Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 1 UTILIZATION OF UAV’s FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH A Summary and Synthesis of Workshop 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview Page 2 Draft Vision Statement Page Missions: Overview Page 4 Missions: Climate Page 5 Missions: Land & Ocean Surface Page Missions: Global Observations Page 10 Missions: Atmospheric Observations Page Technology: Overview Page Technology: Platforms Page Technology: Instrumentation Page 22 Technology: Operations Page Technology: Data and Communications Page 29 Gaps, Roadmaps & Vision: Overview Page Gaps & Roadmaps Page 32 Ideas for Joint NASA/NOAA/DOE Programs Page 35 Ideas for Innovative UAV Uses Page 36 UAV-Enabled Global Observation System Page 37 Ideas for Next Steps Page
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Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 1 UTILIZATION OF UAV’s FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE.
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Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change ResearchWorkshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004
1
UTILIZATION OF UAV’s FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH
A Summary and Synthesis of Workshop 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview Page 2Draft Vision Statement Page 3Missions: Overview Page 4Missions: Climate Page 5Missions: Land & Ocean Surface Page 7Missions: Global Observations Page 10Missions: Atmospheric Observations Page 13Technology: Overview Page 16Technology: Platforms Page 17Technology: Instrumentation Page 22Technology: Operations Page 27Technology: Data and Communications Page 29Gaps, Roadmaps & Vision: Overview Page 31Gaps & Roadmaps Page 32Ideas for Joint NASA/NOAA/DOE Programs Page 35Ideas for Innovative UAV Uses Page 36UAV-Enabled Global Observation System Page 37Ideas for Next Steps Page 38
Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change ResearchWorkshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004
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Overview
What we have in common forms the basis of our collaboration - the focus on the goals developed in our first workshop in San Diego. From there, there is no limit to what we can do.
On December 7th and 8th, 2004, DOC/NOAA Forecast Systems Laboratory (FSL), NASA Science and Aeronautics Research Mission Directorates, and DOE Office of Science sponsored the second in a series of workshops on the Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Global Climate Change Research. Participants from NASA, NOAA, and the Department of Energy gathered together with researchers, scientists, engineers and industry representatives to build upon the work completed in the first workshop.
This session began with a series of presentations about the program objectives of the three agencies, about the requirements for a research program, and about the current capabilities of UAVs. The group then became familiar with the 11 science goals developed in the first workshop. Participants expanded upon these missions, clarifying the observations needed for each as well as when and where these observations would need to take place.
The group then looked at the technology and operations as well as the gaps and roadmaps needed to realize these goals. Finally we used a current NASA RFI document to drive some of the groups to put an outline together for a few of the goals while other groups looked at the next steps in the collaboration to move the group to realizing the objective of a global climate change observation system.
This document is a summary of the group’s work.
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Draft Vision Statement
Elements of a Mission Statement• Economy and Early Warning (Climate)• Fill Critical Gaps in Earth Observing System• UAV Critical Role in Integrated Global Observing System
(enabler and integrator)• US Leadership (opportunity to lead in aerospace and global
observation)• UAV’s as Available Capability for Monitoring• UAV’s can Deliver Unique Scientific Measurements• Magnify the Value of Existing Investments (satellites)
Proposed Presentation Format for NASA/NOAA/DOE Collaboration
Why is this important?• Vision: Drawn from CCSP, GEOSS, IEOS, IORS, USCOP• Examples: Arctic, Hurricane Tracking and Prediction• Compelling, visceral story that motivates the important of
climate change and prediction
How can we make a difference?• Consistent with current administration climate thrust (but not
uniquely linked to this administration)• Magnify value of current investments (satellites, piloted
platforms, ground observations)• Address gaps in current capabilities (examples…)• Provide new and unique capabilities (examples…)• Current agencies’ programs and opportunities for
collaboration and efficiency
How much will it cost?• We will need to have some estimate of the cost and
benefits from the proposed collaboration.
“UAV’s bridge the gap between Earth and space to understand and protect our planet.”
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Missions: Overview
ContextIn the first round of work, groups reviewed the focus areas identified in the first workshop: Climate, Land & Ocean Surface, Global Observations, and Atmospheric Observations. Out of these groups, small teams then delved into the science goals that had been defined under each focus area. For each science goal, the teams were asked to define what needed to be measured, when it needed to be measure, how often and for how long?
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Missions: Climate I of II
We want to make any use of UAVs with anything that's already in existence in addition to using the first 3 ARM sites. We agreed 20 km is critical to the measurements we want. We'd like to see 5 flight days taking place in each location for each of the 4 seasons. The flight days should be spread out over a few weeks. We designed our dream suite of instruments. We got into an interesting discussion about accuracy. We agreed that we could address more science if any of the instruments were improved upon. We agreed that we could have progress in all these areas by adding to the instrument suite that was previously designed. We can do work in urban areas as well as in albedos.
Special Cases: aerosols - urban volcanoes; albedo - polar
Priorities: clouds, H2O, aerosols, albedo
Science Goal: Understand and quantify sensitivities of climate to forcings and feedbacks.
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Missions: Climate II of II
We looked at where UAVs would have the most impact. We tried to understand processes and thought the most utility here would be closer to the boundary layer. We would understand how things get into the troposphere. There's a list of potential campaigns in the short-term, over the next 5 years. We would focus on the Amazon, the southern ocean, and the ARM sites, as well as a couple of sites listed here. This all led us to a possible campaign is this unknown source of methane. It's not confounded by large diurnal cycles. We didn't get very far in the 'When' and 'How Often' categories. We did talk about the North America campaign and we'd like to get involved in some intensive campaign.
Observations Required
Where? UAV Observations
When? How Often?
Condintions of:
CO2, CO, CH4, O2, in ? layer
-land cover/land use change-- surface temperature (ocean/land)-- winds-- ocean color-- atmospheric temperature-- fossil sources-- parameters controlling photosynthesis-- soil moisture-- snow, ice, water coverage
-- CO2 (drop buoys)
-regional - continental scale - over ocean and land-- vertical profiles (0-5km)-- Amazon biogeochemistry (? CH4)
-- Southern ocean (south pacific)-- 3 ARM sites-Eastern pacific Upwelling Zones-- Arctic freeze/thaw line (Barrow ARM site)
Rationale: CH4 is easier to measure than CO2; UAVs can help in process studies; less natural variability; CH4 strong CHC; shorter residenc time /nd
Science Goal: Sources and sinks of CO2 & methane (quantify and locate natural and anthropogenic)
• UAVs coordinated with surface and orbital assets and models
• UAVs alone
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Missions: Land & Ocean Surface I of IIIScience Goal: How is the biosphere changing?
Types of Measurements When Where
1. Multispectral (imaging) 1-20km
2. Hyperspectral sometimes (imaging) 1-20km
3. Florescense high resolution (temp/sp) triggered 200m
4. In-situ fluxes 30m
5. DiAL 30m - 10km
6. Laser (dobbler) for wind 30m - 10km
7. Soil moisture u-wave (passive/active) 3-20km
1. Triggered episodic meas (minit?)
2. Scheduled eposodic (seasonal/annual) cal / val
3. Diurnal (fluxes, Ocean Bio)
4.
1. Keep track of interfaces (coastal zone; forest/tundra; sky Islands (desert sandstorms); altitude change; irrigated vs. arid; surface ocean temperature;
GPP, DOC, turbidity
Coral blocking
Wetlands extent / change
What Where When/how often/ duration/ synchrony
Land use / land cover interface
Global All year / seasonally / range to target) close to satellite pass (cal/val)
Ecosystem condition Specific ecosystems worldwide Diurnal to seasonal (many synchronous measurements) (intensive observation period simplified for monitoring)
Fundamental Issues: intermediate scale between satellite and high flying aircraft and jeep; work on natural laboratories (investigator-driver)
The gas emissions from the surface have reactions to the climate change. How does the natural emission of CO2 change in response to the climate change? Is it positive or negative feedback?
One of the things you want to do is have prediction of these processes. There are already models that can do this and we want to decrease the uncertainties in these models. We want to pick areas that are particularly sensitive to change.
We agreed that understanding the processes are important for understanding the scale. What you see from satellites is what is really happening. To understand the detail, UAVs play a very important role. The regions typical for validation are where we want to start. The fundamental issues that emerge from our discussion is that we need the intermediate scale between satellite and aircraft so we can fill in the gaps of the picture we have right now. We're looking for natural laboratories where we can do investigative work to improve our understanding of the processes.
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Missions: Land & Ocean Surface III of IIIScience Goal: Characterization (shifts/changes) of frozen part (cryosphere) of water cycle earth surface (ocean & land) in response to climate change
Objectives: Trending (baseline) - total frozen reservoir (global/annual change/regional); Measure surface area, depth, density; Understanding response & feedback (energy cycle - solar + current and drivers); Focus on bellweather areas (visually/active areas - reasonable time space - high rate of change)
Cry
osp
he
re
Observations
• Sea ice - arctic/antarctic (moderate variability) (5–10% of ocean)
• Glacier - mountains/coastal (least variable)
• Snow fields/pack - mountains (highly variable)
• Perma frost (frozen soil moisture) - interface to biology
Topic Position Altitude When How often Duration Coverage/resolution
Sea Ice Arctic/antarctic
(polar)
Sea Level Seasonal (summer/winter) to monthly
Monthly FLT tracks
(Re TBD)
Continental scale - 1km
Glacier (moves) Mountains (high latitude)
Mountain top (20k feet+)
Seasonal
(21cm /year)
Monthly (year/decade)
FLT tracks
(Re TBD)
100m
Snow field (fixed) Mountains (high latitude)
Mountain top
(20k feet)
Annual
(thorough)?
Annual FLT tracks
(Re TBD)
100km
Snow pack (melts annually)
Mountains Mountain top Seasonally Weekly 1km
Here is a pathway where we think about how UAVs play into the mix. We suggest that UAVs be in areas where we need frequent repeats and high resolution. We think that UAVs will need long duration. They don't particularly high altitude. We'll need to get into understanding of what drives the changes we see. We need surface area depth and density.
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Missions: Global Observation I of III
Measurements Required
Where should they be taken?
When? Frequency? Duration? Taken simultaneously?
State variables
T, u, V, q, (p), (h)
Fill in data voids
Adaptively observed
Event driven contingency
Ongoing
1-5 days as required
Up to 60 minutes notice as required
Routine
Model driven
Event driven
On-going
hours - 1 day
mins - hours
(BCWST)
Best coincide with synoptic time
Cloud properties (callibrate satellite & radar)
Liquid/ice concentrations
Calibration for real time system (CORTS) -
possibly operational
IOP Intense observations periods
Correlated with other measurements I.e. radar, satellite
UAV swarms during IOPs
Precipitation CORTS
Land surface CORTS
Ocean surface properties
CORTS (long)
Ice properties CORTS
Aerosols CORTS
Events
O3 - as an indicator of P.V.
CORTS
Events
Science Goal: Improve high impact weather forecasts
UAV Altitude (ft)
Fo
reca
st Im
pro
vem
ent
Co
st
20k 40k 60k
Altitude Sensor & Mission Dependant
We came up with the idea of CORTS. This stands for calibration for real time system. Using UAVs help in research mode to generate algorithms to calculate things like ice fluxes. You're using a UAV to calibrate a remotely sensed object, like radar and satellite to spread the knowledge over a wider area. You do that within an intensive observation period. This is not just for one UAV, but also for a swarm of them.
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Missions: Global Observation II of III
We're looking to put 200-400 global station points as a good start. We talked about having them above the surface. We see them at 300 m intervals above the surface. There is a special case of aerosols. It probably would be more concentrated in industrial areas.
We talked about what kind of time resolution and we had a goal of taking 8 measurements a day and could cover the diurnal cycles.
We felt the UAVs offer a lot to this kinds of system, especially in the vertical measurements. It might take 4 years to do a demo phase to put this system together. We're planning the system for five years from now.
Science Goal: Improve prediction of climate variability and change
Gaps:•Atmospheric only•Radiative budget (longwave, shortwave)•Correlation with modelers and instruments in 5 years
• resolution• distribution• regions
• sustained• weekly updates for verified profiles• hourly for cloud
• seasonal variability
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Missions: Global Observation III of III
We want UAVs which can fly long distances, which preclude manned missions. Mars covers thousands of kilometers in range. The vertical question is important to that extent we're looking at something like 50 millibars in resolution to go after the aerosol question.
We want to do that over time for about 10 years. In the Pacific, we'd still be going for vertical movement over long spatial scales.
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Missions: Atmospheric Observation I of IIIScience Goal: Quantify change in the chemical composition of the atmosphere
What Observed Where?
Lat Alt
When? How Often? Duration? Taken simultaneously?
Air quality
(surface to BL)
Midlat 0-40k ft All year Daily
Hourly events
Strataspheric Ozone
Polar tropopause
Midlat -> 30km
Tropics
All seasons Weekly Profile No
Tropospheric Ozone
Polar tropopause
Midlat remote &
Tropics polluted
All seasons - daily Profile
Dial
No
Long-lived gases
C02, CH4, N20
Herb? - HFCs
Polar surface
Midlat lower strat
Tropics (25km)
All seasons Weekly Profile No
Water vapor Polar upper trop
Midlat lower strat
Tropics
All seasons Weekly Profile No
Reactive gases
NOx, SOx, CO
Polar surface
Midlat lower strat
Tropics
State variables
Highly reactive
OH, HO2, NO, NO2
Polar polluted &
Midlat remote trop
Tropics
All seasons intermittent
Aerosol size, number, composition
Polar polluted &
Midlat remote trop
Tropics
All seasons Daily - weekly Profiles No
Radioactive fluxes Polar upper trop
Midlat lower strat
Tropics
All seasons intermittent Profiles No
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Missions: Atmospheric Observation II of III
Possibly using dropsondes to create profiles to measure the chemical in the atmosphere. There is a whole different chemistry in carbonaceous aerosols. These could be distributed in a number of platforms. This could be focused around the boundary layer.
The last group included aerosols like volcanic eruptions. Again, for these we need to get in close to the source, so of course the UAVs will be key. These would be smaller UAVs.
Science Goal: Figure out the role of aerosols in global warming
• volcanoes• wildfires• dust
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Missions: Atmospheric Observation III of III
We subdivided the topic into three major areas. We subdivided even further under one of these. We expanded the scope of it a bit. The blue comments are from the initial discussion. The red comments are about the instruments. The green comments are from visitors who came by. We appreciate those and tried to incorporate them as much as possible.
Science Goal: Role of water vapor & cloud-radiative feedback (predictability and climate control)
What? Where? When? How Often? Duration? Simultaneous? How? (instrument)
•global (%cover) 10’s of km•Subgrid scale (1km) (10’s m u physics
•Cloud (10’s of meters)
Uniform sample + targeted observation
6 hour sampling
1 hour (event driven)
•Days to week•Frequent measurements over extended time period•Spacial sampling over a long path
Temp; U, V, W,
Turbulence;
Pressure
UAV: help to bridge between more extensive radar and satellites
Satellite obs
In situ
Remote sensors
- radar
- lidar
All weather capable
(instrument miniatures & power c?)
Cloud radiometric properties
Representative cloud types
Above and below clouds
Periodic
(seasonal)
Sample life cycle of cloud type
Same
Satellite and surface measurements
Broadband & specially resolved vis & IR
(radiance and irradiance)
Satellite
H2O & winds
cal/val
Global
Via focused UAV observations
Periodic
(seasonal)
IOP Hours to days Satellite observations
(as above)
INS/GPS
Laser/hygro
(INS/GPS)(BAT)
(0.1C accuracy)
(% cloud cover - might not be adequate characterization)
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Technology: Overview
ContextIn the next round of work, each team pored over the science goals defined in the morning to discover the requirements for a specific technology: Platforms, Instrumentation, Operations and Data & Communications.
AssignmentLook across the science goals and each observation (there may be several observations within each goal), and identify any solutions that may be required for the technology that you have been assigned. Also note any special capabilities or properties needed. Finally, identify/document any assumptions you’ve made.
Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change ResearchWorkshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004
State of the ArtGlobal Hawk 60,000 ft 36 hoursAltair 50,000 ft 32 hours
Innovative ConceptsHelios 100,000 ft 12 hours –
weekZephyr 50-100k ft weeks - months
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Technology – High Altitude Platform
Missions Altitude Endurance Repetition P/L Speed
Clim
ate
Sensitivity to Forcings
20km 24 hours
CO2 Sources & Sinks 24 hours
Atm
os
ph
eric
Chemical Composition
30km Week-months
Role of Aerosols 18.5km
Water Vapor & Cloud Radiative Feedback
20km 24 hours – week
Stable platform
<100 knots
Glo
ba
l
Climate Variability & Change
Surface – 20km
Week-months 72 hours “Dropsonde” class
Long range
High Impact Weather Forecasts
“DASN & Loiter”?
Critical Physical Processes
Oc
ea
n &
La
nd
S
urfa
ce
Models & Predictions 20km 24 hours
Cryosphere Responsive Feedback
N/A
Gas
= Capability unique to UAV’s
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Technology – Mid-Altitude PlatformAssumptions• 25,000-30,000 ft• Can use heavier instrument suites• Robust• Dropsondes critical capability• Quick-look data• Multi-use or tailoredOthers• Rapid response• Loitering• Cal/Val• Gap filling
General Capabilities Needed
UAV-Unique• Robustness for turbulence• Long endurance – trans-oceanic & loiteringFlight Characteristics• Structure similar to regional aircraft• Slow speed & high resolutionCommand & Control• Distributed basing for global coverage• “Over the horizon” communicationsPayload• Large & reconfigurable (i.e. antennae)• Variable size for specific missions• Tailored aircraft specific to mission & grid
Missons
High Impact Weather• Autonomy
• Tailored mission• Quick-look data is key here• Diurnal fire monitoring
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Technology – Remote Sensing Instrumentation
UAV ? Mission Design Issues• Cloud, aerosol and gas issues cannot likely be completely address by
remote sensors. (Ocean and land issues probably can.) We need to device a coordinated fleet mission.
• Passive sensors are typically small mass/volume – they can use HALE
• Active sensors are typically larger mass/volume. Most science questions requiring active remote sensors do not need high altitude – they can use LALE or MALE)
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Technology – In Situ Instrumentation
Gas C
hrometograph
Mass S
pectrometer
Spectom
etry (Optical)
Ion Mobility S
pectrometer
Microeletcrom
agnetical S
ensors
Intertial Navigation/P
itot Tube
Filtering/ P
hysical Collection
Radiom
eters
Cloud M
icrophysics Sensors
Nephelom
eters
Imagers
Extratom
eter (??)
Evaporative H
eating/ Cooling
FS
SP
Cryogenic/ C
hilled Mirror
Cavity R
ingdown
Spectrom
eter
Aerosol H
ydration/ Vox
Field M
ills
Dropsondes
Various Chemical Species
X X X X X X ?
Water Vapor/ RH X X X X X
Aerosols X X X X X X X X X X
Temperature & Pressure X X
Cloud Microphysics & Properties
X X X X X X X
Winds & Turbulence X X X
Radiative Field
Isotopes X X
Electric Field X
# of sensors is application-dependant. Sensor type is UAV Platform-dependant.
Sam
ple
d I
tem
s
Instruments Required for Physical Sampling
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Technology – In Situ Instrumentation (Adaptation I of II)
Gas C
hrometograph
Mass S
pectrometer
Spectom
etry (Optical)
Ion Mobility S
pectrometer
Microeletcrom
agnetical S
ensors
Intertial Navigation/P
itot Tube
Filtering/ P
hysical Collection
Radiom
eters
Cloud M
icrophysics Sensors
Nephelom
eters
Imagers
Extratom
eter (??)
Evaporative H
eating/ Cooling
FS
SP
Cryogenic/ C
hilled Mirror
Cavity R
ingdown
Spectrom
eter
Aerosol H
ydration/ Vox
Field M
ills
Dropsondes
Size X X X X X X X X X
Power X X X X X X X X X X X
Mass X X X X X X X X X ? XRemote / Autonomous Ops X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Telemetry X XAccess to Clean Air Stream X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Field of View X X
RFI / EMI X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Icing X
UA
V A
dap
tati
on
Iss
ues
Instruments
ALL INSTRUMENT PROBES
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Technology – In Situ Instrumentation (Adaptation II of II)
Gas C
hrometograph
Mass S
pectrometer
Spectom
etry (Optical)
Ion Mobility S
pectrometer
Microeletcrom
agnetical S
ensors
Intertial Navigation/P
itot Tube
Filtering/ P
hysical Collection
Radiom
eters
Cloud M
icrophysics Sensors
Nephelom
eters
Imagers
Extratom
eter (??)
Evaporative H
eating/ Cooling
FS
SP
Cryogenic/ C
hilled Mirror
Cavity R
ingdown
Spectrom
eter
Aerosol H
ydration/ Vox
Field M
ills
Dropsondes
Speed
Condensation X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XEnvironment (Pressure/Temp) X X X X X X ?
Servicing X X X X
Long Flight Duration X X
Cost – Devel. X X X X X X X X
Cost – O&M X XData Storage/ Processing X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Instrument/UAV Platform Comms. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
UA
V A
dap
tati
on
Iss
ues
Instruments
ALL INSTRUMENT PROBES
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Technology – Platform Operations
Reach Sort & Gen Rate Avail (?)
Fleet SME/Mix Collaboration
Local LOS Upon Demand Small platforms/ to many
Regional
10P
Global BLOS Hi Cont Few/many
Terms• C3 = BLOS (oth), LOS (20km radius)• Avail = Sorty rate, deployability (local, regional, global
• Intensive Observation Period (IOP)• Fleet Size/Mix = platform collaborations
•(e.g. NASA operates platform)• Air Space – “File & Fly” (globally, equivalent to piloted)• Affordability =
• ACQ = f(capability)• OPS = $400/hour• Multi A/C per operator
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Technology – Integrated Observing Operations
Integrate ground, sub-orbital and orbital observation systems
• Weather Forecasting: event-driven vs. continuous• Fill data voids (routine) – 4D sounding over
ocean and high latitudes• Bases should be distributed appropriately (100’s
of observations per day)• Launch UAV’s on regular schedule, adjustable
tracks, from surface to thousands of meters• Severe Weather – Surge of extra vehicles
Consistencies Across Focus Areas• Long Endurance• Remote and/or dangerous areas• Similar data types
• State quantities• Chemical compounds• Link satellite and surface data• Measure similar parameters
How does UAV integration differ from existing field operations?
• Safety and regulatory issues not uniformly settled or addressed globally
• Integration with manned aircraft (safety)• Extended UAV endurance – 24-7 if possible• 24-7 staff on ground• Satellite data link – SMB/s• Extensive onboard storage• Hazardous conditions ok away from people• Proactively address safety/regulation as NASA:
UNITE/ACCESS 5
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Technology - Data
Weather Forecasting
(Short-term)
Chemistry
(Mid-term)
Climate Change
(Long-term)
Episodic
(IOP)
Standards Depends on Instrument Survey existing standards
Scientific Uses Weather forecasting GCM trends Transport and process models
Long-term trend models
Varies
Processing Sustained
Timely: < 3hours
RF to target for adaptive measurements
Reas.: < 3months
< 3months
Integration
End User Data Assim. Centers GCM Community
Chemists
Not yet for regulators
Survey End Users
Expand End Users
Archiving Level 0 data need
to be archived
Quality-controlled data Metadata are critical
Long-term stability
NMO Best Practices
Survey End Users
Expand End Users
Start with existing standards for A/CWMO, BUFR or EOS
USP Community Formats – spatial & temporal tagging
Must survey end users for standards, storage and archiving needs.Learn from the past – there is never sufficient funds allocated for data acquisitionanalysis and archivingDownloading data from remote locations
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Technology - Communications
End Users
Access Timeliness Range Data Volume
Operational Modeling Centers
Real time Long Low
Public Security Real time – Days
Model Developers
Days – Months Medium High
Researcher Security Real time – Days
Medium High
Disaster Managers
Security Real time Short – Medium Medium
UAV Operators
Real time Short - Long Low
Standards – There are no new data from UAV’s. Standards are in place.Bandwidth – Some tradeoff between bandwidth and on-board processing
There are limitations to bandwidth based on telemetry.
Scenarios• Weather Prediction
• Low bandwidth and volume• Real time
• Researchers / Disaster Management• Real Time• Med-High bandwidth
• Researchers / Model Developers• Very high data volume• Not real time
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Gaps, Roadmaps & Vision: Overview
ContextIn the final two rounds of work, teams focused on a variety of topics. Several groups worked to identify technology gaps and to develop roadmaps to address those gaps. Other teams worked on the vision for a joint program, innovative uses for UAV’s, developing responses to an RFI based on the work of this session, and next steps. The output of the last two rounds is represented in the following slides.
Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change ResearchWorkshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004
“We considered the gaps for airframes/platforms. We looked at in situ vs. remote, large vs. small, fast vs long. It takes more people to fly a UAV than it does a manned vehicle. All of these things add cost to ownership.
A big multi-use UAV where you can trade out instruments will be a lower cost situation. Finding a common instrument interface is very important and probably a gap we need to think about.
If you have a unique mission where things are integrated into the payload, it's better to make lots of them and be able to use and lose them. Environmentally you may not be able to lose them as much as you might want.
The cost per hour of use will vary with the mass divided by the utilization of the unit. The longer it flies the less time there is to work on it. The higher utilization of the unit, the longer the amortization. The big problem is the availability. “
Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change ResearchWorkshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004
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Gaps & Roadmaps – Instruments
Sensor Type Currently
Exists
Needs to be
Re-engineered
New Technology
Active Remote
Cloud Lidar
Ozone Lidar
Aerosol Lidar
Cloud Radar
SAR
GPS*
Water Lidar
Temperature Lidar
Precipication Radar
Vegetation Lidar
Wind Lidar
Passive Remote
NADIR (Microwave)
NADIR (???scoptical)
Scanning (??roptical)
Radiative Flux
In Situ
Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change ResearchWorkshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004
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Gaps & Roadmaps – DataComm
Requirements• AC control OTH/LOS – Redundant• Telepresence
• Instrument control• Data Download (Not necessary to encrypt)
Power Alternatives• Soaring exploitation• Piezio electric
Space Environment Monitoring
• Planetary missions• Extreme upper atmosphere
sampling
Surface Sampling – UAV Lands VSTOL
• Ice/Water• Landsurface
Inflight Refueling• Extended Missions• Fleet Support
Tethered Platforms• Fixed urban obs with vertical
crawler• Environmental remote sensing
Data Processing on UAV• Transmission efficiency
Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change ResearchWorkshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004
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UAV-Enabled Global Observation SystemSuggested Approach• Systems engineering approach• Proof of concept demos• Mixed platform approach• Develop CBNOPS• Integrate with satellites & ground demo• Integrate with other US agencies and international
agencies
Potential Benefits• Risk reduction to CCSP• Allows science unavailable from satellites or instead
of satellites• Increases the value of satellites
Performance Capability Objectives• Safe & efficient• Grid-based sustained measurement system• Data and ops needs to be networked with ground,
UAV’s and satellites• System needs to be able to support vertical profiles
• 0-100,000ft• Dropsondes, MEMS• Altitude change
• Long endurance > 24hours• Deployable – world wide coverage• Flexible & adaptable observations• Complementary platform & solutions (hi & low speed)• Global airspace operations
Relationship to National Priorities• Climate change science program• Global Earth Observation System (GEOSS)• OSTP R&D Guidelines
• HS• Network & Info technology• Namu• Climate & water **• Hydrogen fuel cells
Relationship to Existing Programs• Vehicle systems programs• VPDO• Access 5/UNITE FAA• DOD UAV roadmap
Relationship to Exploration Vision• Tech spinoff to PFV
• 100k vehicle similar to Mars• On-board data/science processing• Autonomy
Technology Gaps• Communication bandwidth over the poles• Sensors sized to fit in UAV’s (size, mass, power)• Robust UAV’s (icing and storm penetration)• Propulsion & Power• Autonomy
Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change ResearchWorkshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004
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Ideas for Next StepsGet Senior Management Buy-In for a FY07
New Initiative1. Establish IPDO-like organization to capture
resources2. Vision statement – function of societal/economic
impact3. Mission needs statement4. Identify and include stakeholders5. Recruit advocates
Other Ideas for Next Steps
• Get Senior Management buy-in• Get Science Committee buy-in• Get INO buy-in
• Identify high level requirements• Prioritize science needs as a function of scientific
impacts• Identify stakeholders• Identify capabilities• Develop technology gaps and roadmaps• Risk assessments• Identify barriers• Perform analyses of alternatives• Perform proof of concept demos & pilot projects• Define success criteria
• Establish milestones & project structure• Training and marketing• Create joint organization• Identify and coordinate existing efforts that