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LCHS Science

Reaching out to everyone and let you know about the plan for the future.

The first task is to remind everyone how to get into contact with us:

David Adkins: Livegrades and [email protected]

Debbie Adkins: Livegrades and [email protected]

Brandi Ashley: Livegrades and [email protected]

Jonathan Escue: Livegrades and [email protected]

Kayla Adkins: Livegrades and [email protected]

Tiffany Baker: Livegrades and [email protected]

Office Hours:

The science department has chosen Wednesday to be science day. We will make sure we are available between 10-2 during that day. Don’t forget we check our messages every day and many times several times a day. Several of you have heard back from us at different times during the day. We just wanted everyone to know Science is Wednesday.

The assignments:

Each of the staff members has a digital option (livegrades, office 365, schoology, Edmodo, remind101, etc) so they will be sharing out the assignments digitally. The goal is to have the assignments returned in a way that is best for you. We have multiple options, pictures, emails, word documents, notebook paper. The returning of hard copies of the assignments will be coordinated through the help of the central office.

Do the best you can on the assignments. Ask us questions. Give it a try. Try to turn in something each week this helps us keep in contact with you, just remember do the best you can and get it to us when you can.

The future:

Many of the staff of the science department will be experimenting with new types of instruction over the next month or so. Don’t be surprised if you are asked to participate in a virtual meeting through Teams on office 365, or have a discussion board to post comments to. We are in this together and we will be better when this is over.

Thank you

LCHS Science Department

We miss you.

Environmental Science – Tiffany Baker

Office Hours Wednesday 10a-2p (contact me on livegrades, or email)

Day 1:

- Air Polllution PPT – view slides 1-25. Use these slides to fill in the guided notes.

-Watch Youtube video: Crash Course Pollution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdDSRRCKMiI

-Capture 15 objects on film from the Scavenger Hunt. Think/research how you want to present your

pictures for final presentation.

Day 2:

-Air Pollution PPT – view slides 26-49. Use these slides to fill in the rest of the guided notes.

-Watch Youtube video: Bozeman Science Pollution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dTtvtlct9k

-Capture 15 more objects on film from the Scavenger Hunt and compile presentation. All final

presentations will be emailed to me. [email protected]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdDSRRCKMiI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dTtvtlct9k

For your distant learning activity, you will be familiarizing yourself with science terms. This activity should be broken

down into 2 days: 15 objects one day 15 objects the next

How to submit assignment: E-mail me

[email protected]

1.” Collect” (photograph) a total of 30 items from the list. When I say “collect”, I mean you should collect that item by

finding it and taking a photograph of the item. You will need to use your photographs with appropriate explanations and

descriptions to create a presentation for submission. You may create a PPT, use moviemaker, copy/paste into a Word

document… whatever is easiest for you.

2. YOU CAN (AND SHOULD) BE CREATIVE: Submit a photograph of the whole organism or a close up of one part of the

organism, and provide and explanation in your presentation of what object is or how it fits the term.

3. ORIGINAL PHOTOS ONLY: Do not use an image from any publication or the Web. You must have taken the photograph

yourself. The best way to prove that is to place an item in all of your photographs that only you could have added each

time, something that you might usually have on you like a pen or a coin or a key or your cell phone, your face etc.

4. NATURAL ITEMS ONLY: All items must be from something that you have found in nature. Take a walk around your

yard, neighborhood, and town. DON’T SPEND ANY MONEY! Research what the term means and in what organisms it can

be found... and then go out and find examples

5. TEAM WORK: You may work with other students, but each student must turn in his or her own work with a unique set

of terms (in other words, DO NOT use the same exact terms as your team members). Working with other students

means brainstorming, collaborating, discussing, going on collecting trips together. It doesn’t mean using the same items!

There are almost 100 choices (more if you’re creative), providing plenty of variety.

BIOLOGY SCAVENGER HUNT TERMS Below are the items you are to “collect” (photograph). An individual organism can

only be used once. Object may be used for only one category. You must take all photos yourself; no Internet photos!

BiomeMonocotDicot3 Organisms on different levels of the same food chain

egganimal with segmented bodyautotrophbody of waterheterotrophherbivoredetrivoreomnivorecommensalismcarnivoreeukaryoteexoskeletonflower ovary

3 different flower speciesparasitePinecone3 different tree leaves3 different rock typesPlant rootPollenPollinator3 cloud typesPredatorPreySporeMushroomNestAquatic animalSnakeSeedControlled fire

Evidence of pollutionMoon (identify the phase)Flying animal – identify it

Chapter 12, AirSection 1: What Causes Air Pollution?

DAY ONEWhat Causes Air Pollution?

• _________________________________________ is the contamination of the atmosphere by wastes from sources such as

industrial burning and automobile exhausts.

– Can be ______________________________________________

• Most air pollution is the results from _____________________________________________

• Some air pollution is natural

– ____________________________________________________________________ from volcanic eruptions.

Primary and Secondary Pollutants

• A _________________________________________________ is a pollutant that is put directly into the atmosphere by

human or natural activity.

– Ex: ________________________________________

• A _________________________________________________ is a pollutant that forms in the atmosphere by chemical

reactions with primary air pollutants, natural components in the air, or both.

– Ex: _________________________________________

Sources of Primary Air Pollutants

• Primary pollutant sources:

– _____________________________________

– _____________________________________

– Motor vehicles are sources of primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and

chemicals called volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

• Primary pollutants:

– _____________________________________

– _____________________________________

– _____________________________________

– _____________________________________

• __________________________________________________________ are the major sources of nitrogen oxide emissions.

• __________________________________________________________ contribute much of the sulfur dioxide emissions.

• __________________________________________________________ make up most of the human-made emissions of

VOCs.

• Particulate matter can also pollute the air

– Divided into ________________________________________________

• __________________________________________ enter the air from fuel burned by vehicles and coal-burning power plants.

• Sources of course particles

– ___________________________________

– ___________________________________

– ___________________________________

– ___________________________________

– ___________________________________

The History of Air Pollution

• Air pollution is not a new phenomenon.

– History Fact: 1273: King Edward I ordered that burning a particularly dirty kind of coal called

_______________________________ was illegal.

• The world’s ___________________________________________ problem is much worse today because modern industrial

societies burn large amounts of fossil fuels.

• Most air pollution in urban areas comes from _____________________________________.

Motor Vehicle Emissions

• Almost ____________________ of our air pollution comes from gasoline burned by vehicles.

• According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Americans drove their vehicles over

_______________________________________________ in 1998.

• Over __________________________________________ of that mileage was driven by passenger vehicles. The rest was

driven by trucks and buses.

Controlling Vehicle Emissions

• The Clean Air Act, passed in 1970 and strengthened in 1990, gives the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority

to ___________________________________________ in the United States.

• The EPA required the gradual ______________________________________ of lead in gasoline, decreasing lead pollution

by more than 90 percent in the United States.

• In addition, ___________________________________, required in all automobiles, clean exhaust gases of pollutants before

pollutants are able to exit the tail pipe.

California Zero-Emission Vehicle Program

• In 1990, the California Air Resources Board established the zero-emission vehicle ____________________ program.

• Zero-emission vehicles are vehicles that have no

– _________________________________________

– _________________________________________

– No ______________________________________ that deteriorate over time.

• By 2016, ________________________________ of all vehicles sold in California are required to be zero-emission vehicles,

including SUVs and trucks.

Industrial Air Pollution

• Many industries and power plants that generate our electricity must burn fuel, usually ________________________________,

to get the energy they need.

• Burning fossil fuels releases huge quantities of ___________________________________________________ into the air.

• Power plants that produce electricity emit at least ____________________________ of all sulfur dioxide and more than one-

third of all nitrogen oxides that pollute the air.

• Some industries also produce VOCs, which are chemical compounds that form

______________________________________.

• Examples:

– _______________________________

– _______________________________

– _______________________________

– _______________________________

– _______________________________

Regulating Air Pollution From Industry

• The Clean Air Act requires many industries to use _______________________________ or other pollution-control devices.

• Scrubbers remove some of the more _______________________________________ that would otherwise pollute the air.

• A scrubber is a machine that _____________________________ gases through a spray of water that dissolves many

pollutants.

– _______________________________ is an example of a pollutant gas that can be removed from the air by a

scrubber.

• Electrostatic precipitators are machines used in cement factories and coal-burning power plants to

_______________________________ dust particles from smokestacks.

• In an electrostatic precipitator, gas containing dust particles is ________________________ through a chamber containing an

electrical current.

• An ______________________________________ is transferred to the dust particles, causing them to stick together and to

the sides of the chamber.

Electrostatic Precipitator

• The clean gas is released from the chamber and the ___________________________________ dust particles can then be

collected and removed.

• Electrostatic precipitators remove __________________________________ of ash generated by coal-burning power plants

from the air each year in the United States.

Smog

• ____________________________ is urban air pollution composed of a mixture of smoke and fog produced from industrial

pollutants and burning fuels.

• Smog results from _________________________________________ that involve sunlight, air, automobile exhaust, and

ozone.

Temperature Inversions

• The _______________________________________ of air in the atmosphere usually keeps air pollution from reaching

dangerous levels.

• During the day, the sun _________________________________ the surface of the Earth and the air near the Earth.

• A ____________________________________________ is the atmospheric condition in which warm air traps cooler air near

Earth’s surface.

Chapter 12, AirSection 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

DAY TWO

Air Pollution

• Air pollution adds to the _______________________________________________ such as

________________________________________________.

Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Health

• The short-term effects of air pollution on people’s health include

• ______________________________

• ______________________________

• _____________________________________________

• ______________________________

• ______________________________ in the chest and upper respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and

pneumonia.

Long-Term Health Effects of Air Pollution

• Long-term effects on health that have been linked to air pollution include:

• ___________________________

• ___________________________

• ___________________________

Indoor Air Pollution

• Major sources of pollution:

• ____________________________

• ____________________________

• These compounds can be found in

• ______________________________

• ______________________________

• ______________________________

• ______________________________

• ______________________________________________ is a set of symptoms can affect workers in airtight office buildings:

• __________________________________

• __________________________________

• __________________________________

• __________________________________

• Sick-building syndrome is believed to be caused by ____________________________________________.

• Sick-building syndrome is most common in _______________________________ where buildings are tightly sealed to keep

out the heat.

• ________________________________________________ the sources of indoor air pollution is the most effective way to

maintain good indoor quality.

• ________________________________________________, or mixing outdoor air with indoor air, is also necessary for good

air quality.

Radon Gas

• ________________________________________ is colorless, tasteless, odorless, and radioactive.

• _________________________________ is one of the elements produced by the decay of

_________________________________, a radioactive element that occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust.

• Radon can ________________________ through cracks and holes in foundations into homes, offices, and schools, where it

adheres to dust particles.

• When people inhale the dust, radon enters their lungs. In the lungs, radon can destroy the

_________________________________________________ in cells that line the air passages.

• Such damage can lead to _____________________________, especially among people who smoke.

• Radon is the _______________________________________ cause of lung cancer in the United States.

Asbestos

• _____________________________________ is any of six silicate minerals that form bundles of minute fibers that are heat

resistant, flexible, and durable.

• Asbestos is primarily used as an ___________________________________________________, and it was used extensively

in building materials.

• Asbestos fibers can ______________________________________ the lungs, causing the disease asbestosis.

Noise Pollution

• A sound of any kind is called a ____________________________. However, some noises are unnecessary and can cause

noise pollution.

• Health problems that can be caused by noise pollution include

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• Noise can also cause _________________________________________, which may lead to decreased productivity at work

and in the classroom.

• A ___________________________________ is the most common unit used to measure loudness, and is abbreviated dB.

• The quietest sound that a human ear can hear is represented by ______________________.

Light Pollution

• ____________________________________ does not present a direct hazard to human health, but it does negatively affect

our environment.

• The use of ______________________________________ in urban areas is diminishing our view of the night sky.

• A more important environmental concern of inefficient lighting is ____________________________________________.

• Energy is wasted when a light is directed upward into the night sky and lost to space.

• Examples:

• _________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________

• Solutions to this problem:

• ______________________________________ so it is directed downward

• Using ___________________________________ so that light is used only when needed

• Using ____________________________________________ sources, which are the most energy-efficient sources

of light.

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

ResourcesChapter menu

AIREnvironmental Science Chapter 12



AirChapter 12

Table of Contents

Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution



Section 1 What Causes air Pollution?

Key Questions

• What are the five primary air pollutants, and what are the sources for each?

• How does smog form?

• What is a thermal inversion and how does it trap air pollution?

Chapter 12



What Causes Air Pollution?

• Air pollution - contamination of the atmosphere– can be solids, liquids, or gases.– Most is the result of human activities, – some pollutants are natural (dust, pollen, spores,

and volcanic eruptions).

Chapter 12Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?



Primary and Secondary Pollutants

• primary pollutant - put directly into the atmosphere by human or natural activity. ( ie soot from smoke)

• secondary pollutant - forms in the atmosphere by chemical reactions with primary pollutants, natural components, or both. (ie ground-level ozone)




Primary Pollutants


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• Particulate matter– Fine particles enter the air from fuel burned by

vehicles and coal-burning power plants.– course particles from cement plants, mining

operations, incinerators, wood-burning fireplaces, fields, and roads.








The History of Air Pollution

• Air pollution is not a new phenomenon. – 1273, King Edward I

• Today- modern industrial societies burn large amounts of fossil fuels.– Most air pollution in urban areas comes from

vehicles and industry.




Motor Vehicle Emissions

• Almost one-third of our air pollution comes from gasoline burned by vehicles.– Over 90 percent by passenger vehicles. The rest

was driven by trucks and buses.• The Clean Air Act, gives the EPA the authority to

regulate vehicle emissions in the United States.– elimination of lead in gasoline decreasing lead

pollution– catalytic converters, required in all automobiles,

clean exhaust gases of pollutants• Zero-emission vehicles




Controlling Vehicle Emissions




Industrial Air Pollution

• power plants must burn fuel (usually fossil fuel) to generate our electricity– releases sulfur dioxide (2/3) and nitrogen oxide

(1/3) into the air that pollute the air.

• VOCs (chemical compounds that form toxic fumes)– Dry cleaning, oil refineries, chemical

manufacturing plants, furniture refinishers, and automobile repair shops


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• Scrubbers– remove some of the more harmful substances – a machine that moves gases through a spray of

water that dissolves many pollutants.

• Electrostatic precipitators – machines removes dust particles from

smokestacks– particles blown through a chamber containing an

electrical current, transfers electric charge to dust particles causing them to stick together and to the sides of the chamber.

• An








Smog

• Smog - mixture of smoke and fog produced from industrial pollutants and burning fuels.– Smog results from chemical reactions that involve

sunlight, air, automobile exhaust, and ozone.– Pollutants from vehicles and industries are the

main causes




Smog





• The circulation of air in the atmosphere usually keeps air pollution from reaching dangerous levels.

• During the day, the sun heats the surface of the Earth and the air near the Earth. The warm air rises through the cooler air above it and carries pollutants away from the ground, and into the atmosphere.

• Sometimes, however, pollution is trapped near the Earth’s surface by a temperature inversion.





• A temperature inversion is the atmospheric condition in which warm air traps cooler air near Earth’s surface.

• The warmer air above keeps the cooler air at the surface from moving upward. So, pollutants are trapped below with the cooler air.

• If a city is located in a valley, it has a greater chance of experiencing temperature inversions. Los Angeles, surrounded on three sides by mountains, often has temperature inversions.


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Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

Key Questions

• What are some short-term effects and long-term effects of air pollution on human health?

• What causes indoor air pollution?

• What are noise pollution and light pollution? Why are they significant?

Chapter 12



Air Pollution

• The American Lung Association has estimated that Americans pay tens of billions of dollars a year in health costs to treat respiratory diseases caused by air pollution.

Chapter 12Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution



Effects of Air Pollution on Health

• Short-term effects – reversible if exposure to air pollution decreases.– include headache; nausea; irritation to the eyes,

nose and throat; coughing; tightness in the chest; and upper respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and pneumonia.

– can worsen conditions of asthma and emphysema

• Long term effects– emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease. – may worsen medical conditions suffered by older

people and may damage the lungs of children.





• The quality of air inside is sometimes worse than the quality of air outside.

• Plastics and other industrial chemicals are major sources of pollution.– can be found in carpets, building materials, paints,

and furniture, particularly when these items are new.






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• Sick-building syndrome is a set of symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, eye irritation, and dizziness, that may affect workers in modern, airtight office buildings. – caused by indoor air pollutants.– most common in hot places where buildings are

tightly sealed to keep out the heat.

• removing the sources of indoor air pollution and ventilation (mixing outdoor air with indoor air) is necessary for good indoor air quality.




Indoor Air Pollutants

• Radon gas – element produced by the decay of uranium

(occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust)– seeps through cracks in foundations and adheres

to dust particles.– Can enter the lungs and lead to cancer – second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United

States




Indoor Air Pollutants

• Asbestos– used as an insulator and fire retardant in building

materials.– fibers can cut and scar the lungs, causing the

disease asbestosis.– Victims of the disease have more and more

difficulty breathing and may eventually die of heart failure

– banned in the early 1970s




Noise Pollution

• noise pollution – caused by unnecessary sounds

• Health problems – loss of hearing, high blood pressure, and stress.– loss of sleep, which may lead decreased

productivity

• decibel is the most common unit used to measure loudness, and is abbreviated dB.




Noise Pollution

• A decibel is the most common unit used to measure loudness, and is abbreviated dB.

• The quietest sound that a human ear can hear is represented by 0 dB. For each increase in decibel intensity, the decibel level is 10 times higher than the previous level.

• A sound of 120 dB is at the threshold of pain. Permanent deafness may come as a result of continuous exposure to sounds over 120 dB.




Noise Pollution


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Light Pollution

• Light pollution does not present a direct hazard to human health, but it does negatively affect our environment.

• The use of inefficient lighting in urban areas is diminishing our view of the night sky.

• In urban areas, the sky is often much brighter than the natural sky.




Light Pollution

• A more important environmental concern of inefficient lighting is energy waste. Energy is wasted when a light is directed upward into the night sky and lost to space. Examples include lighting on billboards, poor-quality street lights, and the lighting of building exteriors.

• Solutions to this problem include shielding light so it is directed downward, using time controls so that light is used only when needed, and using low-pressure sodium sources, which are the most energy-efficient sources of light.


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