User-Centred Design: The Design Process (lecture 2) Prof. dr. Matthias Rauterberg Faculty Industrial Design Technical University of Eindhoven [email protected].

User-Centred Design:The Design Process

(lecture 2)

Prof. dr. Matthias Rauterberg

Faculty Industrial DesignTechnical University of Eindhoven

[email protected]

© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 2

The Groupwork Themes:• C2 next generation of a learning environment (N = 5)

• FE environment of plants and factories (N = 8)

• HC design of a home consumer product (N = 5)

• OB (re)design of old and/or public buildings (N = 5)

• PE environment for poor and moneyless people (N = 8)

• PT design of a public transportation system (N = 7)

• RE environment for recreation and entertainment (N = 9)

• RP design of a recycable product (N = 5)

• SE environment with sustainable energy resources (N = 11)

• UW non-pollution urban environment with parks (N = 7)

• WF design of a way finding system (N = 4)

• WH integrated environment for working and living (N = 3)


Milestones for Groupwork:

• First: organize regular group meetings» once a week for 1-2 hours

• Second: collect material about your theme» WHAT: newspapers, books, journals, internet

» WHERE: publisher, library (abstracts), museum, your PC

• Third: present your preliminary results» Thursday, 14 January 1999

» about 5 minutes for each group, 1-2 transparencies


Two General Design Strategies

1. 2.


Five Design Characteristics• Three Elementary Activities

– The complex activity called “designing”interconnects three constituent activities: imaging, presenting,and testing/evaluation.

• Two Types of Information

– Information used in designing tends to be useful in two ways: as a heuristic catalyst for imaging and as a body of knowledge for testing.

• Shifting Visions of Final Product

– Designers continually modify predictions about their final result in response to new information and insight. The design process is thus a series of conceptual shifts or creative leaps.

• Toward a Domain of Acceptable Responses

– Designers aim to reach one acceptable response within a range of possible solutions. This domain of acceptance is measured largely by how well a product is adapted to its environment and how coherent constituent parts of the product are with one another.

• Development through Linked Cycles: A Spiral Metaphor

– Conceptual shifts and product development in design occur as the result of repeated, iterative movement through the three elementary design activities.


The Spiral Model of Zeisel


The Imaging-Present-Test Cycle


The Spiral Model of Philips Design


The Analysis-Creation-Evaluation Cycle


The Three Levels of Abstractions


What is User-Centred Design?

• ...based on expertise:– state-of-the-art

knowledge for the design

– expert as a designer

– models of users

• ...based on participation:– end-user involvement in

analysis, design and evaluation

– expert as a moderator

– real users


Why is User-Centred Design necessary?

• decreased time to market

• reduced costs

• rapid development

• innovative and usable products


Relationship between Effort and Costs

• Fixing an error in the early product development phase costs about 2-10 $

• Fixing an error in the late product development phase costs about 500-1000 $

• Conclusion: the more effort at the beginning, the less cost at the end!

(ref.: Barry Boehm, Software Engineering Economics. 1981, Englewood Cliffs, ISBN 3-7719-6301-X)


user participation system success

Conceptual Model-Iempirical results: 4 studies "support", 2 studies "mix", 2 studies "not supported"

Conceptual Model-II


situational conditions

empirical results: 3 studies "support", 0 studies "mix", 1 studies "not supported"empirical results: 3 studies "support", 1 studies "mix", 0 studies "not supported"

Conceptual Model-III


situational conditions

empirical results: 2 studies "support", 0 studies "mix", 1 studies "not supported"empirical results: 1 studies "support", 1 studies "mix", 1 studies "not supported"empirical results: 0 studies "support", 3 studies "mix", 0 studies "not supported"

(ref.: Lei Lei, User participation and the success of information system development, 1994, ISBN 90-5170-285-X)


What are the barriers for knowledge integration?

• discipline oriented mind set• different “languages”• naive “user-models”

• users as domain experts


How to achieve User-Centred Design?


User Involvement in the Product Creation Process

• Users can become involved in a direct and productive way right through the design process--from the very start until the design is finally complete.

• The video from Philips Corporate Design demonstrates the work of the Applied Ergonomics Group of Philips Corporate Design. Clips from real evaluations are used to demonstrate just of the range of methods used by the group. Those shown methods are:

• Field Studies

• User Workshops

• Interviews

• Private Camera Conversations

• Think Aloud Protocols

• Experiments

• First hand experience of users opinions and attitudes is essential in the process of creating useful, usable products that will

User-Centred Design: The Design Process (lecture 2) Prof. dr. Matthias Rauterberg Faculty Industrial Design Technical University of Eindhoven [email protected].

Documents

design expert

design characteristics

elementary design activities

evaluation cycle slide

design process lecture

test cycle slide

general design strategies

usercentred design necessary