Outcome depends on keeping horse hydrated and laminitis if it occurs; severity?• Prevention
– Move horses if in endemic areas – Turn off barn light to reduce insect attraction– Vaccine available
• Only to one strain, efficacy is questionable• Vaccinate in spring and booster??• Can contract disease even if vaccinated
Anthrax• Use in endemic areas only• Consult with your veterinarian• Initially two doses subcutaneously, then
annually• Do not use in pregnant mares or foals• Live vaccine – human health risk
Broodmares
Rotavirus• Treatment is primarily
supportive: IV fluids, oral feeding
• Prevention– Vaccination of the
mare prior to foaling– Providing the foal with
colostrum from vaccinated mare at birth
– Clean mare and stall before foaling
Botulism• Treatment
– Antitoxin - expensive– Supportive care – long-term needed
• Prevention– Vaccine available (B toxin)
• efficacy is good, but other toxins (8) with no vaccines or cross protection
• Initially, 3 doses for broodmare or foal, then annually– Consideration, if traveling to endemic areas
• Kentucky, mid-atlantic areas
What is best for my farm?• Work with your veterinarian
– What vaccines should I use?– When is the best time to give them?– How many doses are needed to give adequate
protection initially?– Do all horses develop protection?– How often do they need to be boostered - once,
twice or more per year?
General VaccinationProgram Considerations
• Young foal– Vaccinated Dam: Do not begin foal vaccinations until at
least 5 - 6 mo of age– Non-vaccinated dam: Begin foal vaccinations at 3 - 4 mo of
age– Booster at 3 - 4 week interval(s) – 2 vs 3 boosters
• Adult horse– Unknown vaccination status – requires boosters as for foal– Annually (minimally) after initial series – disease and local
considerations
General Vaccination Program Considerations
• Broodmares– To prevent abortion
• EHV vaccine is given multiple times during gestation (killed products only)
• EVA vaccine is given in high risk situations– Rotavirus vaccine: multiple boosters (8, 9, 10 mo) before
foaling– Annual vaccines to mare 4 - 6 weeks before foaling to
boost colostral immunity– Additional boosters may be needed, especially if foaling
early
Vaccination Guidelines• http://www.aaep.org/
vaccination_guidelines.htm
Questions
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