USHG Review Foreign Policy. A New Nation: Neutrality Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality At the end of his second term, Washington warns Americans.

USHG ReviewUSHG Review

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

A New Nation: NeutralityA New Nation: Neutrality

Washington’s Proclamation of NeutralityWashington’s Proclamation of Neutrality At the end of his second term, Washington At the end of his second term, Washington

warns Americans to stay out of foreign warns Americans to stay out of foreign affairsaffairs

Americans stay neutral during Americans stay neutral during French/British WarFrench/British War

War of 1812War of 1812

U.S. breaks tradition of neutrality by going U.S. breaks tradition of neutrality by going to war with British in the War of 1812. to war with British in the War of 1812.

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

President James Monroe, 1823President James Monroe, 1823 Warns Europe to stay out of the Western Warns Europe to stay out of the Western

Hemisphere, promises that the US will Hemisphere, promises that the US will stay out of European Affairsstay out of European Affairs

Emphasis on neutrality (again)Emphasis on neutrality (again)

Spanish-American War (1898)Spanish-American War (1898)

CAUSES:CAUSES: Jingoism – super Jingoism – super

patriotism and demand patriotism and demand for aggressivenessfor aggressiveness

Cubans want Cubans want independenceindependence

Yellow journalism – Yellow journalism – exaggerated and exaggerated and distorted reportingdistorted reporting

Sinking of the MaineSinking of the Maine

EFFECTS:EFFECTS: US winsUS wins Cuban independenceCuban independence US gets Puerto Rico, US gets Puerto Rico,

Philippines, GuamPhilippines, Guam US has some control over US has some control over

CubaCuba US becomes world powerUS becomes world power

America’s New Foreign Policy:America’s New Foreign Policy:

After the Spanish-American War, new U.S. After the Spanish-American War, new U.S. territorial acquisitions begin a new era of territorial acquisitions begin a new era of foreign policy: imperialismforeign policy: imperialism

Imperialism: when one country takes over Imperialism: when one country takes over another by social, political, or military another by social, political, or military means.means.

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Teddy Roosevelt proposes the US build a Teddy Roosevelt proposes the US build a canal across Panama in order to have a canal across Panama in order to have a cheaper, faster trade route between the cheaper, faster trade route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

Built in 1903-04Built in 1903-04 (given back to Panama in 1999)(given back to Panama in 1999)

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine (1904)Doctrine (1904)

Purpose of Monroe Doctrine was to Purpose of Monroe Doctrine was to maintain isolationismmaintain isolationism

Teddy Roosevelt adds to it by saying the Teddy Roosevelt adds to it by saying the US is the police power in Latin America US is the police power in Latin America

asserts military power and U.S. as an asserts military power and U.S. as an imperialist nationimperialist nation

Big Stick Policy – be peaceful when Big Stick Policy – be peaceful when possible, use force if necessary.possible, use force if necessary.

William H Taft’s Foreign PolicyWilliam H Taft’s Foreign Policy

Dollar Diplomacy – US can maintain order Dollar Diplomacy – US can maintain order and control in other countries by and control in other countries by increasing economic investments in those increasing economic investments in those countries. countries.

(tends to involve America in more foreign (tends to involve America in more foreign affairs.)affairs.)

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

Moral Diplomacy – emphasized moral Moral Diplomacy – emphasized moral principles in dealing with other countries. principles in dealing with other countries.

(felt that US involvement in Panama was (felt that US involvement in Panama was wrong).wrong).

World War IWorld War I

Causes of WWI (Europe)Causes of WWI (Europe) MilitarismMilitarism AlliancesAlliances ImperialismImperialism NationalismNationalism

Causes of WWI (US entry)Causes of WWI (US entry) Cultural links w/ alliesCultural links w/ allies PropagandaPropaganda Sinking of Lusitania Sinking of Lusitania

(German sub warfare)(German sub warfare) Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

The Fourteen Points – Wilson’s plan for peaceThe Fourteen Points – Wilson’s plan for peace Established a League of Nations – in order to Established a League of Nations – in order to

prevent another world war.prevent another world war. Americans don’t want to be in the League, do Americans don’t want to be in the League, do

not want to be involved in world conflictsnot want to be involved in world conflicts Senate rejects the treaty because of the League, Senate rejects the treaty because of the League,

US never signs it or joins the League of NationsUS never signs it or joins the League of Nations AFTER WWI – U.S RETURNS TO POLICY OF AFTER WWI – U.S RETURNS TO POLICY OF

NEUTRALITY!!!NEUTRALITY!!!

World War IIWorld War II

The U.S. remained isolationist through the 1920s The U.S. remained isolationist through the 1920s and 1930s, until U.S. involvement in WWII…and 1930s, until U.S. involvement in WWII…

Events leading to WWII and US involvement:Events leading to WWII and US involvement: Fascism – Nazi GermanyFascism – Nazi Germany Totalitarianism – Mussolini (Italy)Totalitarianism – Mussolini (Italy) Appeasement – Europe avoids conflict with Appeasement – Europe avoids conflict with

HitlerHitler Lend-Lease Act – US aids allies with weapons Lend-Lease Act – US aids allies with weapons

and supplies. Increases US involvement.and supplies. Increases US involvement. Attack on Pearl Harbor – Japan attacks US, US Attack on Pearl Harbor – Japan attacks US, US

declares war on Japan, enters WWII. (Dec 7, declares war on Japan, enters WWII. (Dec 7, 1941)1941)

The Cold War - ContainmentThe Cold War - Containment

Began as tensions between the US and Began as tensions between the US and USSR increased at the end of WWII, at USSR increased at the end of WWII, at the Yalta Conference. Stalin and FDR the Yalta Conference. Stalin and FDR disagreed over plans for post-war Europe.disagreed over plans for post-war Europe.

Iron Curtain – Churchill’s phrase Iron Curtain – Churchill’s phrase describing the division of East and West describing the division of East and West Europe after WWII.Europe after WWII.

ContainmentContainment – US policy during the Cold – US policy during the Cold War – stop the spread of communismWar – stop the spread of communism

Cold War Divides EuropeCold War Divides Europe

United Nations forms as an effort to United Nations forms as an effort to maintain peace.maintain peace.

Collective Security Agreements form:Collective Security Agreements form:

- Warsaw Pact (USSR and Eastern - Warsaw Pact (USSR and Eastern European satellite nations)European satellite nations)

- NATO – North Atlantic Treaty - NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – (US and Western Europe)Organization – (US and Western Europe)

Cold War ConflictsCold War Conflicts

Building of the Berlin Wall (1960)Building of the Berlin Wall (1960) Bay of Pigs invasion – failure for Kennedy Bay of Pigs invasion – failure for Kennedy

administrationadministration Cuban Missile Crisis (1961) – closest to Cuban Missile Crisis (1961) – closest to

nuclear war – inspires the Nuclear Test nuclear war – inspires the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (JFK)Ban Treaty (JFK)

ContainmentContainment

Containment – stop the spread of Containment – stop the spread of communismcommunism

Examples:Examples: Marshall PlanMarshall Plan Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Korean WarKorean War Vietnam WarVietnam War

Vietnam WarVietnam War

Truman and Eisenhower support Diem as Truman and Eisenhower support Diem as leader of South Vietnamleader of South Vietnam

JFK sends “advisors” – green berets JFK sends “advisors” – green berets LBJ escalates the war- LBJ escalates the war-

Tonkin Gulf Resolution: increases Presidential Tonkin Gulf Resolution: increases Presidential Power during WarPower during War

increase bombing campaign and draftincrease bombing campaign and draft Triggers Anti-war protests at homeTriggers Anti-war protests at home

Vietnam War Cont’dVietnam War Cont’d

Nixon:Nixon: VietnamizationVietnamization – decrease US military – decrease US military

presence – make it South Vietnam’s Warpresence – make it South Vietnam’s War Increased bombing in Cambodia and LaosIncreased bombing in Cambodia and Laos Congress passes the Congress passes the War Powers ActWar Powers Act: limits : limits

presidential power to send troops into combat presidential power to send troops into combat without congressional approvalwithout congressional approval

American troops leave Vietnam – North American troops leave Vietnam – North invades the South.invades the South.

The Cold War – détenteThe Cold War – détente

Détente – an easing of tensions Détente – an easing of tensions Examples: Examples:

- Nixon’s visit to China- Nixon’s visit to China

- Nixon’s visit to the USSR- Nixon’s visit to the USSR

- SALT I (strategic arms limitation treaty)- SALT I (strategic arms limitation treaty)

- Helsinki Accords (NATO & Warsaw Pact) - Helsinki Accords (NATO & Warsaw Pact) (1975)(1975)

Dealing with the Middle EastDealing with the Middle East

Carter’s Presidency: Carter’s Presidency:

- Camp David Accords – historic peace - Camp David Accords – historic peace treaty between Israel and Egypttreaty between Israel and Egypt

- Iranian Hostage Crisis – new military - Iranian Hostage Crisis – new military leader, Ayatollah Khmeini orders students leader, Ayatollah Khmeini orders students to take Americans hostage at embassy to take Americans hostage at embassy because of US support for the Shah. because of US support for the Shah.

The End of the Cold WarThe End of the Cold War

Reagan increases military spending, from 80 to Reagan increases military spending, from 80 to 200 billion. Saw the USSR as evil and would not 200 billion. Saw the USSR as evil and would not negotiate. He believed in “peace through negotiate. He believed in “peace through strength.”strength.”

Disagreed with strategy of “nuclear deterrence”Disagreed with strategy of “nuclear deterrence” Star Wars – strategic defense initiative (SDI)Star Wars – strategic defense initiative (SDI) Mikhail Gorbachev agrees to arms limitation, Mikhail Gorbachev agrees to arms limitation,

knowing that the USSR cannot afford continuing knowing that the USSR cannot afford continuing the arms race. the arms race.

Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War

George H.W. BushGeorge H.W. Bush Operation Desert Shield – Operation Operation Desert Shield – Operation

Desert Storm.Desert Storm. US attacks after Iraq invades oil-rich US attacks after Iraq invades oil-rich

country of Kuwait. (January 1991)country of Kuwait. (January 1991)

Foreign Involvement and Foreign Involvement and InterventionIntervention

Clinton’s Presidency – intervention in:Clinton’s Presidency – intervention in:

- Somalia- Somalia

- Haiti- Haiti

- Bosnia - Bosnia

- Kosovo- Kosovo

““The War on Terror”The War on Terror”

After September 11, 2001, the US has had After September 11, 2001, the US has had military presence in Afghanistan and Iraq. military presence in Afghanistan and Iraq.

George W. Bush claimed Iraq had WMD’s. George W. Bush claimed Iraq had WMD’s. New Iraqi gov’t created in June, 2004. New Iraqi gov’t created in June, 2004. To fight terrorism at home, the department To fight terrorism at home, the department

of Homeland Security was formed. of Homeland Security was formed. Today, we have more troops in Afghanistan Today, we have more troops in Afghanistan

than Iraqthan Iraq