UW Pavement and Buried UW Pavement and Buried Infrastructure Research Infrastructure Research Dr. Mark Knight Dr. Mark Knight University of Waterloo University of Waterloo
UW Pavement and Buried UW Pavement and Buried Infrastructure ResearchInfrastructure Research
Dr. Mark KnightDr. Mark KnightUniversity of WaterlooUniversity of Waterloo
ExpertiseExpertise
Field and laboratory testingField and laboratory testingTrenchless pipeline:Trenchless pipeline:
construction, construction, condition assessment, condition assessment, renewal and renewal and asset managementasset management
Old roads, old pipes ?Old roads, old pipes ?
•• Superb constructionSuperb construction•• Little maintenance Little maintenance •• Low operational costsLow operational costs
•• When to rehabilitate?When to rehabilitate?
JACK
New roads over old pipes?New roads over old pipes?
We are not alone!We are not alone!
Jack appears in different figures!Jack appears in different figures!
………………but mostly not at the same time!but mostly not at the same time!
Field TestingField TestingOn going ResearchOn going ResearchAdedamola Adedapo PhD candidateAdedamola Adedapo PhD candidate
Alireza Bayat PhD candidateAlireza Bayat PhD candidate
HDD HDD vsvs Cut & CoverCut & CoverHDPE Pipe InstallationsHDPE Pipe Installations
Research Objectives:Research Objectives:Quantify pavement performance & Quantify pavement performance & deteriorationdeterioration
Quantify HDPE pipe behavior and Quantify HDPE pipe behavior and performanceperformance
During constructionDuring construction
Post constructionPost construction
Cut & Cover InstallationCut & Cover InstallationEquipment andEquipment and
Data Logging TrailerData Logging Trailer
HL3HL3--22 SuperpaveSuperpave SMASMA PMAPMA HL3HL3--11
East LaneEast Lane
West LaneWest Lane
0 m
0 m
153
153
283
283
420
420
567
567
709
m70
9 m
425
425 36
336
335
835
8
284
284 22
022
0
155
155
106.
410
6.4
122.
812
2.8
Weight in Motion ScaleWeight in Motion Scale
GeogridGeogrid
Oct 2003 Open Trench Install. of 200 mm HDPE PipeOct 2003 Open Trench Install. of 200 mm HDPE Pipe
April 2003 HDD Install. of 200 mm HDPE PipeApril 2003 HDD Install. of 200 mm HDPE Pipe
HDD INSTALLATIONHDD INSTALLATIONApril 2003April 20035.5 feet below ground surface5.5 feet below ground surface8 inch DIPS HDPE DR 178 inch DIPS HDPE DR 17Length = 75 feetLength = 75 feetPipe installation ~ 5 minutes Pipe installation ~ 5 minutes
Pipe Ring DeflectionsPipe Ring Deflections
Measure pipe Measure pipe change in shapechange in shape
Accuracy = 0.01mmAccuracy = 0.01mm
Data MonitoringData Monitoring
Pre and post pavement surveysPre and post pavement surveys•• 1.5 by 1.5 feet pavement grid1.5 by 1.5 feet pavement grid•• IRI surveysIRI surveys•• GPR surveysGPR surveys
•• Use best practices for restorationUse best practices for restoration•• Depth and length similar to HDDDepth and length similar to HDD
Cut & Cover InstallationCut & Cover Installation
A1 A1 A1A1
S2 S2
S3 S3
S2
P3
P2TDR 2
A1
TDR 3
T1
T3
T2
300mm
350mm
750mm
1.5 2.32.32.01.0 4.0
CO WL
Road CenterlineEast Pavement Edge
200mm HDPE PIPE
West Pavement Edge
~13.1m
P1
EL
A1 A1 A1A1
S2 S2
S3 S3
S2
P3
P2TDR 2
A1
TDR 3
T1
T3
T2
300mm
350mm
750mm
1.5 2.32.32.01.0 4.0
CO WL
Road CenterlineEast Pavement Edge
200mm HDPE PIPE
West Pavement Edge
~13.1m
P1
EL
A1 A1 A1A1
S2 S2
S3 S3
S2
P3
P2TDR 2
A1
TDR 3
T1
T3
T2
300mm
350mm
750mm
1.5 2.32.32.01.0 4.0
CO WL
Road CenterlineEast Pavement Edge
200mm HDPE PIPE
West Pavement Edge
~13.1m
P1
EL
Earth Pressure CellsAsphalt Strain GaugesSoil Strain GaugeWater Content Reflectometer
Temperature Probe
Soil & Pavement SensorsSoil & Pavement Sensors
MonitoringMonitoring
Construction and post construction:Construction and post construction:•• Pavement deteriorationPavement deterioration•• Pipe and soil responsePipe and soil response
Data LoggersData LoggersThree data loggersThree data loggers-- 20 sensors in soil backfill20 sensors in soil backfill-- 19 sensors inside HDPE pipe19 sensors inside HDPE pipeSensor readings: Sensor readings:
During installation = 10 secondsDuring installation = 10 secondsPost construction = 1 minutePost construction = 1 minute
Trigger sensitive to get loadingsTrigger sensitive to get loadingsData logger Internet accessible and Data logger Internet accessible and
controllablecontrollable
Elapsed Time (days)
Pipe
Def
lect
ion
(mm
)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
TS1-D0TS1-D45TS1-D90
Pipe Deflections Pipe Deflections wrtwrt TimeTime
FLAC3D 3.00
Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.Minneapolis, MN USA
Step 15595 Model Perspective17:17:34 Wed Oct 04 2006
Center: X: 0.000e+000 Y: 2.000e+000 Z: -2.197e+000
Rotation: X: 0.000 Y: 0.000 Z: 340.000
Dist: 3.518e+001 Mag.: 1Ang.: 22.500
Axes Linestyle
XY
Z
Block Contour of SZZ Stress-1.1683e+005 to -1.1000e+005-1.1000e+005 to -1.0000e+005-1.0000e+005 to -9.0000e+004-9.0000e+004 to -8.0000e+004-8.0000e+004 to -7.0000e+004-7.0000e+004 to -6.0000e+004-6.0000e+004 to -5.0000e+004-5.0000e+004 to -4.0000e+004-4.0000e+004 to -3.0000e+004-3.0000e+004 to -2.0000e+004-2.0000e+004 to -1.0000e+004-1.0000e+004 to -6.5412e+002
Interval = 1.0e+004
Numerical Simulation ValidationNumerical Simulation Validation
Job Title: Geometry of OpenCut InstallationView Title: Area affected by Excavation
Trench Influence areaTrench Influence area
Job Title: Geometry of OpenCut InstallationView Title: Shear Plane
Shear ZonesShear Zones
2020
Investigation into MechanisticInvestigation into Mechanistic--Empirical Design MethodsEmpirical Design Methods
Alireza BayatAlireza Bayat
2121
Research ObjectivesResearch Objectives
Use CPATT field data to determining the Use CPATT field data to determining the pavement response (stresses and pavement response (stresses and strains) due to traffic and environmental strains) due to traffic and environmental loadingloading
Relating these responses to the Relating these responses to the pavement lifepavement life
Field Test ProgramField Test Program
Traffic Loading Traffic Loading 20042004--20052005
Typical Field Data Typical Field Data
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5Time(sec)
Long
itudi
nal S
trai
n- A
SG5
(µm
/m)
Steering axleDrive axle
Trailer axle
Compression
Tension
-10
20
50
80
110
140
170
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5Time(sec)
Vert
ical
Str
ess-
TPC
1 (k
Pa) Steering axle
Drive axle
Trailer axle
Pavement Stress Pavement Stress
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time (millisec.)
Pave
men
t Str
ess
(kPa
)
P1-20cm P2-60cm P3-95cm
First Axle Second Axle
Third Axle
Pressure Cell Data Pressure Cell Data vsvs PredictionsPredictions
0
100
200
300
400
0 20 40 60 80 100
Depth(cm)
Ver
tical
Str
ess
(kPa
)
Field MeasurementBurmister Method
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Depth( cm)
Vert
ical
Str
ess
(psi
)
Circular method-case 1Point LoadMeasured
Repeatability and SurvivabilityRepeatability and Survivability
1st Axle (kPa) 2nd Axle (kPa ) 3rd Axle (kPa) Average 24.4 78.5 55.5 St. Dev. 1.86 4.83 5.31 Range 6.21 15.2 16.6
Only one of the asphalt strain gaugesOnly one of the asphalt strain gauges
Temperature ImpactsTemperature Impacts
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
6/12 12 PM 6/13 12 PM 6/14 12 PM 6/15 12 PM 6/16 12 PMTime(sec)
Long
itudi
nal S
trai
n be
low
the
Asp
halt
Laye
r
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tem
pera
ture
bel
ow th
e A
spha
lt La
yer
ASG1 ASG2 ASG3 ASG5 Temperature
(µm
/m)
(°C
)
Temperature
Asphalt Strain Gauges
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
15 20 25 30 35 40Average Asphalt Temperature
Vert
ical
Str
ess-
TPC
1 (k
Pa)
(°c)
Some FindingsSome Findings
Response models based on elastic multilayered Response models based on elastic multilayered theory produced stress values lower than the theory produced stress values lower than the measured stressmeasured stress
Repeatable data with a low standard deviationRepeatable data with a low standard deviation
Instrumentation survivability rate of 95%Instrumentation survivability rate of 95%
Impact of environmental factors such as Impact of environmental factors such as temperature, frost, and moisture on gauge temperature, frost, and moisture on gauge performanceperformance
Signs of an Aging Signs of an Aging Sewer SystemSewer System
City of Winnipeg, ManitobaCity of Winnipeg, ManitobaLosing 1.9 trucks/cars per yearLosing 1.9 trucks/cars per year
What a pothole! What a pothole! KITCHENER, ONKITCHENER, ON(Mar 15, 2005)(Mar 15, 2005)
Sinkhole from watermain break causes havoc in neighbourhood
What about pipes under roads?What about pipes under roads?What do you have?What do you have?What condition are they in?What condition are they in?Are they working as designedAre they working as designedWhat needs to be fixed?What needs to be fixed?When do they need to be fixed? When do they need to be fixed? How much will it cost? How much will it cost?
Now and over next 25 to 50 yearsNow and over next 25 to 50 years
What are they worth?What are they worth?
QuestionsQuestions