Using System Software Chapter 5
Feb 23, 2016
Using System SoftwareChapter 5
Announcements
Chapter 5 Homework Windows 7 Homework
Objectives
System Software Categories of Operating Systems (OS) OS’s role in:
Providing user interaction Managing the processor Managing memory Managing hardware Interacting with application software Starting the computer
Desktop & window features OS’s role in keeping the desktop organized Utility Programs
System Software: The OS
Controls all computer functions: Hardware, Processor, Memory, Peripherals
Manages how applications run on the CPU Provides user interface such as desktop, icons, an
menus
System Software: Utilities
Utilities: Software that performs “housekeeping” tasks Backup Security Diagnostics Recovery Optimization
Operating System Categories Four primary categories of operating systems:
Single-User, Single Task MS-DOS
Single-User, Multi-Task Microsoft Windows, Apple iOS, Linux
Multi-User (Network Operating System) Microsoft Windows Server, Linux, Unix
Real-time (RTOS): Embedded System Found in cars, instruments, tools
Real-Time Operating Systems Systems with a specific purpose and a certain result Uses include:
Automobiles Printers VoIP phones Medical devices Appliances Robotic equipment
Multi-User Operating Systems Known as “Network Operating Systems” Allow access to the computer system by more than
one user Manage user requests Systems Include:
Linux UNIX Windows Server IBM z/OS
UNIX
Multi-User, Multi-Task operating system Used primarily with mainframes Also found in PCs Vendors can modify the code
Hewlett-Packard HP/UX Sun Solaris IBM AIX
Mainfames & Supercomputers Other computers utilizing multi-user operating
systems Mainframes
Handle requests from hundreds and thousands of users simultaneously
Supercomputers Used by scientists and engineers
Smartphones
Do more than let the user make and answer phone calls
Have productivity features like web browsing, e-mail, multimedia, cameras, etc.
Example: Android, iPhone, Windows Phone, Blackberry
Desktop Operating Systems
An operating system combined with a processor is known as a platform Microsoft Windows & Intel/AMD Apple Mac OS & Motorola/Intel
Application software is OS specific, not platform specific
Microsoft Windows
Multi-user, multi-tasking OS Windows 8 is the newest version Features
Increased functionality User-friendliness Improved Internet capabilities Enhanced privacy and security
Mac OS
First commercially available OS with point & click technology (GUI) Graphical User Interface
Excellent in: Graphics Processing System reliability File backup
Based on Linux OS Fewer applications available vs. Windows Much more expensive (2x-4x)
Linux
Open source operating system Based on UNIX Extremely stable May be downloaded for free! Can be modified by anyone to meet any need Runs on PCs, phones, MP3 players, multimedia
systems, servers, cars, etc..
What the OS does
Provides a user interface Manages the CPU Manages memory and storage Manages hardware and peripheral devices Coordinates application software with the CPU
The User Interface
Enables you to interact with the computer Types of interfaces:
Command-line Interface Menu-driven Interface Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command Line Interface
Menu Driven Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Processor Management
Controls the timing of events the processor works on Multitasking Interrupts Interrupt Handler Interrupt Table Stack
Multitasking
The OS controls the execution of instructions on the CPU
Decides when each application is allowed to run and for how long Assigns each process a slice of time (time slice) and
switches between each process rapidly (measured in milliseconds).
The ability to do multiple things at once (or appear to do so) is called Multitasking.
Interrupts
Some functions of the computer must be handled immediately Mouse Keyboard Audio Printer
When an “Interrupt Request” is made by these devices, the CPU stops executing programs and takes care of the needs of the device
Stack
Last In, First Out (LIFO) Common sense analogy: A stack of paper OSs and CPUs use stacks to remember how to get
back to where it was after processing an interrupt Stack Operations:
Peek: Take a look at what is on top of the stack without removing it
Pop: Remove and process the top item Push: Place a new item on the stack
OS Architecture
32-bit Architecture Each instruction is up to 32 bits long Each location in memory is exactly 32 bits long Can use up to 4GB of RAM
64-bit Architecture Each instruction is up to 64 bits long Each location in memory is exactly 64 bits long Can use up to 512GB of RAM
Correction to book: Systems with more than 4GB of RAM feature a 64-bit version of
Windows Systems with more than 4GB of RAM must use a 64-bit operating
system to make use of extra memory.
Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM has limited capacity Running multiple programs at one time requires
more RAM Operating System consumes RAM
Windows Vista: 1.5GB Windows 7: 1GB Windows 8: 512MB (possible to use less)
Virtual Memory
Instructions and data are stored on the hard drive when RAM is full Swap file Paging Thrashing
Hardware and Peripheral Device Management Device drivers
Programs that enable the operating system to communicate with peripheral devices
Provided by the manufacturer of the device Plug & Play
Hardware and software standard Facilitates the installation of new hardware
Software Application Coordination Application programming interfaces (APIs)
Blocks of code contained in the OS Coordinate the OS with software applications
Similar toolbars and menus Example:
Microsoft DirectX OpenGL
The boot process Basic Input Output
System (BIOS) is activated
A Pre-Operating System Test (POST) checks attached hardware
The OS loads into RAM
Configuration and customization settings are checked
BIOS
POST
OS
Starting the Computer
Handling Errors in the Boot Process Safe Mode
Windows does not boot properly Try rebooting Uninstall any new devices or software
Press F8 after the POST and before the Windows Logo appears. Can be tricky, sometimes helps to press repeatedly
until safe mode menu appears.
The Windows 7 Desktop
Start Button
All Programs
Recycle Bin
SystemTray
ControlPanel
Documents
Desktop
Task Bar
Start Menu
The Windows 8 Start Screen
Icons
Switch to Desktop
The Windows 8 Desktop
SystemTray
Desktop
Task Bar
Recycle Bin
The Mac iOS Start Screen
Icons
Task Bar
The Mac iOS Desktop
Trash
Settings
System Tray
Apple Menu Application
Menu
Desktop
Task Bar
The Linux (Ubuntu) Desktop Desktop
System Tray
ApplicationMenu
Task Bar
Trash
WindowsTitle Bar
Control Box(Min, Max,
Close)
Ribbon
Zoom
Document View
Side by Side Stacked Cascading Flip 3D Snap
Viewing Windows
File Management
The operating system provides an organizational structure for the computer’s contents
Hierarchical structure of directories: Drives
Folders Subfolders
Files
Windows Libraries
File Management
Quick Links
Libraries
Files & Folders
Viewing and Sorting Files and Folders Many views available
Large Icon view Extra Large Icon view Tiles view Details view List view Small & Medium Icon views
File Name ExtensionsExtension Type of
DocumentApplication
.doc Word processing Microsoft Word 2003
.docx Word processing Microsoft Word 2007+
.xlsx Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel 2007+
.pptx Presentation Microsoft PowerPoint 2007+
.pdf Portable Document Adobe Acrobat
.txt Text Notepad/Wordpad
.jpg Image Paint
.gif Image Paint
.bmp Image Paint
.zip Compressed File(s) File Explorer
Naming Files
The file extension determines which application will open the file by default
File name includes the name of the file plus an extension
Up to 255 characters Names/Extensions ma not include the following
characters: “ / \ * ? < > | :
Mac* and Windows file names are not case sensitive Linux file names are case sensitive and do not use
extensions*It is possible to enable Mac file name case sensitivity.
The File Path
Describes the location of the file
Working with Files
File management actions Open Copy Move Rename Delete
Recycle Bin / Trash
Utility Programs
Small programs that perform special functions Manage System Resources (Task Manager) Create a pleasant environment (Explorer) Improve Efficiency (Defragment)
Display Utilities
Change the appearance of: Desktop Background Screen Savers Window Colors
Add or Remove Programs
Installation Wizard Uninstall Wizard
Programs should uninstalled, deleting can cause errors
File Compression Utilities
Reduce the size of a file Make it easier and faster to send files over the
Internet Work by replacing repeating segments with a short
placeholder.
Disk Cleanup: Removes unnecessary files
Choose the files to be deleted Downloaded program files Temporary Internet Files Offline Web Pages Recycle Bin
Disk Defragmenter: Speeds up access to files
Error Checker: Check for lost/damaged files
Task Manager: Check on nonresponsive programs
System Maintenance Utilities
System Restore
Restores system settings to a specific date Restore utility will describe what was installed and
when (Windows 8)
System Backup
Backup Creates a copy of the hard drive to another storage
device Task Scheduler
Runs selected utilities automatically
Ease of Access Center Centralized location
for assistive technology
High Contrast Magnifier On-screen keyboard Windows speech
recognition
Accessibility Utilities