USED TO ( I USED TO DO ) - smkpoin.files.wordpress.com fileUSED TO ( I USED TO DO ) A. Study this exsample situation. This is Dennis. He gave up smoking two years ago. He no longer

USED TO ( I USED TO DO )

A. Study this exsample situation.

This is Dennis. He gave up smoking two years ago. He no longer smokes.

But he used to smoke. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.

He used to smoke means that he smoked regalarlyfor some timein the past, but he doesn’t smoke now :

Past _____________________________________________________________ Now

He used

<-- To smoke --> He doesn’t Smoke now

We used to with the base form ( used to do / used to smoke, etc ) to say that some thing happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens :

- I used to paly tennis a lot, but now I’m too lazy.

- “Do you go to the movies very aften ? “ “Not now, but I used to”

- David used to travel alot. These days, He doesn’t go away very aften.

We also use used to for past situations ( that no longer exist ) :

- We used to live in a small village, but now we live in milan.

- This building is now a furniture store. It used to be a movie the a ter.

- Do you see that hill over there ? There used to be a castle on that hill.

- I’ve started drinking tea lately. I never used to like it before.

- Ann used to have no long hair, but she cut it some time ago.

B. Used to + base form is always porm.

There is no present. You can’t say “ I used to do “. For the present, use the simple present ( I do ). Compare the present and past :

Past : He used to smoke

We used to live

There used to be

Present : He smokes

We live

There is

C. The normal question form is did ... used to ...?

- Did you use to eat a lot of candy when you were a child

The Negative form is didn’t use to ...

- Jim didn’t use to go out very often untill he met Jim

Another examples:

1. I used to set my alarm clock for exactly 6.am.

2. I used to wake up early and get up at seven o’cloek.

Used to ( Habitual Past ) and Be Used to

a). Jack used to live in Chicago a). At a time in the past, Jack lived in Chicago, but he does not live in Chicago now.Used to expresses a habit, activity, or situation that existed in the past but which no longer exists.

b). Marry is used to cold weather.c). Marry is accustomated to cold weather.

b). Be used to means be accustomated to ( be ) and ( c )have thesame meaning : living in a cold climate is usual and normal to Marry. Cold weather, snow,and ice do not seem strange to her.

Compare :d). Jack used to live in chicago e). Marry is used to living in a cold climate.She is accustomed to living in a cold climate.

To express habitual past, used is followed by an infinitive, e.g, to live as in ( d ).

Be used to and be accostomed to are followed by an –ing verb form ( a gerund ), as in ( e )

f). Bob moved to Alaska. After a while he got used to / got accostomed to living in a cold climate.

In the expression get used to and get accostomed to, get means become.

Complate each sentence with used to.....

1. The baby doesn’t cry so much now, but she . . . . . . . . . . . . every night

2. She . . . . . . . . . . my best friend, but we aren’t friends anymore.

3. We live in Barcelona now, but we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Madrid.

4. Now there’s only one cafe in the village, but there . . . . . . . . . . . . three.

5. When I was a child I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ice cream, but I don’t like it now.

6. Now Tom has a car. He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a motorcycle.

Ask some question. Mr. Park is an old man now. You are asking someone what he used to do when he was younger.

Example : I know he doesn’t smoke now, but . . . . . . . did he use to smoke . . . . . . . . . .?

1. I know he doesn’t play the piano now, but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

2. I know he isn’t very rich now, but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

3. I know he doesn’t go out very often the days, but . . . . . . . . . . . ?

4. I know he doesn’t dance these daus, but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

5. I know he doesn’t have many friends now, but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Write sentences about the present. Remember there is no present tense of used to.

Example : Ron used to study hard, but now . . . . . . he doesn’t study very hard . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ron didn’t use to smoke, but now . . . . . . he smoke . . . . . . . . . . .

1. Mark used to play tennis a lot, but now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Mary never used to drink coffee, but now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Jill didn’t use to be fat, but now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Jack didn’t use to go out much, but now . . . . . . . . . . . .

Write some sentences about a man who changed his lifestyle. Ron stopped doing some things and started other things :

He stopped

He started

studying hard

smoking

going to bed early

staying out late

running three miles every morning

spending a lot of money

Make sentences like these :

Example :

. . . He used to study hard.

. . . He very used to smoke or He didn’t use to smoke.

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fill in with used to, to be used to verb + ing, to use . . . . . for, or to be used for . . . . . . .

1. The rich man . . . . . . . . . . . . going by bus.

2. Knife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for cutting things.

3. She . . . . . . . . . . . . . putting on trousers.

4. When they were small child they . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . play soldiers.

5. Do you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rubber for cleaning ?

6. Did the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . give greeting when they meet ?

Read in good spelling and intonation !

1. I used to set my alarm clock for exactly 6 a.m.

2. I used to wake up early and get up at seven o’clock.

3. I used to get dressed quickly every morning.

4. I always used to leave for work at eight – thirty.

5. I used to stert working at eight o’clock every day.

6. I used to have lunch everyday at the some time.

7. I used to work until five o’clock each day.

8. I used to have dinner at half past six and do to bed early.

9. We used to have a lot of interesting friends.

10.I always used to ask him a lot of questions.

11.I used to get dressed quickly every morning.

12.We used to go a party about half past six in the evening.

13.My brother used to speak English to me occasionally.

14.I never used to oversleep. I get up at up at six in the morning.

15.Uncle used to go to his office by car.

16.My father used to have breakfest at half past six.

Compliment / Praise / Memuji

Expressing :

- Wow. Thet’s beautiful

- I like your. . . . . .

- You are great.

- You’re wonderfull on . . . . . .

Expressing to compliment and congratulate some one for their good work.

- Congratulations !

- Congratulations ! you’re done a good work.

- Well done ! you’re very great

- Excellent ! you’re very talented

- You look nice with your new hair cut.

- You have beautifulgarden

- You have done a gret job.

- Two thumbs up.

- What a wonderful speech !

- How a lovely you are.

- Congratulation on your success

- I must congratulate you.

Respond to compliment or congratulation

- Thanks

- Thank you. You’re so kind

- It’s very kind of you to say that

- Do you really think so ?

- Thank’s, I need that

- You’ve made my day.

Expressing opinion

a. Asking opinion .

- What do you think about ( of ) . . . . . . . .?

- What’s your opinion about (on ) . . . . . . . . ?

- Do you have ony opinion ( idea ) about . . . . . .?

- What’s your comment about ( on ) . . . . . . . .?

- Do you have some comments or thoughts about . . . . . . . .?

- How do you feel about . . . . . . . . .?

- What are you feeling about . . . . . . . .?

- Would you give me your opinion on . . . . . . . .?

b. Giving opinion / accepting

- Ithink I like it

- In my opinion . . . . . . . . . .

- In my view . . . . . . . . . . .

- According to me . . . . . . . .

- I guess . . . . . . . . .

- I may say that . . . . . . . . .

- I believe

- In my mind . . . . . . . .

- What I want to say is that . . . . . . . . . .

- What I have in my mind is . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- As far as I know ( concer ) . . . . . . . . . . .

- I think it’s a good.

- I suppose so . . . . . . . . . .

- That’s just what I was thinking.

- I don’t think refusing I care for it.

- What in my mind is . . . . . . . .

- I don’t think mueh about that

GRAMMAR ON GERUND

A gerund is a verb that does the function as a noun.

The form is : verb + ing. It is used as followed :

a. As subject

b. As an object

c. As a predicate complement

d. As a noun modifier

e. Gerund after preposition

f. Gerund after possessive pronoun

1. Gerund as subject

#. Cooking is a good hobby for some women

#. Being hungry is never fun for the refugees.

#. Baking cake is very hard and need long time to prepare it.

#. Riding a bicycle is not easy for beginner.

Note : The work cooking stands alone; cake here is modifier to aking.

Hungry is as a complement; bicycle is the object of riding.

They called : gerund phrase

2. Gerund as object

Stop enjoy dislike admit consider miss Finish mind imagine deny involve postpone Delay suggest regret avoid practice risk

If this verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + ing :a. Stop talking!b. I’ll do the shopping when I’ve finished cleaning the apartment.c. Idon’t miss working late every night.d. Have you ever considered going to live in another country ?e. I can’t imagine George riding a motorcycle.f. When I’m on vacation, I enjoy not having to get up clearly.

The following expression also take –ing :

Give up ( = stop ) keep or keep on (= do something Go on (= continue ) continuosly or repeatedly ) Put off (= postpone )

g. Are you going to give up smoking ?h. He kept ( on ) interrupting me while I was speaking.

Note the passive form ( being done / being seen / being told, etc. ) :i. I don’t mind being told what to do

You cannot normally use the infinitive ( to do / to dance, etc. ) after these verbs and expressions :

j. I enjoy dancing. ( not to dance )k. Would you mind closing the door ? ( not to close )l. Jill suggested going to the movies. ( not to go )

3. Gerund as predicate complement :It makes the pradicate complete.

- His hobby is collecting stamps.- Her favorite sport is playing basket boll.- The man’s wrok is delivering letters.- My hobby is reading story books.

NOTE: These Verb + Ing here don’t show the action is continuing but as Noun / a thing.

4. Gerund as noun modifier

1. The reading book is on the table.

2. The waiting room is full of people.

3. The waling stick is for the old man.

4. The swimming pool is clean and healthy

5. Gerund after preposition

1. Uncle is thinking about going home from abroad.

2. She left home without having breakfast / eating.

3. He apologized for coming late.

4. We bagin to work after praying.

6. Gerund after possesive pronoun.

1. Tuti’s cooking is very delicious.

2. Andi’s plaiying guitar is very interesting.

3. John’s way of speaking is iteresting.

Activity 3 :

Put into gerund!

1. He spends his leisure time by (watch) TV.

2. The thief ( avoid ) (meet) any policeman.

3. Tania (take) a bath before (go) to school.

4. Abdullah (paint)(be) worth (see).

5. (Speed) along three busy street (be) dangerous.

6. The old man (try) (stop) them (quarrel).

7. Tony (sit) down while (listen) to the radio.

8. The (cook) pan (be) still new it needs (clean).

9. They (continue) (work) after (take a rest.

10. He (regret) (murder) the owner of the shop.

Activity 4 :

Complate the sentences with these verbs :

Try steal meet look write make be runWash eat splash go drive take

Example : Do you miss . . . . .playing . . . . . . tennis every afternoon ?

1. Could you please stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so much noise.

2. I don’t enjoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . letters.

3. Does you job involve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a lot of people.

4. I considered . . . . . . . . . . . . the job, but in the end I decided against it.

5. If you use the shower, try an avoid . . . . . . . . . . water on the floor.

6. Jack gave up . . . . . . . . . . . to be an actor and decided to become a teacher.

7. Have you finished . . . . . . . . . . . . . your hair yet.

8. The phone ranf while ann was having dinner. She didn’t answer it; she just went on . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. She admitted . . . . . . . . . . . . the car but denied . . . . . . . . . . . . . it dangerously.

10.Why do you keep on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at me like that ?

11.The had to postpone . . . . . . . . . . . away because their son was sick.

12.If you cross the street without looking, you risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . over by a car.

Activity 5

Read each sentence and write a second sentence with the same meaning. Begin your sentence in the way shown.

Example : Do you have to travelin your job ? Does your job involve . . . . playing . . . . . .?

He is sorry now that he didn’t study herder when he was in college.

He now regrets . . . . . not studying harder when he was in college . . . . . . .

1. Maybe I’ll go out this evening. I wouldn’t mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Are you soryy you didn’t take job ? Do you regret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?

3. Why don’t you go away tomorrow instead of today ?

Why don’t you put off . . . . . . . . . untill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?

4. It’s not good idea to travel during the rush hour.

It’s better to avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?

5. Could you turn the radio down, please ? Would you mind . . . . . . . . . . ?

6. The drive of the car said it was true thet he didn’t have a licence.

The drive of the car admitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

7. Sue said, “Let’s have fish for dinner.” Sue suggested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Activity 6.

Now make your own sentences. Complete each sentence using –ing.

Example : I really enjoy . . . . . . going for long walks in the country . . . . . .

1. On weekends I enjoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. I dislike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. I often regret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Learning English involves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. I think people sgould stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

Study this example :

Tom has just come back from the moviesAnn : Hello, Tom. Did you enjoy the movie?Tom : Yes, it was great.You should go and see it.

Tom is advising Ann to go and see the movie.”You should go” means that it would be a good thing to do. We often use should (do) when we say what we think is a good thing to do or the right thing to do.

1. The government should do something about economy.

2. “Should we invite Sue to the party?” “Yes, I think we should”.

You Souldn’t do something” means that is not a good thing to do:

1. You’ve been coughing a lot lately. You shouldn’t smoke so much.

2. Tom really shouldn’t go out. He has too much home work to do.

Should is not as strong as must:

1. You Should stop smoking.(=It would be a good idea.)

2. You must stop smoking.(=It is necessary that you stop.)

A. We often use Should when we ask for or give an opinion about somethink. Often we use I think / I don’t think / do you think?:

1. I think the government should do something about the economy.

2. I don’t think you should work so hard.

3. “Do you think I should apply for this job?” “Yes, I think you should.”

B. We also use should to say something is not”right” or not what we expect:

1. The price on this package is wrong. It says $65 but it should be $50.

2. Those children shouldn’t be playing. They should be at school.

C. For the past,we use should have (done) to say that someone did the wrong thing:

1. The party was great. You should have come . Why didn’t you?

2. I feel sick . I should have eaten so much chocolate.

3. She shouldn’t have been listening to our conversation. It was private.

D. We also use should to say that something will probably happen:

A : Do you think you’ll be home late to night?

B : I don’t think so. I should be home at the usual time.

Here,”I should be home” means “I will probably be home .”You can use should to say what will probably happen.

E. You can use ought to instead of should in the sentences in this time unit:

1. It’s really a good movie . You ought to go and see it.

2. She’s been studying very hard, so she ought to pass the exem.

HAD BETTER

A. Had better do something

The meaning of Had better (I’d better) is similar to should. “I’d better do something”=I should do something or it is advisable for me to do something ; if I don’t do this,something bad might happen:

1. I have to meet Tom in ten minutes. I,d better go now or I’II be late.

2. “should I take an umbrella?”Yes, you had better.It might rain.

3. We’ve almost run out of gas.We’d better stop at the next gas station to fill up.

The Negative form is had better not (‘d better not):

1. You don’t look very well. You ‘d better not go to work today.

2. “Are you going out tonight?” “I’d better not.I’ve got lot of work to do”.

The form is always “had better”( usually had better in spoken English).We say had but the meaning is present or future,no past:

# I’d better go to bank this afternoon.

Remember that had better is following by the base form (not to... ):

@ It might rain.We’d better take an umbrella.(not better to take).

B. It’s time ...

You can say “It’s time (for someone) to do something”:

1. It’s time to go home.

2. It’s time for us to go home.

There is another structure: It’s time someone did something:

• It’s nearly midnight. It’s time we went home.

We use the past(went)after It’s time someone ...,but the meaning is present or future,not past:

• Why are you still in bed? It’s time you got up. (not time you get up)

We use the structure It’s time someone did something especially when we are comlaining or criticizing,or when we think someone should have already done something:

• It’s time the children were in bed. It’s long past their bedtime.

• You’ve been wearing the same clothes for age. Isn’t it time you bought some new ones?

• I think it’s time the government did something about pollution.

____ “ It’s high time ____

We also say someone did something.”

____ “ It’s about time ____

This makes the complaint or criticism stronger :

#. You are very selfish. It’s high time you realizet that you are not the most important person in the world.

#. It’s about time jeck did some studying for this exams.

Grammer on CAUSATIVE

Causative is asking other person to do something.

The special verb are :

Without : Let – make - have With to : Get -want

There are two forms : Active and passive form

The patterns ( the Rule ) :

1. Active Form

Subject + Verb + Agent + ( to ) Special Verb + Object

Example : Father has the carpenter repair the door.

Father wants to repair the door.

2. Passive From

Subject + verb + object + verb III

(Without agent / pelaku )

The same form

Example : Mother makes the floor cleaned

Mother has the floor cleaned

Activity 1

You are giving advice to a friend. Use should or shouldn’t.

Example : Your friend is always coughing becouse he smokes to much. Advise him to smoke smoking. ......... You should stop smoking...............

1. Your friend has a bad toothache. Advise her to go to the dentist.

You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Your friend rides his bicycle at night without lights. You think this is dangerous. Advise him not to do it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Your friend is going to visit Greece. Advise her to learn a few words of Greek before she goes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Activity 2

Read the situation and write sentences with should ( have ) and shouldn’t ( have ).

Ssometimes you have to use the present, sometimes the past.

Example : The speed limit is 55 miles an hour, but Tom is doing 70.

. . . . . He shouldn’t be driving so fast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

When we got to the restaurant there were no empty tables.

We hadn’t reserved one.

. . . . . . . We should have reserved a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. It’s very cold. Mrs. Taylor, who has been sick lately, is standing at the bus stop without a coat. She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. We went for a walk. While we were walking we got hungry, but we hadn’t brought anything with us to eat. We said: We . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. I went to Paris. Marcel lives in aris, but I didn’t go to see him while I was there. When I saw him later, he said : You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. The notice says that the store opens every day at 8:30. It is now 9:00, but the store isn’t open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. The driver in front of me stopped suddenly without warning, and I drove into the back of her car. It wasn’t my fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. The children normally go to bed at 9:00. It is now 9:30. They are not in bed; they are watching television. ( two senyences ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the road.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

GIVING INSTRUCTION / PROCEDURE

1. Describing processes

a. Adverb of sequence:

First..., Second...., next..., then..., finally.....

b. Adverb clause

• ...... when ......

• When .......

c. Adverb + Ly

d. Before / After

Study the following sentences:

a. Do you know how to make fried bananas? Please let see that instruction below!

• First, mix the flour, margarine, coconut milk.

• Next, cut the bananas in half.

• Then, cover the bananas in the mixture.

• Finally, fry the bananas in the hot frying oil.

b. The warning light switches on when the tank is almost empty.

c. When the tank is full of petrol, the warning light switches off.

d. He drives badly

e. My teacher is neat person, she writes neatly.

f. Return the books after you read them.

g. Put on the geoggles before you weld the plate.

So, you have to differentiate two formulas below, to describe processes.

The first formula :

FirstNextThenAfter thatFinally

+ you + verb +noun/noun phrase

The second formula :

Verb 1 + noun/noun phrase + before / after + you + verb 1 + noun/ noun phrase

2. Asking for and giving suggestion and advice

Expression used in asking for suggestion and advice :

- What do you recommend for a headache?

- Could you recommenda good spa around here?

- Is there any recommendation for a better health condition?

Expression used in giving suggestionandadvice :

- You had better see a doctor.

- Tou ought to wear long skirt.

- You should have exercise regulary and consume good food.

Note :

- Ought to = should means should have been fittingly, properly, and obviously

Example : You ought to be punctual in the meeting.

The students ought to be diligent in studying.

- Should means suggestion, recommendation, and advice.

Example : Your condition is still bad, you should stay in bed.

Michael is very tired, he should takea rest.

- Had better plus infinitive form to express advisability, similar to the way we use should or ought to

Example : You had better go soon, or you will be late.

You had better stop criticizing the way the teacher teach the students.

3. Asking necessity and obligation

Expression used in asking necessity and obligation.

- Do I have to come at eight tomorrow?

- Must we submit the task as soon as possible?

- Does Aldo have to do the homework himself?

Expression used in expressing necessity and obligation

- You must be here at nine tomorrow.

- We have to send the report before eleven.

- They must come on time at the monthly meeting.

- You have to go before the rainy season comes.

- Anisa has to meet me before I go to the office today.

Note :

We use the modal auxiliary must to express the expression of necessity and obligation.

Example :

Ana : I sometimes do think that it is no use to go on my life. I am hopeless.

Budi : I think you must seek professional help, perhaps a psychiatrist.

For necessity, we use must for only present and future time. For expressing necessityin the past, we mustuse the past form of the idiom have to plus infinitive form.

Example :

Siska : The librarian had to fine me for the book.

Indra : Didn’t you return the book on time?

Siska : No, I didn’t.

For expressing necessity in present, the modal auxiliary must and the idiom have to have the same meaning : however, must conveys, a much greater degree of necessity.

Example :

Rafa : All people must ( have to ) think about the future life, although they must ( have to ) live in the present time.

Elsa : I agree with your opinion. But it is hard to do.

The negative form of have to has a completely different meaning form the negatife form of must. Don’t have to or does not have to means no necessity. Must not means prohibition.

Example :

Randi : Well, what do you think we should do?

Titi : We must not give up this work. We have to finish it soon.

Randi : But we have no time at all.

Titi : But we don’t have to give up.

4. Persuading and convincing

Expressions used in persuading others:

- Why don’t you say to me about that?

- If I were the teacher, I would give the student test.

- Why don’t you try our special menu?

- If I were you I would visit the place

- Why didn’t come over my house when you were in Kebumen?

Expression used in convincing others

- I am sure you are able to do that

- I bet you could finish the work firmly

- I convince you to take the short course.

- I believe, that’s the best choice for you.

- I am very sure you have a capability on reporting the event.

Use the verb in negative sentences with should and ougth to. Use the correct tense!

1. The guard ( drink ) so many cups of coffee last night.

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. He ( go ) to bed so late every night of the week.

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. The participants ( nominate ) Mr. Sanjaya at the meeting tomorrow afternoon.

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Rangga ( lock ) the front door this morning.

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Elia ( read ) the poem in front of class.

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. The OSIS chairman ( announce ) the news to the member tomorow.

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Rio ( send ) Alvara a message before he leaves tonight.

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. The students ( wait ) for the final result until next week

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. The postman ( deliver ) the letters to the receivers on holiday.

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.The newly married couple ( spend ) some days at Bali last May.

Answer : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eliptic construction

A. The position of enoughPositive response

Enough goes after adjective and adverbs:

• He didn’t get the job, because he wasn’t experienced enough.(not enough experienced)

• You won’t pass the exam if you don’t study hard enough.

• She can’t get married yet. She ‘s not old enough.

Enough goes before Noun:

• He didn’t get a job,because He didn’t have enough experience( not experience enough)

• I’d like to take a vocation, but I don’t have enough money.

• Some of us had to sit the floor,because there weren’t enough chairs.

You can also use enough alone (without a noun):

• I’ll lend you some money,If you don’t have enough.

B. The position of TooNegative Response

Too before the adjective:

• That box is too heavy for Bob to lift it(the box is heavy. Bob can’t lift it)

• The food is too hot to eat for me(The food is very hot. I can’t eat it)

• I had to carry my book in my hand. It was too big to put in my bag.

C. Study these example

• I didn’t enjoy the book. The story was so stupid.

• I didn’t the book. It was such a stupid story.

We use so with an adjective without a noun: so stupid.We use such with an adjective with a noun: such a stupid story.

You can also use so with an adverb:

• His opinion was difficult to understand, because he speak so quickly.

So and such make the meaning of the objective stronger:

• It’s a beautiful day, isn’t? It’s so warm.

• We enjoed our vacation. We had such a good time.

We often say so . . . . that . . . . and such . . . that . . . .

• I was so tired that I went to bed at seven o’clock.

• She worked so hard that she made harself sick.

• The book was so good that I couldn”t put it down.

• It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down.

You can leave out that in these sentences:

• I was so tired ( that ) I went to bed at seven o’clock.

Activity 1

Complete these sentences by using too, so, enough, or such a!

1. The stream of the river is . . . . . . . . strong that only of few man can get across it.

2. A germ is . . . . . . . a tiny desease thet can’t be seen by naked-eyes.

3. The man is . . . . . . . old to go for a long distance.

4. The food is delicious . . . . . . . . . for the people to enjoy.

5. The knife is . . . . . . . . blunt to cut the stick.

6. The price of the luxurious car is . . . . . expensive, that only a rich man can afford to buy.

7. The letters are large . . . . . . for the oldman to read.

8. It is . . . . . . . a wretched food, none want to eat it.

9. I was . . . . . . . . fired that I went to bed at eight o’clock.

10.This weather is fresh . . . . . . . . . for us to take a rest.

Activity 2

make a sentence with so from tow sentences.

Example : He worked very hard. He made himself sick.

He worked so hard ( that ) he made himself sick.

1. I was very excited about going away. I couldn’t sleep.

I was so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. The water was very dirty. We decided not to go swimming.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. She speaka English very well. You would think it was her native language.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Activity 3

Use such instead of so

Example : The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down.

It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down.

1. The road is so narrow that is difficult for two cars to pass each other.

It is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. The wather was so warm that I didn’t need a coat.

It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. His feet are so big that he has trouble finding shoes to fit him.

He has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Why do you put so much suger in your coffee ?

Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Giving invitation

a. The expressions of giving invitation like :

1. I’d like you to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. We’d be glad if you could . . . . . . . . . .

3. Would you like to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Would you please . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Why don’t you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Can you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Won’t you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. Would you care to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. How would you like to . . . . . . . . . . . .

10. Do you mind + v ing

11. If you don’t mind I want you to . . . . .

b. To accept an invitation we use the expression like :

1. We’d love to.

2. We’be glad to.

3. Thank you very much.

4. That’s very kind of you.

5. That’s good idea.

6. How niceof you, thank you.

7. That’s great.

8. I will.

9. That would be nice.

c. To refuse an invitation we use the expression like :

1. I am afraid I can’t.

2. I’m not sure I can’t.

3. Well thank, but . . . ( I’m busy tonight ).

4. I’d love to but . . . . . . .

5. I wish I could but . . . . . . . .

6. Thank you for asking me but . . . . . . .

7. I’m sorry but I think I can’t.

Barganing

a. To bargain something we want to buy, we can use the expression like :

1. Is there any discount?

2. What about . . . . . . rupias?

3. How about . . . . . . rupees?

4. What about . . . . . .% off?

5. Can you make it . . . . . . .?

6. Can I again it . . . . . . . .?

7. Can you give me a discount?

b. To accep the barganing we use the expression like :

1. That’s ok.

2. Yes, I’ll give you . . . . . .% discount.

3. Well, just a little.

c. To refuse bargaining, use the expression like :

1. I’m sorry, it’s the fixed price.

2. I,m sorry, we don’t put discount on this product.

3. I,m afraid you can’t bargain.

Expressing certainty

To express certainty we use the expression like:

• Future simple tense + certainly

Probably

Possibly

Study the following sentences : Mean

a. Lukman will certainly fail the exam if he doesn’t study hard. 100% (+)

b. It will probably rain tomorrow. 75%

c. Hafit will possibly fail the exam. 40%

d. His parent probably won’t arrive before Friday. 20%

e. Nora certainly won’t pass the exam. 100% (-)

• Modal ( must, maybe, might, could )

Study th following sentence : Mean

a. He must be in school by now. Certain (+)

b. There is likely to be a storm tomorrow. Probable

c. Achmad may be waiting at the cinema. Possible

d. She might get the first prize in the essay competition competition

e. Vivi could be a great swimmer if she practiced more often.

f. I wish he could lend me new car. Improbable

g. I doubt if she will come now.

h. Ayu can’t have failed the exam, she is the best student. Uncertain

Giving and responding to complement.

• The expression used to complement others are as follow :

a. That’s great

b. Well done

c. Fantastic

• The expression used to respond to a complement, like :

a. Thank you.

b. Do you really think so?

c. It’s kind if you to say that.

d. Thanks, I need that.

e. You’ve made my day.

Expressing opinion

• The expression used to express opinion are as follow:

a. I think . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b. In my opinion . . . . . . . . . . .

c. What I have in my mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d. According to me . . . . . . . . . . . .

e. I think that . . . . . . . . . . .

• Study the following sentences :

a. I think the chilld I very hungry

b. In my opinion, to be a good student is not difficult, it just needs willingness.

c. What I have in my mind is that I have to do my homework now.