USES OF FIBRE AND WATER IN HUMAN

DEFINITIONDEFINITION-Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of -Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the plant foods that move food through the digestive system, absorbing water. digestive system, absorbing water.

-Chemically, dietary fiber consists of non--Chemically, dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides and several other plant starch polysaccharides and several other plant components such as cellulose, lignin, waxes, components such as cellulose, lignin, waxes, chitins, pectins, beta-glucans, inulin and chitins, pectins, beta-glucans, inulin and oligosaccharides. oligosaccharides.

TYPE OF FIBRE

Sources of dietary fiber are usually divided according to whether they are water-soluble or non water-soluble .

Both types of fibre are present in all plant foods, with varying degrees of each according to a plant’s characteristics.

SOLUBLE FIBRESOLUBLE FIBRE Soluble fiber undergoes active metabolic processing Soluble fiber undergoes active metabolic processing

via fermentation, yielding end-products with broad, via fermentation, yielding end-products with broad, significant health effects. significant health effects.

Sources :Sources :* legumes (peas, soybeans, and other beans)* legumes (peas, soybeans, and other beans)* oats, rye, chia, and barley* oats, rye, chia, and barley* some fruits (particularly apples, bananas), and berries* some fruits (particularly apples, bananas), and berries* certain vegetables, such as broccoli and carrots* certain vegetables, such as broccoli and carrots* root vegetables, such as potatoes, yams and onions * root vegetables, such as potatoes, yams and onions

(skins of these vegetables are sources of insoluble (skins of these vegetables are sources of insoluble fiber)fiber)

* psyllium seed husk (a mucilage soluble fiber).* psyllium seed husk (a mucilage soluble fiber).

INSOLUBLE FIBREINSOLUBLE FIBRE

Insoluble fiber possesses passive water-attracting Insoluble fiber possesses passive water-attracting properties that help to increase bulk, soften stool properties that help to increase bulk, soften stool and shorten transit time through the intestinal and shorten transit time through the intestinal tract.tract.

Sources :Sources :

* whole grain foods* whole grain foods

* bran* bran

* nuts and seeds* nuts and seeds

* vegetables such as green beans, cauliflower, * vegetables such as green beans, cauliflower, zucchini, celeryzucchini, celery

* the skins of some fruits, including tomatoes * the skins of some fruits, including tomatoes

ADVANTAGES OF FIBREADVANTAGES OF FIBRE There are many types of soluble fiber There are many types of soluble fiber

supplements available to consumers for supplements available to consumers for nutritional purposes, treatment of various nutritional purposes, treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders, and for such possible gastrointestinal disorders, and for such possible health benefits as lowering cholesterol levels, health benefits as lowering cholesterol levels, reducing risk of colon cancer, and losing weight. reducing risk of colon cancer, and losing weight.

Soluble fiber supplements may be beneficial for Soluble fiber supplements may be beneficial for alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, such as diarrhoea and/or constipation and such as diarrhoea and/or constipation and abdominal discomfort. abdominal discomfort.

Prebiotic soluble fiber products, such as those Prebiotic soluble fiber products, such as those containing inulin or oligosaccharides, may contribute containing inulin or oligosaccharides, may contribute to relief from inflammatory bowel disease, such as to relief from inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and Clostridium Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and Clostridium difficile, due in part to the short-chain fatty acids difficile, due in part to the short-chain fatty acids produced with subsequent anti-inflammatory actions produced with subsequent anti-inflammatory actions upon the bowel.upon the bowel.

Fiber supplements may be effective in an overall Fiber supplements may be effective in an overall dietary plan for managing irritable bowel syndrome dietary plan for managing irritable bowel syndrome by modification of food choices.by modification of food choices.

DEFICIENCY OF FIBREDEFICIENCY OF FIBRE

Can lead to constipation and other disorders of Can lead to constipation and other disorders of the large intestine.the large intestine.

Constipation occurs when the undigested matter Constipation occurs when the undigested matter cannot move along fast enough in the large cannot move along fast enough in the large intestine.intestine.

As a result, too much water will be absorb and As a result, too much water will be absorb and the faeces become hard and dry.the faeces become hard and dry.

This makes the removal of faeces ( defaecation ) This makes the removal of faeces ( defaecation ) through the anus painful and difficult.through the anus painful and difficult.

DO YOU KNOW??????DO YOU KNOW??????

The human body can last weeks without food, but The human body can last weeks without food, but only days without water. The body is made up of only days without water. The body is made up of 55–75 per cent water. Water forms the basis of 55–75 per cent water. Water forms the basis of blood, digestive juices, urine and perspiration and blood, digestive juices, urine and perspiration and is contained in lean muscle, fat and bones.is contained in lean muscle, fat and bones.

As the body can’t store water, we need fresh As the body can’t store water, we need fresh supplies every day to make up for losses from supplies every day to make up for losses from lungs, skin, urine and faeces. The amount we lungs, skin, urine and faeces. The amount we need depends on our metabolism, the weather, need depends on our metabolism, the weather, the food we eat and our activity levels. the food we eat and our activity levels.

Facts about water in our Facts about water in our bodiesbodies

Some facts about our internal water supply: Some facts about our internal water supply: Body water is higher in men than in women and Body water is higher in men than in women and

falls in both with age. falls in both with age. Most mature adults lose about 2.5–3 litres of water Most mature adults lose about 2.5–3 litres of water

per day. Water loss may be more in hot weather and per day. Water loss may be more in hot weather and with prolonged exercise. with prolonged exercise.

Elderly people lose about two litres per day. Elderly people lose about two litres per day. An air traveller can lose approximately 1.5 litres of An air traveller can lose approximately 1.5 litres of

water during a three-hour flight. water during a three-hour flight. Water loss needs to be replaced. Water loss needs to be replaced. Foods provide about one litre of fluid and the Foods provide about one litre of fluid and the

remainder must be obtained from drinks.remainder must be obtained from drinks.

FUNCTION OF WATER IN OUR FUNCTION OF WATER IN OUR BODYBODY

Maintain the health and integrity of every Maintain the health and integrity of every cell in the body. cell in the body.

Keep the bloodstream liquid enough to flow Keep the bloodstream liquid enough to flow through blood vessels. through blood vessels.

Help eliminate the by products of the body’s Help eliminate the by products of the body’s metabolism, excess electrolytes, for metabolism, excess electrolytes, for example sodium and potassium, and urea example sodium and potassium, and urea which is a waste product formed through which is a waste product formed through the processing of dietary protein. the processing of dietary protein.

Regulate body temperature through Regulate body temperature through sweating. sweating.

Keep mucous membranes moist, such as Keep mucous membranes moist, such as those of the lungs and mouth those of the lungs and mouth

Reduce the risk of cystitis by keeping Reduce the risk of cystitis by keeping the bladder clear of bacteria. the bladder clear of bacteria.

Aid digestion and prevent Aid digestion and prevent constipation. constipation.

Work as a moisturiser to improve the Work as a moisturiser to improve the skin’s texture and appearance. skin’s texture and appearance.

Carry nutrients and oxygen to cells. Carry nutrients and oxygen to cells.

Water content in foodWater content in food

Most foods, even those that look hard and Most foods, even those that look hard and dry, contain water. The body can get about dry, contain water. The body can get about half of its water needs from food alone. half of its water needs from food alone. The digestion process also produces water The digestion process also produces water as a by-product and can provide around 10 as a by-product and can provide around 10 per cent of the body’s water requirements. per cent of the body’s water requirements. The rest must come from liquids. The rest must come from liquids.

WHAT WILL HAPPEN ?????WHAT WILL HAPPEN ?????IF WE LACK OF WATER….IF WE LACK OF WATER….

DehydrationDehydration Dehydration occurs when the water content of Dehydration occurs when the water content of

the body is too low. This is easily fixed by the body is too low. This is easily fixed by increasing fluid intake. Symptoms of dehydration increasing fluid intake. Symptoms of dehydration include headaches, lethargy, mood changes and include headaches, lethargy, mood changes and slow responses, dry nasal passages, dry or slow responses, dry nasal passages, dry or cracked lips, dark-coloured urine, weakness, cracked lips, dark-coloured urine, weakness, tiredness, confusion and hallucinations. tiredness, confusion and hallucinations. Eventually urination stops, the kidneys fail and Eventually urination stops, the kidneys fail and the body can’t remove toxic waste products. In the body can’t remove toxic waste products. In extreme cases, this may result in death. extreme cases, this may result in death.

Causes of dehydration Causes of dehydration include: include:

Increased sweating due to hot Increased sweating due to hot weather, humidity, exercise or fever. weather, humidity, exercise or fever.

Not drinking enough water. Not drinking enough water. Diarrhoea or vomiting Diarrhoea or vomiting

When you need to increase When you need to increase fluidsfluids

If you regularly don’t drink enough water If you regularly don’t drink enough water there is some increased risk of kidney there is some increased risk of kidney stones and, in women, urinary tract stones and, in women, urinary tract infections. There is also limited evidence infections. There is also limited evidence to suggest an increased risk for some to suggest an increased risk for some cancers including bladder cancer and cancers including bladder cancer and colon cancer. It can also lower your colon cancer. It can also lower your physical and mental performance and physical and mental performance and salivary gland function. salivary gland function.

People who need more water in People who need more water in their diet include those their diet include those

who?????:> who?????:> Are on a high protein diet Are on a high protein diet Are on a high fibre diet, as fluids help Are on a high fibre diet, as fluids help

prevent constipation prevent constipation Are children Are children Have an illness that causes vomiting Have an illness that causes vomiting

or diarrhoea or diarrhoea Are physically active Are physically active Are exposed to warm or hot Are exposed to warm or hot

conditionsconditions. .

Dehydration in elderlyDehydration in elderly

Elderly people are often at risk of Elderly people are often at risk of dehydration. This is due to: dehydration. This is due to:

Changes to kidney function, which Changes to kidney function, which declines with age declines with age

Hormonal changes Hormonal changes Not feeling thirsty (because the Not feeling thirsty (because the

mechanisms in the body that trigger thirst mechanisms in the body that trigger thirst don’t work as well as we age) don’t work as well as we age)

Medication (for example, diuretics and Medication (for example, diuretics and laxatives) laxatives)

Chronic illness Chronic illness Limited mobility.Limited mobility.

Where to get helpWhere to get help ???? ????

Your doctor Your doctor

In an emergency, the emergency In an emergency, the emergency department of the nearest hospital.department of the nearest hospital.

Things to rememberThings to remember !!!!! !!!!!

Water is essential to most bodily Water is essential to most bodily functions. functions.

The body has no way to store water The body has no way to store water and needs fresh supplies every day. and needs fresh supplies every day.

Dehydration is life threatening to a Dehydration is life threatening to a baby and requires urgent medical baby and requires urgent medical attention. attention.

It is recommended that you consume It is recommended that you consume around eight glasses of water a day to around eight glasses of water a day to prevent dehydration prevent dehydration

Definition of GoiterDefinition of Goiter

Enlargement of the Enlargement of the thyroid glandthyroid gland. . A goiter is not cancerous. It is simply A goiter is not cancerous. It is simply

a thyroid gland that is bigger than a thyroid gland that is bigger than usual. usual.

A goiter can be associated with A goiter can be associated with levels of thyroid levels of thyroid hormonehormone that are that are normal (normal (euthyroideuthyroid), too high (), too high (hyperthyroidhyperthyroid) or too low () or too low (hypothyroidhypothyroid).).

CAUSES OF GOITER !!!!CAUSES OF GOITER !!!! Iodine deficiencyIodine deficiency Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism - goiters can arise from both Hyperthyroidism - goiters can arise from both

increased and reduce thyroid hormones. increased and reduce thyroid hormones. Autoimmune thyroid disease Autoimmune thyroid disease Hashimoto's Hashimoto's thyroiditisthyroiditis Thyroiditis Thyroiditis Thyroid cyst Thyroid cyst Thyroid cancer Thyroid cancer Puberty - can cause simple goiter Puberty - can cause simple goiter Pregnancy - can cause simple goiter Pregnancy - can cause simple goiter Certain foods - e.g. turnips Certain foods - e.g. turnips

SYMPTOMS OF GOITERSYMPTOMS OF GOITER Symptoms of goiter -- an enlarged thyroid -- Symptoms of goiter -- an enlarged thyroid --

include a swolleninclude a swollen, , tender or tight feeling in the tender or tight feeling in the neck or throatneck or throat, , hoarseness or coughinghoarseness or coughing, and , and difficulty swallowing or breathingdifficulty swallowing or breathing. Sometimes, the . Sometimes, the goiter is visbible to yourself or others. goiter is visbible to yourself or others.

Symptoms of nodules depend on what action they Symptoms of nodules depend on what action they are having. Some cause no symptoms, while are having. Some cause no symptoms, while others may cause difficulty swallowing, a others may cause difficulty swallowing, a feeling feeling of fullnessof fullness, , pain or pressure in the neckpain or pressure in the neck, a , a hoarse hoarse voicevoice, or neck tenderness. Some nodules trigger , or neck tenderness. Some nodules trigger hyperthyroid-like symptoms such as hyperthyroid-like symptoms such as palpitationspalpitations, , insomniainsomnia, , weight lossweight loss, , anxietyanxiety, and , and tremorstremors. . Nodules can also trigger hypothyroidism, and Nodules can also trigger hypothyroidism, and symptoms might include weight gain, fatigue, symptoms might include weight gain, fatigue, depression. Nodules can sometimes cause cycling depression. Nodules can sometimes cause cycling back and forth between hyperthyroid and back and forth between hyperthyroid and hypothyroid symptoms. hypothyroid symptoms.

Sometimes you can detect goiter or a nodule Sometimes you can detect goiter or a nodule yourself by performing a Thyroid Neck Check. yourself by performing a Thyroid Neck Check.

INDICATIONS FOR INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENTTREATMENT

Most small to moderate sized goiters Most small to moderate sized goiters can be treated by providing thyroid can be treated by providing thyroid hormone in the form of a pillhormone in the form of a pill

A more common indication for surgical A more common indication for surgical removal of an enlarged thyroid [goiter] removal of an enlarged thyroid [goiter] is to remove those glands which are is to remove those glands which are enlarged enough to cause compression enlarged enough to cause compression on other structures in the neck.on other structures in the neck.

Always seek professional medical advice Always seek professional medical advice about any treatment or change in treatment about any treatment or change in treatment plans. plans.

Always seek professional medical advice Always seek professional medical advice about any treatment or change in treatment about any treatment or change in treatment plans.plans.

Iodine in diet - if goiter caused by iodine Iodine in diet - if goiter caused by iodine deficiency deficiency

Thyroid replacement therapy Thyroid replacement therapy Thyroxine Thyroxine Thyroidectomy - mainly for nodular goiter Thyroidectomy - mainly for nodular goiter See also treatment of Graves' disease - for See also treatment of Graves' disease - for

toxic goiter toxic goiter See also treatment of hyperthyroidism See also treatment of hyperthyroidism See also treatment of hypothyroidism See also treatment of hypothyroidism

TYPE OF GOITER…….TYPE OF GOITER…….

Simple goiter - also "endemic goiter"; Simple goiter - also "endemic goiter"; caused by excessive pituitary caused by excessive pituitary hormones hormones

Nodular goiter Nodular goiter Lymphadenoid goiter - caused by Lymphadenoid goiter - caused by

autoimmune thyroid disease autoimmune thyroid disease Toxic goiter - caused by autoimmune Toxic goiter - caused by autoimmune

thyroid disease thyroid disease

THE END….THE END….SALAM…..SALAM…..