UT Level III QA BY Lavender

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Lavender International Online Assessments: Ultrasonic Testing: Module 8-1:

© Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be usedfor personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full

understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.

1. Identify from Figure One below, which of the four materials exhibits the greatest attenuaton in the farzone?

1

2

3

4

2. Identify from Figure One below, which of the four materials exhibits the least attenuation in the farzone?

1

2

3

4

3. Identify from Figure One below, which of the four materials is the near zone shortest?

1

2

3

4

4. In antisotropic materials linear elastics waves may propagate along a given direction. These are notpure modes. The waves with large parallel components are called?

Lamb waves

Quailongitudinal waves

Quasishear waves

Anistropic

5. A non linear transverse wave propagating in a solid that is free of discontinuities?

Distorts

Propagates without an accompanying longitudinal wave

Does not distort

Propagates without attenuation

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Page 1 of 6Lavender International: Ultrasonic Testing Assessments: Module 8-1

9/19/2001http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/ut/module8-1.html



6. Ultrasonic nondestructive test create stresses in the test component which are?

Below the yield stress and do not cause permanent deformation

Above the yield stress but do not cause permanent deformation

High compared to mechanical testing

Permanently affecting the internal structure without affecting the surface

7. In contact testing of material with known and constant acoustic velocities the time taken for sound

energy to reach a reflector is ??? the distance from the contact surface to the reflector?

Exponentially proportional to

Inversely proportional to

Directly proportional to

Not proportional to

8. Which of the following wave modes would be chosen for an application that required an ability of awave to follow the contours of irregular shaped surfaces?

Longitudinal wave

Lamb wave

Shear wave

Rayleigh wave

9. What angle of incidence would produce only a shear wave method in steel when transmitted from a

probe with a perspex shoe? V I perspex=2.7 x 10 6 mm / sec, VL steel=6.0 x 106 mm / sec, VS steel=3.2

x 106 mm / sec

18.5

26.7

36.657.5

10. To which of the following techniques does this description refer? 'The time represented on thescreen is indicative of a single traverse through the material'

Pulse echo

A scan

Through transmission

B scan

11. In the far field of an ultrasonic beam the beam has a?

Spherical wave front

Plane wave front

Wave front with constant acoustic pressure

Both plane wave front and wave front with constant acoustic pressure

12. The region of an ultrasonic beam characterised as a collection of symmetrical high and lowpressure regions caused by interfering wave fronts is called the?

Near or Fraunhofer zone

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Near or Fresnel zone

Far or Fraunhofer zone

Far or Fresnel zone

13. An increase in the pulse repetition rate is likely to ??? the brightness of the indication on the CRTscreen?

Increase

Decrease

Have no effect on

Either increase or decrease depending on the actual pulse repetition rate

14. The critical angle for the interface of two media with dissimilar acoustic wave velocities is theincident angle at which the refracted angle equals?

Zero degrees

35 degrees

90 degrees

120 degrees

15. The application of Snells Law to ultrasonic waves at an acoustic interface is dependent on the wavemode velocity in the second medium?

Being greater than the wave velocity in the incident medium

Being less than the wave velocity in the incident medium

Being equal to the wave velocity in the incident medium

Either greater or lesser to the wave velocity in the incident medium

16. At a water to steel interface approximately 88% of the sound is reflected back into the water. If thesound was travelling through steel to a steel to water interface approximately ??? of the sound would

be transmitted across the interface?

12%

88%

50%

To calculate would require the relative acoustic impedances

17. Water will support?

Longitudinal waves

Shear waves

Rayleigh waves - surface waves

Both longitudinal and rayleigh waves

18. Ultrasonic frequencies are above?

200 Hz

2000 Hz

20000 Hz

200000 Hz

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19. Sound energy can be formed into beams, similar to that of light, at frequencies above?

10 KHz

100 KHz

1000 KHz

10000 KHz

20. Wavelength is?

Equal to the product of velocity and frequency

Inversely proportional to velocity and directly proportional to frequency

Directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency

Both Equal to the product of velocity and frequency and Directly proportional to

velocity and inversely proportional to frequency

21. The velocity of lamb - plate - waves is dependent upon?

Sample thickness

Elasticity modules

Frequency

All the above

22. Which of the following modes of ultrasonic wave may be used to volumetrically inspect material thatis too thin to alow resolution of the first back wall reflection from the initial pulse?

Rayleigh

Compression

Lamb

Shear

23. Rayleigh waves can be effectively sustained only when the medium on one side of the interface?

Is a liquid

Is a gas

Is a solid

Has a sound velocity value similar to the test material

24. At an aluminium / water interface peak transmission of acoustic pressure for a returning transversewave echo occur at beam angles between?

0-90 degrees

0-10 degrees

35-51 degrees

All angles transmit the same acoutsic pressure across an interface

25. Two components with different acoustic impedances are couples by a material having an acousticimpedance equal to the mean of the component's acoustic impedances. The thickness of the couplinglayer is a quarter wavelength. What percentage of sound energy is transmitted at zero degree

incidence across the coupling layer into the second component: First component Z1=17, Second

component Z2=45, Coupling layer Z

c=31?

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100%

80%

50%

4%

26. The degree to which sound energy is reflected at an interface is dependent upon the?

Wave length of the sound wave

The frequency of the sound wave

The velocity of the sound wave

The amplitude of the sound wave

27. Sound propagates well through most liquids particularly those with?

Low viscosity

High viscosity

Elastic properties

Plastic properties

> Check Your Answers

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Figure One (click image to enlarge)

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Here are the corrections:

1. 12. 23. 3

4. Quailongitudinal waves5. Does not distort6. Below the yield stress and do not cause permanent deformation

7. Directly proportional to8. Rayleigh wave

9. 36.610. Through transmission11. Spherical wave front

12. Near or Fresnel zone13. Increase

14. 90 degrees

15. Either greater or lesser to the wave velocity in the incident medium16. 12%

17. Longitudinal waves18. 20000 Hz

19. 100 KHz20. Directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency21. All the above

22. Lamb23. Is a gas

24. 35-51 degrees25. 100%

26. The velocity of the sound wave27. Low viscosity






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1. Block E in Figure One below, is being used to?

Check beam angle

Calibrate the time base

Measure material thickness

Measure the probe dead zone

2. Block B in Figure One below, is being used to?

Measue beam angle

Position the beam exit point

Set sensitivity

Calibrate the time base for an angle probe

3. Block F in Figure One below, is being used to?

Check probe resolutionCalibrate the time base


Construct a distance amplitude correction curve

4. Block D in Figure One below, is being used to?


Calibrate the time base for an angle probe

Check probe resolution for an angle probe

Set sensitivity

5. Block G in Figure One below, is being used to?


Measure beam angle for a zero degree probe

Set sensitivity


6. Block A in Figure One below, is being used to?

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Set sensitivity


Measure beam angle

Check probe resolution

7. Block C in Figure One below, is being used to?


Set sensitivity


Check probe near surface resolution

8. Reference reflectors giving an omnidirectional response are used most often in?

Immersion testing

Contact testing

Normal beam testing

Angle beam testing

9. If a flaw echo amplitude is equal of the calibration reflector it is assumed that the flaw is

Smaller than the calibration reflector

Larger than the calibration reflector

At least as large as the calibration reflector

The same shape as the calibration refelctor

10. An increase in pulse length - less transducer damping - will?

Lower the probe frequency

Improve penetration

Improve resolution

Both lower the probe frequency and improve frequency

11. A change in amplitude of 14dBs is equivalent to a ratio of?

2:1

3.5:1

5:1

8:1

12. The use of a focusing lens on a transducer will?

Increase side lobe energy, reducing the effects of rough surfaces

Decreased side lobe energy, increasing the effects of rough surfaces

Increase side lobe energy, increasing the effects of rough surfaces

Decrease side lobe energy, decreasing the effects of rough surfaces

13. What is the diameter of the flat bottomed hole in Number 8 ASTM area amplitude block?

8.0mm

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4.8mm

3.2mm

0.8mm

14. The time base has been claibrated using a steel block. Four repeat echoes are shown at 2.5, 5.0,7.5 and 10.0 on the screen graticule. What signals would be displayed if the probe was placed on a

copper test block of the same dimensions with no change to the calibration settings? VL steel 5.9 x

106mm/sec. VL copper 4.7 x 106mm/sec.

2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0

1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0

3.1, 6.3, 9.4

4.3, 8.6

15. The plastic insert in the 50mm diameter hole in the IIW standard calibration block A2 - V1 -calibration block is specified to have the absorption characteristics of ??? of steel?

25mm

50mm75mm

100mm

16. To determine the scan index for an immersion system it is necessary to use the effective beamdiamater at each metal distance. The effective beam diamater is considered to be at a point whichis ??? dBs less than the intensity at the beam axis?

20 dB

12 dB

6 dB

2 dB

17. The depth of penetration of Rayleigh waves is?

Approximately three wavelengths

Dependent on energy which distributes in a linear way with depth

Frequency dependent

All of the above

18. A block used to establish reproducible test conditions is referred to as?

A reference block A calibration block

A sizing block

A test block

19. If the amplitude of an indication from a flaw in a component is equal to that from a 3mm diameterflat bottomed hole at the same depth. Is the flaw?

Larger than the 3mm diameter FBH

The same size as the 3mm diameter FBH

No smaller than the 3mm diameter FBH

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Smaller than the 3mm diameter FBH

20. When an ultrasonic wave encounters a point reflector the reflected wave is re-radiated as a?

Spherical wave front

Plane wave front

Either of them

Neither of them


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1. Calibrate the time base2. Measue beam angle3. Check probe resolution

4. Set sensitivity5. Set sensitivity6. Position the beam exit point

7. Calibrate the time base8. Immersion testing

9. At least as large as the calibration reflector10. Improve penetration11. 5:1

12. Decrease side lobe energy, decreasing the effects of rough surfaces13. 3.2mm

14. 3.1, 6.3, 9.4

15. 50mm16. 6 dB

17. Frequency dependent18. A calibration block

19. No smaller than the 3mm diameter FBH20. Spherical wave front





70 degrees

6. In the squirter or bubbler system using a column of flowing water, to ensure satisfactort coupling it isessential that the?

Probe emits a sound wave radially through the water stream

Water stream velocity is constant

Water stream is free of turbulence causing air bubbles

All of the above are essential

7. To which of the following testing techniques does this statement refer? 'Test items of many differentconfigurations can be examined with little difficulty'

Manual contact testing

Immersion testing

Automated testing

C scan testing

8. Which of the following arrangements would be most suitabel for the detection of a vertical planar

defect at mid depth in a double vee plate butt weld?

Twin crystal probe system

Immersion probe system

Tandem probe system

Angle probe system

9. Laminations in plate are detected and sized using?

A straight beam technique

An angle beam technique

An A scan technique

A pulse echo technique

10. An ultrasonic operator should be aware that the use of reject circuitry may?

Reject components that are acceptable

Alter the linearity of the time base

Increase sensitivity to low level signals

Alter the linearity of the amplifier

11. For maximum detection reliability the sound wave should strike a reflector at?

Normal incidence

Zero degree incidence

90 degree incidence

Either normal incidence or 90 degree incidence

12. Couplants used for ultrasonic inspection of stainless steels and high nickel alloys susceptible tostress corrosion cracking should be free from traces of?

Water

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Cellulose

Oil

Sulphur

13. Ultrasonic signal to noise ratio may be improved by use of?

Broad band instrument

Narrow band instrument

Low pass filters

Both narrow band instrument and low pass filters

14. In fine grained, homogenous and isotropic materials which of the following beams will travel thegreater distance?

Wide beam spread

Narrow beam spread

Beam spread will not affect distance travelled

Polarised beam

15. Using lower frequency probes to decrease attenuation losses will usually result in?

Increased sensitivity and decreased resolution

Decreased sensitivity and increased resolution

Increased sensitivity and increased resolution

Decreased sensitivity and decreased resolution

16. An ultrasonic method was used to check the oil level in a steel tank. Multiple backwall echoes weredisplayed on the screen from the tank above the oil level. Below the oil level these multiple echoes?

Decreased in amplitudeIncreased in amplitude

Were spaced wider apart

Were spaced closer together

17. When using ultrasound to determine microstructural differences which of the following factors islikely to be measured?

Grain boundary echo amplitude

Attenuation

Velocity

Attenuation and velocity

18. One reason that angle beam inspection of weld is used is that?

The ultrasonic beam angle can be chosen to be parallel to major defect directions

The transducer does not have to be placed on the weld surface

The wavelength of an angle beam is shorter and will give a higher sensitivity

Zero degree probes are only used for inspecting plate material

19. During ultrasonic inspection of bonding between bearing metal and a steel backing three echoesare seen on the screen: The initial pulse, the interface echo and the back wall echo. The interface echo

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increases at one point during scanning. The indicates that the bonding?

Has improved in that area

Has deteriorated in that area

The steel backing is thinner in that area

The bearing metal is thinner in that area

20. Angle beam testing may be carried out using which of the following modes?

Surface waves

Longitudinal waves

Shear waves

All the above modes may be used

21. The linear distance between two successive nodes on the same surface when using angle beamtesting is called the?

Skip distance

Resonance length

Wave length

Cycle length

22. Which of the following flaws is most likely to have been detected? Swivelling the search unit toeither side away from the direction of maximum echo amplitude causes the peak to fall rapidlyaccompanied by a slight shift to the right on the time base. Traversing the search unit in an arc causesthe echo signal to broaden slightly and fall rapidly with no change in position.

Gas pore

Crack

Slag

Clustered porosity

23. 30mm thick steel plates 1.5m wide are stacked 20 high. Preliminary screening for laminations couldbe carried out by?

Scanning from the edge at right angles to the direction of rolling

Scanning with a low frequency probe from the top surface of the stack

Removing each plate from the stack and scanning a grid system from the top surface

Scanning with a probe array from the top surface of the stack

24. Which of the following ultrasonic methods involves only the measurement of signal attenuation?

Immersion

Puls echo


Spectral analysis

25. Which of the following techniques requires only one transducer type regardless of the incidentangle?


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Pulse echo

Immersion

Crack tip diffraction

26. In straight beam immersion inspection the water path is generally adjusted to require a ??? than thedepth of scan?

Longer transit time

Longer beam path

Shorter transit time

Shorter beam path

27. Acoustic lenses are used for contour correction such that in the straight beam inspection of tubingwhere the transducer is inside the tube the preferred beam is?

Narrow and converging

Narrow and parallel

Narrow and diverging

Wide and parallel

28. Materials exhibiting a columnar grain structure are more likley to?

Show isotropic elastic behaviour

Show better ultrasound propagation in certain preferred directions

Show both isotropic elastic behaviour and show better ultrasound propagation in

certain preferred directions

Have less attenuation characteristics than similar homogenous materials


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1. Pulse length2. Decay completely between pulses3. 16mm

4. 60 degree5. 67.5 degrees6. Water stream is free of turbulence causing air bubbles

7. Manual contact testing8. Tandem probe system

9. A straight beam technique10. Alter the linearity of the amplifier11. Either normal incidence or 90 degree incidence

12. Sulphur13. Both narrow band instrument and low pass filters

14. Narrow beam spread

15. Decreased sensitivity and decreased resolution16. Decreased in amplitude

17. Attenuation and velocity18. The transducer does not have to be placed on the weld surface

19. Has deteriorated in that area20. All the above modes may be used21. Skip distance

22. Crack23. Scanning from the edge at right angles to the direction of rolling

24. Through transmission25. Immersion

26. Longer transit time27. Narrow and diverging28. Show better ultrasound propagation in certain preferred directions






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1. The temporal resolution of a transducer is directly proportional to?

Frequency

Its crystal diameter

Its crystal thickness

Its bandwith

2. Cylindrical acoustic lenses make it possible to fouc the ultrasonic beam?

At a point

Along a line

To a disc the diamater of the cylinder

Without loss of axial resolution

3. Short duration pulses from well damped transducers should significantly improve?

Near surface resolutionFar field penetration

Near zone length

All of the above

4. Lateral resolution is prinicipally a function of?

Wavelength

Probe diamater

Material velocity

Beam width

5. Higher frequency probes producing increased sensitivity levels are able to be used in?

Manual contact testing

Immersion testing

Automated testing

C scan testing

6. Which of the following is a principal advanatge of focused transducers?

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The energy at the focal spot decreases

The sensitivity at the focal spot increased

The axial resolution is increased

Both the sensitibity at the focal spot increases and the axial resolution increases

7. With reference to Figure One below, which of the following pulses first exhibits phase reversal?

0.5 microsecs

1.6 microsecs

2.6 microsecs

3.7 microsecs

8. The bandwidth of a tranducer is measured at points 70% of the resonance frequency intensity.These points represent a drop in intensity of?

2 dBs

3 dBs

4 dBs

5 dBs

9. Which of the following couplants would be considered to be most suitable for use on hot aluminiumsurfaces?

Water

Wall paper paste

Grease

Glycerine

10. Which type of probe can be described as containing an acoustical barrier seperating the transmitterelement from the receiver?

Twin crystal

Damped wide bandwidth

Damped narrow bandwidth

Damped low resolution

11. Paintbush transducers are designed to?

Pinpoint the location and size of a flaw

Allow smooth scanning with less couplant than a conventional transducer

Be survey devicesHave a narrow parallel beam pattern for uniform scanning

12. Given the following information regarding the relation between Pulse Repetition Rate -PRR- andScanning Speed -SS- what scanning speed shall be used for a PSR of 900PPS? 500PPS & 101.6SS,750PPS & 152.4SS, 1000PPS & 203.2SS

160.4

173.6

182.9

198.4

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13. Which of the following is a monohydrate piezoelectric crystal that is highly sensitive to minutequantities of water?

Quartz

Lithium suplphate

Barium titanate

Lead zirconate

14. When evaluating the Damping Factor of an ultrasonic transducer it shall be based on the number ofcycles in the pulse envelope greater than?

70% of the initial pulse amplitude




15. Bond imperfections between the transducer and the damping element cause?

Increased beam symmetry

Decreased Damping Factor

Increased transducer operating frequency

All of the above

16. One of the factors that are primarily responsible for the loss in beam intensity is transmissionlosses. Transmission losses include?

Diffraction

Scattering

Beam spreading

Frequency shift

17. Near field and far field effects in the ultrasonic beam occur due to the transudcer crystal notvibrating under the influence of an impressed electrical voltage. Near and far fields can occur due to?

A pulsed instead of constant output signal

A refelction of the ultrasonic beam at interfaces

Disturbances in the water couplant used in immersion testing

Gradual changes in acoustic velocities within a material

18. For a non-focused zero degree 10mm diameter probe calculate the 6 dB beam diameter at the nearzone length?

2.5mm

10mm

5mm

6.5mm

19. Which of the following piezoelectric materials tend to depolarise with age?

Lithium sulphate

Lead zirconate titanate

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Lead metaniobate

Barium titanate

20. A nickel rod placed in a coil carrying a current experiences a change in length as a function of thecurrent through coil. This fact explains the basic principle of?

Thickness measurement

Magnetostriction transducers

Lamb wave testing

Resonance testing

21. Material noise consists of low amplitude, random signals from numerous small reflectors irregularlydistributed throughout the test piece. This noise may be reduced by the use of?

Focused probes

Parallel beam probes

High frequency probes

Twin crystal probes

22. The predominant central frequency of an ultrasonic beam is closely related to?

The diamater of the transducer

The transducers natural thickness resonance

The velocity of sund in the test material

The grain size of the test material


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1. Its bandwith2. Along a line3. Near surface resolution

4. Beam width5. Immersion testing6. The sensitivity at the focal spot increased

7. 1.6 microsecs8. 3 dBs

9. Grease10. Twin crystal11. Be survey devices

12. 182.913. Lithium suplphate

14. 50% of the initial pulse amplitude

15. Increased transducer operating frequency16. Scattering

17. A refelction of the ultrasonic beam at interfaces18. 2.5mm

19. Barium titanate20. Magnetostriction transducers21. Focused probes

22. The transducers natural thickness resonance






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1. Ultrasound travels through a test block 20mm thick at a velocity of 3.4 x 10 6 mm/sec. How long doesit take froom pulse transmission for refelected sound to reach the probe?

11.8 microsec

5.9 microsec

118 microsec

59 microsec

2. A 60 degree shear wave is used to inspect a 100mm diameter steel bar in a circumferential direction An indication is located from a point defect at a beam path of 40mm. What is the depth of this defect

below the bar surface? [Cosine rule a2=b2+c2-2 bc cos A]

1.5mm

3.2mm

4.2mm

6.0mm

3. What probe angle is required to meet the requirements shown in Figure One below?

40 degree

45 degree

50 degree

55 degree

4. The next six questions are based on the information in Table One at the bottom of the page. Whatscreen height response will be given by a 2.5mm dia FBH under the same conditions?

20%

18%

16%

10%

5. What screen height response will be given by a 4.0mm dia FBH under the same conditions?

43%

39%

35%

30%

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6. What screen height response will be given by a 5.0mm dia FBH under the same conditions?

70%

65%

61%

57%

7. What diameter of FBH will give a screen response of 65% under the same conditions?

5.4

5.2

4.8

4.0


3.2

3.5

3.84.2


6.3

6.1

5.8

5.6

10. Calculate the focal length in water of an ultrasonic probe fitted with an epoxy lens having a radius of

curvature of 56mm? VL epoxy = 2.7 x 106

mm/sec, V L water = 1.5 x 106

mm/sec

28mm

112mm

127mm

168mm

11. Calculate the offset required for an immersion probe to create a 45 degree shear wave in a steelbar having a radius of 21mm?

3.5mm

5.0mm

7.0mm

10.5mm

12. Calculate the offset required for an immersion probe to create a 60 degree shear wave in a steel

bar having a radius of 21mm? VL water = 1.5 x 106 mm/sec, V

s steel = 3.2 x 106 mm/sec

5.5

8.5

10.5

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19. Calculate the attenuation of a test material where the gain differene between the second and fourthback wall echoes is 20sBs. The material thickness is 40mm and take into consideration the natural lossof 6dB between double distance back wall echoes?

0.087 dBs per mm

0.125 dBs per mm

0.175 dBs per mm

0.25 dBs per mm

20. Calculate the hald beam spread angle when considering beam extremities that are 1/10 of theintensity of the axis. The 10mm diameter transducer is producing ultrasound at 5MHz into steel at zero

degrees? VL steel 6 x 106 mm/sec, V s steel 3.2 x 106 mm/sec

12 degrees

7.4 degrees

6 degrees

4.8 degrees

21. Calculate the total beam spread angle when considering beam extremities that are one half of the

intensity at the axis. The 25mm diameter transducer is producing ultrasound at 2 MHz into steel at zerodegrees? V

L steel 6 x 106 mm/sec, V

s steel 3.2 x 106 mm/sec

4.8 degrees

8.4 degrees

9.6 degrees

16.8 degrees

22. Calculate the near field length for a zero degree 2.5MHz, 25mm diameter single crystal transducer

transmitting ultrasound into a steel forging using a polycell couplant? VL steel 6 x 106 mm/sec, V

s steel

3.2 x 106 mm/sec

2.6mm

26mm

65mm

130mm

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Figure One (click image to enlarge) Figure Two (click image to enlarge)

Table One: Using area amplitude flat bottomed reference holes and a zero degree probe at a constant gain setting

the following was recorded:

mm dia FBH Screen Height Resolution






6.4 100%5.5 74%4.5 49%3.2 25%1.6 6.5%

0.8 1.5%

Table Two:

E = [dvs2 (3vI

2 - 4Vs2)]

VI2 - V

s2

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1. 11.8 microsec2. 4.2mm3. 50 degree

4. 16%5. 39%6. 61%

7. 5.28. 3.8

9. 6.110. 127mm11. 7.0mm

12. 8.513. 20%

14. 0.09 dB/mm

15. 9 dB16. 7068 x 104 dynes/cm2

17. 60.6 degrees18. 3.75mm

19. 0.087 dBs per mm20. 7.4 degrees21. 9.6 degrees

22. 65mm

UT Level III QA BY Lavender

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