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SOLAR POWER TO MAKE BUILDINGS INTELLIGENT
BY:JYOTI AHLAWATSAJIDA SHAHTSERING
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SOLAR ENERGY IS THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY FROM MILLIONS OF
YEARS AND IT IS A RENEWABLE ENERGY.
THIS ENERGY CONSISTS OF RADIANT LIGHT AND HEAT ENERGY FROM THE
SUN.
OUT OF ALL ENERGY EMITTED BY SUN ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF ENERGY
IS ABSORBED BY THE EARTH.
JUST THIS TINY FRACTION OF THE SUN’S ENERGY THAT HITS THE EARTH IS
ENOUGH TO MEET ALL OUR POWER NEEDS.
USING PRESENT SOLAR TECHNIQUES SOME OF THE SOLAR ENERGY REACHING
THE EARTH IS UTILIZED FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY ETC….
EVEN THEN THE ENERGY DEMAND MET BY USING SOLAR ENERGY IS VERY
LESS.
SOLAR ENERGY
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Fossils
FOSSIL
BIO FUEL
HYDRO
BASED
NUCLEAR
SOLAR(0.8
%)
WINDMILL
S
PRESENT SCENARIO
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•DIRECTLY USING PHOTOVOLTAIC(PV)-
PV IS AN ELECTRICAL DEVICE WHICH CONVERT
LIGHT DIRECTLY INTO ELECTRICITY BY THE
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS IS USED, CALLED SOLAR
CELL . MAINLY CONSTRUCTED WITH-
MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON POLYCRYSTALLINE
SILICON AMORPHOUS SILICON CADMIUM TELLURIDE
•
CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER (CSP)SYSTEMS GENERATE SOLAR POWER BY USING
MIRRORS OR LENSES TO CONCENTRATE A LARGE
AREA OF SUNLIGHT, OR SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY,
ONTO A SMALL AREA. ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED
WHEN THE CONCENTRATED LIGHT IS CONVERTED TO
HEAT, WHICH DRIVES A HEAT ENGINE (USUALLY A
STEAM TURBINE CONNECTED TO AN ELECTRICAL
POWER GENERATOR.
TECHNOLOGIES USED
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•ONE SOLAR PANEL IS MADE UP OF MANY SMALL
SOLAR CELLS. EACH OF THESE CELLS USES LIGHT
TO MA!E ELECTRONS MOVE.
• THE CELL IS MADE UP OF TWO DIFFERENT
LAYERS THAT ARE STUC! TOGETHER. THE FIRST
LAYER IS LOADED WITH ELECTRONS, SO THE
ELECTRONS ARE READY TO JUMP FROM THIS
LAYER TO THE SECOND LAYER.
•WHEN THE LIGHT HITS AN ELECTRON IN THE
FIRST LAYER, THE ELECTRON JUMPS TO THE
SECOND LAYER.
•THAT ELECTRON MA!ES ANOTHER ELECTRON
MOVE, WHICH MA!ES ANOTHER ELECTRON MOVE,
AND SO ON.
WORKING OF SOLAR PANEL
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•A SOLAR PV POWER PLANT CONVERTS SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY. IT DOES SO
WITHOUT ANY MOVING PARTS AND WITHOUT GENERATING EITHER NOISE OR
POLLUTION.
•A SOLAR PV SYSTEM CAN BE INSTALLED AT ANY UN-SHADED LOCATION SUCH AS ON
ROOFTOPS OF BUILDINGS, CAR PAR!ING SHEDS, EMPTY LAND, OR EVEN ON TOP OF
CANALS AND ROADS. TYPICAL SYSTEM SIZES RANGE FROM "#$ WATTS TO %$$ MW.
•THERE IS VERY LITTLE DIFFERENCE IN THE TECHNICAL DESIGN BETWEEN SMALL
!W-SIZED PLANTS (TYPICALLY DE-CENTRALIZED, OFF-GRID AND LARGE, MW-SIZED
PLANTS (TYPICALLY CENTRALIZED, GRID-CONNECTED.
•
% !W OF SOLAR PV REQUIRES %$ M" OF SHADOW FREE AREA
ROOFTOP SOLAR PV SYSTEMS
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ROOFTOP SOLAR PV WITH NET METERING
•SOLAR PV SYSTEMS COULD BE SIZED TO NOT E&CEED THE LOAD DEMAND
DURING THE DAY. IF THEY ARE LARGER, AND SOLAR POWER IS BEING GENERATED
THAT E&CEEDS CONSUMPTION AT THAT POINT IN TIME, WASTAGE CAN BE AVOIDEDBY STORING THE E&CESS POWER. ALTERNATIVELY, E&CESS POWER COULD BE
INJECTED INTO THE GRID. IN THIS CASE, METERING WOULD BE REQUIRED TO
MEASURE ENERGY TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN THE PV SYSTEM AND THE GRID
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•STORAGE IN SOLAR PV SYSTEMS IS REQUIRED TO PROVIDE STABLE BAC!UP POWER
WHEN THE SOLAR ENERGY IS NOT AVAILABLE (AT NIGHT OR NOT ADEQUATE TO
MEET THE ENTIRE LOAD DEMAND.
•BATTERIES CAN BE USED TO STORE SOLAR POWER TO SAFEGUARD AGAINST A
SHORT-TERM FALL IN SOLAR POWER GENERATION. INTERMITTENCY CAN ALSO BE
AVOIDED BY CONNECTED THE SOLAR PV SYSTEM TO THE GRID. IN THIS CASE THE
GRID PROVIDES THE E&TRA ENERGY AT TIMES OF INADEQUATE SUNSHINE.
.
ROOFTOP SOLAR PV WITH STORAGE
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• FIRST SOLAR
• SUNTECH POWER CO.• GT ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
• TRINA SOLAR
• JIN!O SOLAR • RENASOLA
• YINGLI GREEN• SUN POWER
• CANADIAN SOLAR LNC.• JA SOLAR
•. AMMINI
•. TATA POWER SOLAR SYSTEMS LTD
•. SUNTECH POWER HOLDING•. MOSER BEAR SOLAR LTD
•. PLG POWER LTD
•. SURANA VENTURES LTD
In IndiaIn Word
TOP SUCCESSFUL SOLAR COMPANIES
CONDITIONS FOR
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•EQUIPMENT ON A BUILDING SHOULD BE SITED, SO FAR AS IS PRACTICABLE, TO
MINIMISE THE EFFECT ON THE E!TERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE BUILDING AND THE
AMENITY OF THE AREA.
•WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE REMOVED AS SOON AS
REASONABLY PRACTICABLE.
•PANELS SHOULD NOT "E INSTALLED A"OVE THE HIGHEST PART OF THE ROOF
(E&CLUDING THE CHIMNEY AND SHOULD PRO#ECT NO MORE THAN $%%MM FROM
THE ROOF SLOPE OR WALL SURFACE&
•THE PANELS MUST NOT BE INSTALLED ON A BUILDING THAT IS WITHIN THE GROUNDS
OF A LISTED BUILDING OR ON A SITE DESIGNATED AS A SCHEDULED MONUMENT.
•IF YOUR PROPERTY IS IN A CONSERVATION AREA, OR IN A WORLD HERITAGE SITE,
PANELS MUST NOT BE FITTED TO A WALL WHICH FRONTS A HIGHWAY.
CONDITIONS FOR
INSTALLING SOLAR PANELS
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•SI'E OF THE SYSTEM - THE TYPICAL DOMESTIC INSTALLATION IS A
• &KW SYSTEM, WHICH IS NORMALLY AROUND *$ PANELS. A SMALLER
*KW DOMESTIC SYSTEM IS LI!ELY TO BE ONLY $ PANELS&
• DIRECTION THAT ROOF FACES AND THE ANGLE - FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE,
YOUR PANELS WILL NEED TO BE ON A '-DEGREE ANGLE, FACING SOUTH.
•ROOF THAT IS NOT IN THE SHADE WILL INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY
YOU ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE.
• TIME OF YEAR WILL ALSO HAVE AN IMPACT. DURING LONGER DAYLIGHT HOURS IN
THE SUMMER YOU WILL BE ABLE TO PRODUCE PROPORTIONALLY MORE POWER.
FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRICITY GENERATION
WITH SOLAR PANELS FOR HOME
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FACTORS EFFECTING SYSTEM SI'E
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HOW ROOF SHAPE AND STRUCTURE
EFFECT SYSTEM SI'E
SI'E AND WATTAGE OF SOLAR PANELS
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•LI!E LIGHT BULBS, SOLAR PANELS COME IN DIFFERENT WATTAGES. A COMMON
POWER RATING FOR A HIGH END SOLAR PANEL IS '# WATTS.
•THE SIZE OF THIS PANEL IS ABOUT +*, "Y *, (*&./*%&01) OR ABOUT
*2& S3UARE FEET. THAT MEANS THIS PANEL, AT ITS MA&IMUM, PUTS OUT '#
WATTS FROM SUNLIGHT FALLING ON ITS %).' FT* AREA.
• ANOTHER WAY TO SAY THIS IS, AT ITS MA&IMUM, A WATT SOLAR PANEL
PUTS OUT A MA!IMUM OF A"OUT $% WATTS PER S3UARE FOOT ('# DIVIDED BY
%).' EQUALS ABOUT "$.
SI'E AND WATTAGE OF SOLAR PANELS
!"#"
0""
$"! WATT
SOLAR SYSTEM FOR HOME
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SOLAR SYSTEM FOR HOME
AREA CALCULATION FOR
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AREA CALCULATION FOR
SOLAR PANELS INSTALLATION
•CALCULATE YOUR ENERGY RE3UIREMENTS4
CALCULATE YOUR ENERGY REQUIREMENTS BY CHEC!ING YOUR
MONTHLY ELECTRICITY BILL FOR POWER CONSUMED IN !WHR
AND TA!E AVERAGE OF POWER CONSUMED IN SUMMERS
AND WINTERS.
•CALCULATE THE AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION4 DIVIDE YOUR AVERAGE MONTHLY
CONSUMPTION BY '$, TO GET THE AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION.
SAY IT IS 330/30 = 11 KWHR.
•
Find out the avea!e hou" o# "un$i!ht o avea!edai$% "o$a in"o$ation in %ou aea:
FOR DELHI ITS 5.5 kWh/meters squared/day .
F IND SOLAR
INSOLA T ION
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•CALCULATE THE TOTAL WATTAGE4 NOW, DIVIDE YOUR AVERAGE DAILY
CONSUMPTION BY THE AVERAGE DAILY HOURS OF SUNLIGHT. IN OUR CASE, 11
KWHR/5.5 HOURS = 2 KW OR 2000 WATTS . THIS WILL TELL YOU THE TOTAL WATTAGE OF
THE PANELS YOU REQUIRE TO COVER YOUR ENERGY NEEDS IN IDEAL CONDITIONS
THAT IS WHEN THERE ARE NO ENERGY LOSSES.
•&on"ide the ene!% $o""e": MULTIPLY THE FIGURE YOU OBTAINED IN EARLIER
STEP BY %.# TO COVER UP THE LOSSES DUE TO INEFFICIENCIES LI!E ENERGY
CONVERSION LOSSES AND HEAT LOSSES. WE GET 2000 WATTS X 1.4 = 2800 WATTS . THIS
WILL BE THE TOTAL WATTAGE OF THE PANEL YOU REQUIRE TO MEET YOUR ENERGY
NEEDS.
•CALCULATE THE SHADOW FREE AREA4 FIND OUT THE SHADOW
FREE AREA OF YOUR ROOF TOP BY MULTIPLYING ITS LENGTH
AND BREATH. LET US ASSUME THAT THE SHADOW FREE AREA
OF THE ROOF IS, 20 FEET BY 11 FEET,
220 SQUARE FEET.(20.4 M SQ)
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•FIND OUT THE GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF THE SOLAR PANELS
OF DIFFERENT WATTAGE4
•THESE DIMENSIONS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE
PHYSICAL DATA SHEETS
•AVAILABLE IN THE SOLAR COMPANY WEBSITE.
•FOR ROOF TOP INSTALLATION SOLAR PANELS ARE USUALLY
•COME IN SIZES OF %$ WATTS, %) WATTS, "$$ WATTS,
"$ WATTS AND '$$ WATTS.•SOME OF THE DIMENSIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS+
•
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•CALCULATE THE TOTAL AREA RE3UIRED "Y THE SOLAR PANELS4
THE TOTAL WATTAGE OF PANELS REQUIRED, TO COVER YOUR DAILY ENERGY NEEDS,
IS 2800 WATTS . HERE WE WILL CALCULATE THE TOTAL AREA COVERED BY THE
PANELS OF DIFFERENT WATTAGE.
IF THE TOTAL AREA OF THE SOLAR PANELS IS LESS THAN THE SHADOW FREE AREA,""$ SQUARE FEET, THEN WE WILL CONSIDER IT FOR INSTALLATION OTHERWISE
REJECT THAT WATTAGE OF SOLAR PANEL.
•NO OF PANELS RE3UIRED-$5%%6*2 7 *+ NOS&•TOTAL AREA OF SI&TEEN PANELS WOULD BE % NOS & %).) "'." SQ.FT.
•IT IS ADVISABLE TO LEAVE SOME GAP BETWEEN TWO PANELS, SO THAT AIR CAN
PASS THROUGH AND !EEP THE PANELS COOL IN SUMMERS. INCREASE THE TOTAL
AREA OF THE PANELS BY "./, WE GET.
•FINAL AREA RE3UIRED-$.%& S3& FT&
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POWER O"TAINED "Y HARNESSING THE ENERGY OF THE WIND
WIND POWER
WIND ENERGY
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•WIND IS A FORM OF SOLAR ENERGY.
• WINDS ARE CAUSED BY THE UNEVEN HEATING
OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY THE SUN, THE
IRREGULARITIES OF THE EARTH0S SURFACE, AND
ROTATION OF THE EARTH.
•THIS WIND FLOW, OR MOTION ENERGY, WHEN 1HARVESTED1 BY MODERN WIND
TUR"INES, CAN BE USED TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY I&E WIND POWER&
•WIND FLOW PATTERNS ARE MODIFIED BY +
EARTH0S TERRAINBODIES OF WATER VEGETATIVE COVER
WIND ENERGY
WHY WIND POWER
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•IN THE CASE OF WIND, IF CONVENTIONAL ON SHORE WIND TURBINES WITH $-M
TOWERS WERE INSTALLED ON %'/ OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE, THE ESTIMATED WIND
POWER THAT COULD BE COMMERCIALLY VIABLE IS 2$ TERAWATT (TW)&
•THAT AMOUNTS TO ALMOST FIVE TIMES THE GLOBAL POWER CONSUMPTION IN ALL
FORMS, WHICH CURRENTLY AVERAGES ABOUT % TW.
MAIN PRO"LEMS4
%. COST
". AVAILABILITY
WHY WIND POWER
HOW WIND POWER IS GENERATED
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•THE WIND0S !INETIC ENERGY CAN BE HARNESSED BY A WIND TURBINE, A DEVICE
THAT LOO!S LI!E AN E&TREMELY TALL, S!INNY FAN.
•WIND POWER AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FOSSIL FUELS IS PLENTIFUL, RENEWABLE,
WIDELY DISTRIBUTED, CLEAN, PRODUCES NO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
DURING OPERATION, AND USES LITTLE LAND.
HOW WIND POWER IS GENERATED
COMPONENTS OF WIND TUR"INE
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COMPONENTS OF WIND TUR"INE
• WIND TURBINES CONSIST OF A FOUNDATION8 A TOWER8 A NACELLE AND A ROTOR&
COMPONENTS OF WIND TUR"INE
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•WIND TURBINES START OPERATING AT WIND SPEEDS OF
TO METRES PER SECOND AND REACH MA!IMUM POWER
OUTPUT AT AROUND * METRES6SECOND&&
•A MODERN WIND TURBINE PRODUCES ELECTRICITY )$-/
OF THE TIME, BUT IT GENERATES DIFFERENT OUTPUTS
DEPENDING ON THE WIND SPEED.
•OVER THE COURSE OF A YEAR, IT WILL
TYPICALLY GENERATE ABOUT "#/ OF THETHEORETICAL MA&IMUM OUTPUT (#%/
OFFSHORE. THIS IS !NOWN AS ITS
CAPACITY FACTOR.
PREFERED LOCATIONS
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•AT *%% FEET (% METERS) OR MORE A"OVE GROUND, THEY CAN TA!E ADVANTAGE
OF FASTER AND LESS TURBULENT WIND.
•TURBINES WOR! AT THE BEST WHEN ON HIGH, E&POSED SITES. COASTAL SITES
ARE ESPECIALLY GOOD&
•TOWN CENTRES AND HIGHLY POPULATED RESIDENTIAL AREAS ARE USUALLY
NOT SUITA"LE SITES FOR WIND TURBINES.
PREFERED LOCATIONS
SI'ES OF WIND TUR"INES
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•THE AVERAGE SIZE OF ON SHORE
TURBINES BEING MANUFACTURED
TODAY IS AROUND ".-' MW, WITH
BLADES OF ABOUT % METRES
LENGTH&
•AN AVERAGE OFFSHORE WIND
TURBINE OF '. MW CAN POWER MORE
THAN ','%" AVERAGE HOUSEHOLDS.
•IN "$%", THE AVERAGE SIZE IS
". MW WITH ROTOR DIAMETERS
OF %$$ METRES.
). MW TURBINES ARE THE
LARGEST TODAY WITH BLADES
ABOUT $ METRES LONG.
SI'ES OF WIND TUR"INES
MATERIAL USED
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•THE TOWERS ARE MOSTLY TUBULAR AND MADE OF STEEL OR CONCRETE,
GENERALLY PAINTED LIGHT GREY.
•THE "LADES ARE MADE OF FI"REGLASS8 REINFORCED POLYESTER OR WOOD-
EPO!Y
•
. THEY ARE LIGHT GREY BECAUSE IT IS INCONSPICUOUS UNDER MOST LIGHTINGCONDITIONS.
•THE FINISH IS MATT, TO REDUCE REFLECTED LIGHT.
•WIND TURBINES CAN CARRY ON GENERATING ELECTRICITY FOR "$-" YEARS.•OVER THEIR LIFETIME THEY WILL BE RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY FOR AS MUCH AS
%"$,$$$ HOURS.
MATERIAL USED
SI'E RANGES
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RESIDENTIAL4
"ELOW % KW
CHOOSE A SIZE
BASED ON ELECTRICAL
LOAD
SI'E RANGES
MEDIUM4
% - %% KW
MAY BE SIZEDTO A LOAD.
TYPICALLY USED WHENTHERE IS A LARGE
ELECTRICAL LOAD.
COMMERCIAL SCALE4
%% KW - $ MW
USUALLY FED INTO
THE GRID, NOT SIZED TO A SINGLE LOAD
RESIDENTIA
L
MEDIUM COMMERCIAL
DIAMETER(&) '$ $'$0 "'#0
HEIGHT(&) 8'$ $!'!0 !0'80
OWER(*WH+YEAR) ,0-000 00-000 "-000-000
WIND FARM CONFIGURATIONS
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• IDEALLY, THE AREA SHOULD BE AS WIDE AND OPEN AS POSSIBLE IN THE
PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION, WITH FEW OBSTACLES.
•ITS VISUAL INFLUENCE NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED 2 FEW, LARGER TURBINES ARE
USUALLY BETTER THAN MANY SMALLER ONES.
•THE TURBINES NEED TO BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE FOR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
WOR! WHEN NEEDED.
• NOISE LEVELS CAN BE CALCULATED SO THE FARM IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE
LEVELS OF SOUND STIPULATED IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION.
WIND FARM CONFIGURATIONS
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•THE TURBINE SUPPLIER DEFINES THE MINIMUM TURBINE SPACING, TA!ING INTO
ACCOUNT THE EFFECT ONE TURBINE CAN HAVE ON OTHERS NEARBY 2 THE 0WA!E
EFFECT0.
•THE RIS! OF E&TREME EVENTS SUCH AS EARTHQUA!ES, HOW EASY IT IS TO
TRANSPORT THE TURBINES TO THE SITE AND THE LOCAL AVAILABILITY OF CRANES.
•IN A WIND FARM THE TURBINES THEMSELVES TA!E UP LESS THAN %/ OF THE
LAND AREA. E&ISTING ACTIVITIES LI!E FARMING AND TOURISM CAN TA!E PLACE
AROUND THEM AND ANIMALS LI!E COWS AND SHEEP ARE NOT DISTURBED.
SCENARIO IN INDIA
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•WIND IN INDIA ARE INFLUENCED BY THE STRONG
SOUTH-WEST SUMMER MONSOON, WHICH STARTS IN
MAY-JUNE, WHEN COOL, HUMID AIR MOVES TOWARDS
•DURING THE PERIOD MARCH TO AUGUST, THE WINDS
ARE UNIFORMLY STRONG OVER THE WHOLE INDIAN
PENINSULA, E&CEPT THE EASTERN PENINSULAR
COAST.
•WIND SPEEDS DURING THE PERIOD NOVEMBER TO MARCH
ARE RELATIVELY WEA!, THOUGH HIGHER WINDS ARE
AVAILABLE DURING A PART OF THE PERIOD ON THE TAMIL
NADU COASTLINE.
•THE LAND AND THE WEA!ER NORTH-EAST WINTER
MONSOON, WHICH STARTS IN OCTOBER, WHEN COOL, DRY
AIR MOVES TOWARDS THE OCEAN.
SCENARIO IN INDIA
WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY IN INDIA
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•THE WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY IN INDIA IS .8*% MW AS PER THE
OFFICIAL ESTIMATES IN THE INDIAN WIND ATLAS ("$%$ .
•THE POTENTIAL IS CALCULATED WITH RESPECT TO $ PER CENT LAND AVAILA"ILITY
AT WINDY LOCATIONS AND PERTAINS TO A % METER HU" HEIGHT LEVEL OF THE
WIND TUR"INES&
•PRESENTLY LARGE WIND TURBINES WITH HIGHER HUB HEIGHT IN THE RANGE OF 5%-
*%% METER WITH LARGE ROTOR DIAMETERS UP TO %"$ M ARE AVAILABLE IN THE
INDIAN MAR!ET.
•CONCEDING TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT AND HIGHER WIND SPEEDS AT HIGHER
HUB HEIGHTS, THE POTENTIAL OF .8*% MW AT $ METER LEVEL IF E&TRAPOLATED
•THE CAPITAL COST RANGES "ETWEEN & CRORES TO +&5 CRORES PER MW8
DEPENDING UP ON THE TYPE OF TURBINE, TECHNOLOGY, SIZE AND LOCATION.
WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY IN INDIA
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PLANNING IMPLICATIONS
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•MUNICIPAL CONSULTATIONS
E&PERIENCED WIND ENERGY DEVELOPERS TA!E THE TIME TO TAL! WITH THE
PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY THAT MAY BE IMPACTED DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY,
AND ENGAGE THEM EARLY IN THE PLANNING PROCESS AND !EEPING AN OPEN
DIALOGUE THROUGHOUT THE DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONAL PHASES.
•WIND ASSESSMENT.
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS USE METEOROLOGICAL MASTS TO MEASURE WIND
SPEED AND OTHER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. THIS DATA IS THEN USED TO ESTIMATE
HOW MUCH ENERGY A POTENTIAL WIND FARM COULD PRODUCE.
•WIND FARM DESIGN
WIND DATA IS COMBINED WITH TOPOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION TO DESIGN THE
WIND FARM. ENGINEERS MODEL WIND FLOW, TURBINE PERFORMANCE, SOUND
LEVELS AND OTHER PARAMETERS TO OPTIMIZE THE LOCATION OF WIND
TURBINES.
•ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS IDENTIFY AND TO MITIGATE POTENTIAL IMPACTS
ON COMMUNITY RESIDENTS, LANDSCAPE, PLANTS AND WILDLIFE, SOIL AND
WATER, LAND USE OR OTHER ACTIVITIES SUCH AS AVIATION AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PLANNING IMPLICATIONS
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.
•PERMITTING AND PU"LIC CONSULTATION
AS WITH ANY OTHER MAJOR POWER PROJECT, DEVELOPERS SEE! MUNICIPAL,
PROVINCIAL AND FEDERAL PERMITS BEFORE THE PROJECT CAN GO AHEAD.
•ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
.THEY WOR! TO ESTIMATE THE COST OF TURBINES AND THEIR INSTALLATION, ASWELL AS THE COSTS OF ACCESS ROADS, ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS, OPERATIONS AND
MAINTENANCE..
•MANUFACTURING
WIND TURBINE COMPONENT PARTS ARE MANUFACTURED AND PRE-ASSEMBLED AT
THE FACTORY, THEN SHIPPED TO THE WIND FARM SITE WHERE THE FINAL ASSEMBLYTA!ES PLACE.
•SITE PREPARATION AND CONSTRUCTION
WOR! CREWS PREPARE TURBINE SITES BY BUILDING ACCESS ROADS, PREPARING
TURBINE FOUNDATIONS AND REASSEMBLING TURBINE COMPONENTS. A CRANE IS
USED TO ERECT TURBINE TOWERS AND INSTALL THE NACELLES .
•OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
ACTIVITIES THAT ARE PERFORMED ON A REGULAR BASIS THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT
LIFE INCLUDE MONITORING AND ANALYZING PERFORMANCE, CONDUCTING
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS AND PERFORMING PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ON THE
TURBINES AND OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE FACILITY
TERMINOLOGY AND FORMULAS
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THE POWER PRODUCED BY A WIND TURBINE DEPENDS ON THE
• TUR"INE9S SI'E AND
• THE WIND SPEED THROUGH THE ROTOR
•THE RANGE OF WIND SPEEDS THAT ARE USABLE BY A PARTICULARWIND TURBINE FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION IS
CALLED PRODUCTIVE WIND SPEED&
•PRODUCTIVE WIND SPEEDS WILL RANGE BETWEEN M6SEC TO M6SEC. THE
MINIMUM PRESCRIBED SPEED FOR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE OF LARGE SCALE
WIND FARMS IS ABOUT M3S.
•THE POWER AVAILABLE FROM WIND IS PROPORTIONAL TO CUBE OF THE WIND0S
SPEED.
P7(WIND SPEED)
USUALLY, WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IS DONE PRIOR TO A WIND SYSTEM’SCONSTRUCTION.
THE POWER (ENERGY6SECOND) AVAILA"LE IN THE WIND WILL "E GIVEN "Y
THE FORMULA POWER
$. & ROTOR SWEPT AREA (M" & WIND DENSITY (!G3M' & VELOCITY' (M3S
TERMINOLOGY AND FORMULAS
CALCULATIONS
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CALCULATIONS
•CALCULATE YOUR ENERGY RE3UIREMENTS4
CALCULATE YOUR ENERGY REQUIREMENTS BY CHEC!ING YOUR MONTHLY
ELECTRICITY BILL FOR POWER CONSUMED IN !WHR
•CALCULATE THE AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION4 DIVIDE YOUR AVERAGE
MONTHLY CONSUMPTION BY '$, TO GET THE AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION.
SAY IT IS 330/30 = 11 KWHR=0.011MW
•FI! THE A"ERA#E "E$O%ITY OF SITE AREA&
THIS VALUE CAN BE TA!EN FROM TABLE GIVEN BY IS CODES.
FOR DELHI ITS ##M3S.
THE POWER (ENERGY6SECOND) AVAILA"LE IN THE WIND&
$. & ROTOR SWEPT AREA (M" & WIND DENSITY (!G3M' & VELOCITY' (M3S
CALCULATING THE ROTOR SWEPT AREA4
P7%&/R/:ind d;n/?;o0i=>
**7%&/R/*&$/
R7**6(%&/*&$/)
R7%&*1$
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R7%&*1$
R7 r$ 7 (@i; /radi< oB :ind =rin;)$
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r7
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WIND TUR"INE TO "E USED4
POWER$.$%%MW
DIAMETRE )"CM
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