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Using arboreta in Asian Russia
for early detection of potential insect pests &diseases
in Russia: Yuri Baranchikov, Maria Tomoshevich, Svetlana Gorokhova,
Pavel Ostrogradskiy
in Switzerland: Marc Kenis
in France: Alain Roques, Sylvie Augustin, Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
Natalia Kirichenko
With
SIF SB RAS Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian branch,Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, RUSSIA
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25.4%
Asia is one of the main providers
of insect pests for Europe
Roques et al., 2010
Biological invasions
,
Emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis
,
Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella
,
Box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis
Biological invasions: insects
,
Lime leafminer Phyllonorycter issikii
© NK
© NK
Origin: ASIA
© P.Nixon;,USA © CFIA, USA
© CZL, Krasnodar, Russiahttp://www.biogiardino.it
© University of Florida© University of Florida
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,
, ,
Biological invasions: pathogens
Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmiSudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum
Chestnut blight, Cryphonectria parasitica
Origin: ASIA (most likely)
© University of California© Plant Health Progress
© Robert Estall © apsnet.org
© Forestry Images© Forestry Images
Inspection of alien woody plants (European, NA) in arboreta and
botanical gardens in Asian Russia for potential insect pests & diseases
GOAL:
� Big collections of woody plants introduced from various geographical regions
� Introduced plants can be prone to the attacks by native insects and pathogens
shifting from related native plants
� Excellent tools to detect potentially harmful organisms and check various
hypothesis linked to biological invasions
Why arboreta :
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Tomsk
KrasnoyarskNovosibirsk
Surveys in Asian Russia
Siberia We targeted both: pathogens and insect pests attacking alien plants
Dr. Maria Tomoshevich
plant pathologist
Central Siberian botanical garden, Novosibirsk
• hundreds of fungal foliar pathogens on trees/shrubs
(incl. European spp.) in the last 15 years, with levels of damage.
Siberia: pathogens on European woody plants
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Tomoshevich M., Kirichenko N., Holmes K., Kenis M. (2013). Foliar fungal pathogens of European
woody plants in Siberia: an early warning of potential threats?
Forest pathology. 43 (5). P. 345-359.
• 56 woody plants (European and Eurasian origin)
+ regular observations
+ long-tem study
• 33 fungus-host plant associations are new to science
• 19 fungi species provided significant damage to European plants
and deserve further investigations
• 67 foliar fungal species
• 62 pathogens were earlier reported in Europe; 5 – new for Europe
Siberia: pathogens on European woody plants
Fungi Host plant in Siberia
Fungus not yet reported in Europe and with a high damage score
Mycopappus alni (Diarness&Bartholomew) Redhead & White Alnus glutinosa / A. incana
Cylindrosporium salicinum (Peck) Dearn. Salix alba
New associations fungus/host with a high damage score
Leptoxyphium fumago (Woron.) R. C. Srivast. Berberis vulgaris /Tilia cordata
Erysiphe trifoliorum (Wallr.) U. Braun Caragana frutex
Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf Rosa majalis
Mycosphaerella rosicola B. H. Davis ex Deighton Rosa majalis
Cercospora rosicola Pass Rosa spinosissima
Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr Salix lanata
Associations with a highest damage score and a high frequency of infestation
Sawadaea tulasnei (Fuckel) Homma Acer tataricum
Microsphaera berberidis (DC.) Lév. Berberis vulgaris
Phacidium betulinum Mouton Betula pendula
Erysiphe lonicerae var. lonicerae DC. Lonicera tatarica/L. xylosteum
Erysiphe alphitoides (Griffon & Maubl.) U. Braun & S. Takam. Quercus robur
Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr. Salix caprea
Marssonina sorbi Magnus Sorbus aucuparia
Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.) Lév. var. clandestin Salix salicifolia
Erysiphe syringae Schwein. Syringa vulgaris
Mycosphaerella microsora Syd. Tilia cordata
Pseudocercospora opuli (Höhn.) U. Braun & Crous Viburnum opulus
19 fungi species provided significant damage to European plants
deserving further investigation
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№ Pathogen species Distribution Host in Siberia
1 Cylindrosporium betulae Davis. New Zealand Betula pendula
2 Cylindrosporium canadense Vassil. New Mexico, Canada Spiraea hypericifolia
3 Cylindrosporium salicinum (Peck)
Dearn.
NAmerica Salix alba
4 Mycopappus alni Asia, NAmerica Alnus glutinosa
A. incana
5 Septoria guevillensis Sacc. unknown Spiraea chamaedryfolia
New associations (pathogen-host plant) for science
New pathogen species for Europe
Frequency of damage and the level of damage is high
- Only foliar pathogens targeted
Siberia: pathogens on European woody plants
Limitations of the study:
- Pathogens affecting trunks, branches and roots were not monitored
Many important invasive forest pathogens affect these parts of plants
- Conifers were not covered
Often prone to exotic pathogen attacks
-Absence of molecular identification
Possible presence of cryptic species in Siberia
BUT
molecular characterization may not presently be efficient because for
most fungal species found in this study,
sequences of European populations are not available for comparison
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SERVEYS: any particular conspicuous damage of the
tree or shrub was noted
TIME: May-September 2008-2011
SAMPLING: insects collected and identified
(problematic specimens were preserved in 96%
ethanol for DNA barcoding)
•We checked neighbouring native congeneric for
presence of insect pests
•We investigated among foresters and arboreta
managers (also literature) if the pest is common
RECORDS:
Siberia: insects on European woody plants
• > 160 insect species determined to species of morpho-
species level.
Majority: Lepidoptera (73 species),
Hemiptera-Sternorrhyncha and Coleoptera (30 species each).
• Only about 10% of these arthopods cause damage to
European plants
• Most significant damage to European woody species were
apparently caused by insects that already occur in Europe
• The damage on European and Eurasian plants was more
important in Siberia than in Europe…
Presence of cryptic species??
Siberia: insects on European woody plants
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7
11
1
1
1
11
12
27
1
1
2
2
3
7
13
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Cimbicidae
Tenthredinidae
Lagriidae
Cantharidae
Rhynchitidae
Curculionidae
Chrysomelidae
Aphididae
Ypsolophidae
Pieridae
Notodontidae
Lymantriidae
Noctuidae
Tortricidae
Geometridae
Число видов насекомых
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
Sternorryncha
(Hemiptera)
Coleoptera
S = 29
S = 26
S = 27
S = 183
4
2
2
8
1
1
1
2
4
15
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Pemphigidae
Tenthredinidae
Curculionidae
Chrysomelidae
Agromyzidae
Eriocraniidae
Lyonetiidae
Tischeriidae
Incurvariidae
Coleophoridae
Nepticulidae
Gracillariidae
Число видов насекомых
Lepidoptera
Diptera
Coleoptera
Hymenoptera
Hemiptera
S = 44
S = 8
S = 4
S = 4
S = 3
Number of insect species Number of insect species
Siberia: insects on European woody plants
External defoliators Leaf miners and gallers
1
4
5
6
7
7
3
6
12
15
2
22
5
5
6
8
13
18
19
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cornus
Syringa
Acer
Ulmus
Viburnum
Tilia
Chamaecytisus
Caragana
Quercus
Lonicera
Alnus
Betula
Sorbus
Malus
Rosa
Prunus
Crataegus
Populus
Salix
Cornaceae
Oleaceae
Aceraceae
Ulmaceae
Adoxaceae
Malvaceae
Fabaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Fagaceae
Betulaceae
Rosaceae
Salicaceae Σ = 35
Σ = 35
Σ = 24
Σ = 19
Σ = 12
Σ = 9
Σ = 7
Σ = 7
Σ = 6
Σ = 5
Σ = 4
Σ = 1
Число видов насекомыхNumber of insect species
Siberia: insects on European woody plants
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- Climate not suitable for many European plants
Limitation of the study:
European Acer campestri bitten by frost,
Krasnoyarsk
- 40º C
The arboretum scientists reported many cases of European
tree and shrub death in the past but, attributed this high
mortality mainly to the climate.
- Number of native insects species are similar to European
Siberia: insects on European woody plants
Siberia
Tomsk
KrasnoyarskNovosibirsk
Vladivostok
Ussuriysk
Surveys in Asian Russia
Russian Far East
• climate is more similar to Europe
• more European trees grown; mortality is less likely to be due to climate
• fauna is very different from Europe
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Mountain-Taiga Station, Ussuriysk,
village Gornotayejnoe – the biggest arboretum in RFE
Surveys in Russian Far East, 2010-2011
•. Only two visits
•104 woody plant species were surveyed for insect pest damage
(inc. 40 species of European/Eurasian origin)
• > 40 cases of damage; insects collected (mostly immature),
unidentified .
• most damage remained unidentified as only symptoms or
immature stages were found
Ussuriysk
Surveys in Russian Far East, 2010-2011
Walnut Juglans spp
Dying alien walnut trees
•Juglans regia (Central Asia, Europe)
•Juglans ailantifolia (=sieboldiana) (Japan, Sakhalin)
•Juglans major (NA)
• J. mandshurica x J regia
• Juglans mandshurica
Aliens:
died
dying
Local:
Hybrid:
fine
fine
Historical data: high mortality in Juglans & Carya spp.
New plantations: Juglans nigra (NA) (since 2009)defoliation
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Ussuriysk
Surveys in Russian Far East, 2010-2011
Walnut Juglans spp
Many factors?
Cerambycid Mesosa myops ; not a primary pest
Chrysomelid Gastrolina depressa
Cerambycid failed to identify
with DNA barcode…
Curculionid Pseudocneorrinus obesus
Cossid, ~96% similarity (DNA barcode)
with Cossus cossus
But biology and genetics are different
In petioles, shoots and branches
> 30% shoots infested on alien walnuts
!
Surveys in Russian Far East, 2010-2011
Few other interesting cases
Pinus contorta (NA): all planted trees died at the age of 50-60 years
(before our visit)
Pinus banksiana (NA): all planted trees died at the age of 20-30 years
We detected: Pissodes sp., Cerambycidae,
Cryphalus piceus (Scolytidae)
Kirichenko N.I., Gorokhova S.V., Ostrogradsky P.G., Kenis M. (2011). The colonization of alien
woody plants by phyllophagous insects and the decline of alien plants in the arboretum of V.L.
Komarov Mountain-taiga Station in Far Eastern Russia.Transactions of Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy P. 54-61.
(In Russian, English abstract)
Pinus mugo (Europe) several 40 year-old plants dying, also in Siberia
We detected: Tomicus minor and other bark and wood
boring beetles and aphids present
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BOLD: Barcode Of Life Data systems
Barcodes
Insecta
• 2,6 Mln specimens
• 57,829 species
Fungi (Basidiomycota +
Ascomycota)
• 93,126 specimens
•23,686 species
DNA barcoding is becoming
an important tool in plant
protection allowing rapid and
precise identification of most
organisms (independently of
their life stage).
� High accuracy
� Applicable to any life-stage
� Facilitate regional inventories of organisms
� Accelerate detection of invasive species
� Help to discover new species
DNA barcoding reference libraries
Advantages
Limitations
� do not replace classical morphological approach
� DNA sequences may not present in genbank for
comparison/identification
DNA barcoding uses a short DNA fragment
(DNA barcode marker) to distinguish species
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SIBLE: Leaf miners from Northern Asia
DNA barcoding reference library
• 2 new species:
Micrurapteryx caraganae Kirichenko, Triberti, Lopez-Vaamonde sp. n. damaging Caragana in
Siberia*
Phyllonorycter sp. n., a cryptic species occurring with P. issikii on Tilia in the Russian Far
East and Japan
* Kirichenko N., Triberti P. Mutanen M., Magnoux E., Landry J-F., Lopez-Vaamonde C. (2015) Systematics and
biology of Micrurapteryx (Lep., Gracillariidae) with description of a new species. Zookeys. 45 p. In prep.
SIBLE: Leafminers from Northern Asia
DNA barcoding reference library
• > 400 specimens barcoded
• 62 species identified with 99-100% confidence
• ~ 15 identified to the family level only (either not previously barcoded, or new
species)
• some of the barcoded species are known to attack Eurasian and European woody
plants in Siberia and the Russian Far East
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Arboreta serve good tools to perform regional inventories of
organisms and to identify future forest pests and diseases
But
Accurate surveys from abroad have severe limits
• Expensive
• Often not well timed
• Lethal pests and seedling pests are easily missed
Conclusions
• Worldwide networks of arboreta and invasive species specialists should be set up to
facilitate the spread of information and the development of further research.
Recommendations: for a better use of arboreta to identify future potentially harmful pests
• Whenever an exotic woody plant dies or severely suffers from any kind of pest or
infection, the cause of death should be detected.
• If possible, molecular tools should be used to identify the agent. Samples should be
kept in collection for later examination and comparison.
•Information of a native pathogen or pest affecting an exotic tree should not remain
in the archives of the arboretum but be largely publicized so that additional studies
could be carried out, and the necessary phytosanitary measures taken.
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Acknowledgements
Many thanks to number of Russian and foreign colleagues
for great help at different stages of the study.
Thank you for your attention !