Use of computer programming in animal diet formulation

Digital Re-print - January | February 2013

Use of computer programming in animal diet formulation

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Objective of animal diet formulation is to provide a palatable ration at minimum cost to meet nutrition-

al and energy requirements of the animal. To achieve this objective, it is important to have knowledge about the requirements of specific nutrient ingredients and the nutrient composition of feeds, which are used to formulate the animal diet.

Diet formulation is an important aspect to meet production and financial goals in the most economical way. A diet is called balanced if it provides energy to meet lacta-tion, production and specific level of health requirement. Economic as well as nutritional aspects should be considered while optimis-ing nutrient ingredients.

These three factors are so intimately related to each other that cannot be sepa-

rated during the process of feed formulation.

Preliminary stages The first step in diet formulation is to

define the objective of diet formulation. Depending on the objective of diet formula-tion (such as reproduction, lactation, live-stock etc.), requirements for nutrient ingre-dients are established. This step includes individual units and overall requirement for diet ingredients.

After defining the objective of study and diet formulation, requirements of nutrient intake are defined to achieve that objective. While defining the requirement, social envi-ronment, internal, external and economical conditions should be taken into considera-tion.

Nutrient requirements can be estab-lished by the empirical method and facto-

rial method. The empiri-cal method is based on experimen-tal studies whereas the facto-rial method identifies the

various functions within the animal that defines the needs of nutrient ingredients. Nutritionists generally use both approaches; the factorial method is dominant due to the need to define requirements under diverse conditions but experiments are used to confirm the accuracy of results.

Ingredient selection and diet formulation

Once requirements for nutrient ingredi-ents are established, the ingredients can be selected and nutrient contents calculated. After identifying the nutrient ingredients, diet is formulated by using existing methods and different mathematical techniques.

There are different methods to formu-late animal diet. Diet formulation includes balance mixture of ingredients which are economically sustainable and provides nutri-ent and energy requirements of a given species for a given response. Different kind of conventional methods to formulate the diets include: • Trial-and-error method• Two by two matrix method• Square method• Simultaneous equation method• Least cost formulation• Linear programming method

Use of computer programming in animal diet formulation

by Dr Pratiksha Saxena, assistant professor, Department of Mathematics, Gautam Buddha University, India

Figure 1: Nutrient levels, the limit of the nutrient ingredients and price of the feed are three important factors for diet formulation.

Nutrient LevelLimit of the

nutrient ingredients

Price of the ration

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy34 | January - february 2013

FEATURE

Objective of animal diet formulation is to provide a palatable ration at minimum cost to meet nutrition-

al and energy requirements of the animal. To achieve this objective, it is important to have knowledge about the requirements of specific nutrient ingredients and the nutrient composition of feeds, which are used to formulate the animal diet.

Diet formulation is an important aspect to meet production and financial goals in the most economical way. A diet is called balanced if it provides energy to meet lacta-tion, production and specific level of health requirement. Economic as well as nutritional aspects should be considered while optimis-ing nutrient ingredients.

These three factors are so intimately related to each other that cannot be sepa-

rated during the process of feed formulation.

Preliminary stages The first step in diet formulation is to

define the objective of diet formulation. Depending on the objective of diet formula-tion (such as reproduction, lactation, live-stock etc.), requirements for nutrient ingre-dients are established. This step includes individual units and overall requirement for diet ingredients.

After defining the objective of study and diet formulation, requirements of nutrient intake are defined to achieve that objective. While defining the requirement, social envi-ronment, internal, external and economical conditions should be taken into considera-tion.

Nutrient requirements can be estab-lished by the empirical method and facto-

rial method. The empiri-cal method is based on experimen-tal studies whereas the facto-rial method identifies the

various functions within the animal that defines the needs of nutrient ingredients. Nutritionists generally use both approaches; the factorial method is dominant due to the need to define requirements under diverse conditions but experiments are used to confirm the accuracy of results.

Ingredient selection and diet formulation

Once requirements for nutrient ingredi-ents are established, the ingredients can be selected and nutrient contents calculated. After identifying the nutrient ingredients, diet is formulated by using existing methods and different mathematical techniques.

There are different methods to formu-late animal diet. Diet formulation includes balance mixture of ingredients which are economically sustainable and provides nutri-ent and energy requirements of a given species for a given response. Different kind of conventional methods to formulate the diets include: • Trial-and-error method• Two by two matrix method• Square method• Simultaneous equation method• Least cost formulation• Linear programming method

Use of computer programming in animal diet formulation

by Dr Pratiksha Saxena, assistant professor, Department of Mathematics, Gautam Buddha University, India

Figure 1: Nutrient levels, the limit of the nutrient ingredients and price of the feed are three important factors for diet formulation.

Nutrient LevelLimit of the

nutrient ingredients

Price of the ration

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy34 | January - february 2013

FEATURE

GFMT13.01.indd 15 12/02/2013 15:59

Initially, feed manufacturers for animal feed formulation used the trial and error method but this included tedious hand calculations

Diet analysis and evaluationAfter formulation, the diet is evaluated to

check the efficiency of diet. Chemical analysis is done to check whether the diet is mixed correctly or not. These five steps of diet formulation are shown in Figure 2.

By employing the correct formulation skills and techniques, animal performance can be improved. These are two important aspects, which make a huge impact on the overall profitability. Whether diet is formu-lated for feed milers or integrators, maximi-sation of animal production is important.

By the end of the 1960s, widespread use of linear programming had been start-ed for animal diet formulation. To take into account the complexity and nutrient variability, different kinds of mathematical programming came into the picture with

the objective of least cost rationing. To achieve this, different kinds of mathemati-cal programming have been used. For example, linear programming, non-linear programming, stochastic programming, sensitivity analysis, parametric cost and nutrient ranging, optimum-density formu-lation, multi-blending, and risk analysis.

Chance constrained programming is used to formulate commercial feeds for animals (Britt, J. S; Thomas, R. C; Speer, N. C; Hall, M. B., 2003). The linear programming model can be solved for a complicated set of nutri-ent requirements to give a relatively well-balanced ration (VandeHaar and Black, M. J., 1991). Alteration in the diet formulation can change undefined nutrient or dietary components, such as fatty acids (Sabbatini ME, 2006), phytoestrogens (Brown NM, Setchell DR. 2001), (Thigpen JE 2009), (Thigpen JE 2004) phytosterols (Bouic PJD. 1999.), nitrosamines (Kaput J, Rodriguez RL. 2004.), (Rao GN, Knapka JJ. 1987), and methylmercury (Weiss B, Stern S, Cernichiari

E, Gelein R. 2005.), potentially affecting research outcomes.

Computer-aided feed formulation

A study was conducted for animal feed formulation based on internet remote and interaction by XiongBen-hai, LuoQing-yao and PangZhi-hong in 2002. This program is based on linear programming, with SQL Server 2000 database and ASP Web-page language Windows 2000 Advanced Server. The most important feature of this system is that it has set up one whole calculating platform to design all kinds formulas based on web technique, which can share informa-tion of feed science and animal nutrition to help directly designing feed-formulas.

A computer program called APOLLO was developed by A. Ahmadi, J. R. Dunbar and H. A. Johnson for formulation and analysis of ration for swine. It was based on the National Research Council Bulletin, Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth

Figure 2:

Define Objective

Establish Requirements

Select Ingredients

Formulation of diet

Evaluation of diet

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy January - february 2013 | 35

Annual Feed Conference 25th 26th June 2013

The following papers have already been confirmed: RUMINANTS

Low protein diets for dairy cows -­‐ Kevin Sinclair, University of Nottingham

Nutrition, health and fertility in dairy cows

-­‐ John Mee, Teagasc Mineral requirements and supply on dairy farms

-­‐ Liam Sinclair, Harper Adams University College -­‐ Nigel Kendall, University of Nottingham

Global milk and feed price trends and influences

-­‐ John Allen, Kite Consulting NON-RUMINANTS

Environmental impact from poultry operations: influence of nutritional inputs

-­‐ Ilias Kyriazakis, Newcastle University

Home grown proteins in pig and poultry diets -­‐ Jos Houdijk, SRuC

Nutritional quality of soya products for non-ruminants. -­‐ Julian Wiseman, University of Nottingham; Mick Hazzledine,

Premier Nutrition

For further details visit: www.nottingham.ac.uk/feedconf

Organizer : PT. SINAR EXHIBITIONS INDONESIA.Ruko Mutiara Taman Palem Blok A6 no 32Phone +62 21 54352165 44474226 Fax +62 21 54352165Email : [email protected] : www.sinarexhibitions.com

Supported by:

INNN MAAKASSSARIN MAKASSAR14 - 17 March 2013

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Untitled-1 3 05/02/2013 17:15:31

FEATURE

Products no longer intended for human consumption, which may be destined for farm animal feeding, must be kept separate during transport, storage and dispatch to and from a supermarket returns depot or food manufacturing plant.

Our services are fully accredited to the

Feed Materials Assurance Scheme (FEMAS) standard ensuring that all feeds are fully traceable from source to supply giving both quality controlled service and products. The scheme is based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles, an inter-nationally recognised system of hazard analy-

sis. Over recent years HACCP has become a central requirement of food and feed safety legislation.

The logistics – from food production to the feed industry

Each food production site has differ-

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy January - february 2013 | 13

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• NIR in practice

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• LC-MS/MS:The New Reference Method for Mycotoxin Analysis

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A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891

In this issue:

• Mycotoxins an overview

• Database for animal diet formulation techniques: A glance to last decade

• Food safetyin the grain milling industry

• Recent advances in rapid grain testing

November - December 2011

• African advances

Animal feed milling is one of the most buoyant activities in the agri related field

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• Get in lineProcess analysis solutions open new opportunities for improved profit and quality

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In this issue:

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FEATUREFEATURE

and the aleurone layer cells and therefore improves the energy value of the feed.

Reducing pathogenic bacteria in the colon

A third possible mechanism by which the nutritive value of feed is increased by feed enzymes is through the release of oligosac-charides (Choct and Cadogan, 2001). These can be formed during the degradation of storage and cell wall carbohydrates by sup-plemental enzymes and are able to resist further degradation by digestive enzymes and so able to reach the colon. Once in the colon these oligosaccharides are a nutri-ent source for beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp which suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Clostridium, Campylobacter and Escherichia coli. It is well established that reducing pathogenic bacteria in the colon improves weight gain and the feed conver-sion ratio in pigs and poultry.

Cost saving feed formulationRegardless of the mechanism by which

the energy value of feed is increased, the fact that it occurs is of significant importance for producers and nutritionists. This allows for greater flexibility when formulating diets meaning that alternative feed ingredients, which are traditionally of lower nutritive value, can be utilised in the formulation. This can result in significant savings in feed costs for producers where, for example, some of the wheat-based portion of the diet can be replaced with cheaper barley, providing a suitable blend beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes are incorporated into the diet.

Phytase developmentThe 1990s saw the development of the

next enzyme of significant importance in ani-mal nutrition, phytase. Phosphorous is a very important and valuable mineral element in all species as it is crucial for bone development and metabolic processes.

In plants, the majority of phosphorous is stored in the form of phytate. Monogastrics are unable to utilise the phosphorous in phytate so it is a major source of an important nutrient that is normally wasted. Instead, producers have to supplement diets with inorganic phosphorous supplements although dependence on inorganic phos-phorous supplements is a challenge because global reserves of rock phosphate are not renewable and the price has escalated. Furthermore, producers have a tendency to over-supplement with inorganic phos-phorous with the result that most of it is excreted by the animal and becomes a major environmental pollutant.

Phytase benefitsWhen the development of phytase

enzymes began it was largely to reduce the requirements for inorganic phospho-rous thus saving money for producers and

reducing the envi-ronmental impact. However, it has become apparent that further nutri-tional benefits are achieved because phytate has the capacity to bind other important minerals such as calcium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper thus reducing their bioavailability in the digestive tract.

Additional research has also revealed that the inclusion of phytase can improve both ileal amino acid digestibility and dietary avail-able metabolisable energy (Ravindran et al 2001). Phytate is therefore con-sidered as both an indigestible nutri-ent and an anti-nutrient and inter-estingly, in the last decade, research has demonstrated that administering unconvention-ally high doses or by ‘superdosing’ phytase in diets that animal perform-ance can be sub-stantially improved (Cowieson et al 2011).

Challenges associated with enzymes use

One of the major challenges with the cur-rent use of feed enzymes is that producers face dif-ficult decisions on which varieties to use and at what inclusion rates. Aside from the diet formulation and the ingredi-ents used, there are a number of factors that can affect the efficacy of feed enzymes.

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy January - february 2013 | 19

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Performance, flexibility and stability

Initially, feed manufacturers for animal feed formulation used the trial and error method but this included tedious hand calculations

Diet analysis and evaluationAfter formulation, the diet is evaluated to

check the efficiency of diet. Chemical analysis is done to check whether the diet is mixed correctly or not. These five steps of diet formulation are shown in Figure 2.

By employing the correct formulation skills and techniques, animal performance can be improved. These are two important aspects, which make a huge impact on the overall profitability. Whether diet is formu-lated for feed milers or integrators, maximi-sation of animal production is important.

By the end of the 1960s, widespread use of linear programming had been start-ed for animal diet formulation. To take into account the complexity and nutrient variability, different kinds of mathematical programming came into the picture with

the objective of least cost rationing. To achieve this, different kinds of mathemati-cal programming have been used. For example, linear programming, non-linear programming, stochastic programming, sensitivity analysis, parametric cost and nutrient ranging, optimum-density formu-lation, multi-blending, and risk analysis.

Chance constrained programming is used to formulate commercial feeds for animals (Britt, J. S; Thomas, R. C; Speer, N. C; Hall, M. B., 2003). The linear programming model can be solved for a complicated set of nutri-ent requirements to give a relatively well-balanced ration (VandeHaar and Black, M. J., 1991). Alteration in the diet formulation can change undefined nutrient or dietary components, such as fatty acids (Sabbatini ME, 2006), phytoestrogens (Brown NM, Setchell DR. 2001), (Thigpen JE 2009), (Thigpen JE 2004) phytosterols (Bouic PJD. 1999.), nitrosamines (Kaput J, Rodriguez RL. 2004.), (Rao GN, Knapka JJ. 1987), and methylmercury (Weiss B, Stern S, Cernichiari

E, Gelein R. 2005.), potentially affecting research outcomes.

Computer-aided feed formulation

A study was conducted for animal feed formulation based on internet remote and interaction by XiongBen-hai, LuoQing-yao and PangZhi-hong in 2002. This program is based on linear programming, with SQL Server 2000 database and ASP Web-page language Windows 2000 Advanced Server. The most important feature of this system is that it has set up one whole calculating platform to design all kinds formulas based on web technique, which can share informa-tion of feed science and animal nutrition to help directly designing feed-formulas.

A computer program called APOLLO was developed by A. Ahmadi, J. R. Dunbar and H. A. Johnson for formulation and analysis of ration for swine. It was based on the National Research Council Bulletin, Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth

Figure 2:

Define Objective

Establish Requirements

Select Ingredients

Formulation of diet

Evaluation of diet

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy January - february 2013 | 35

Annual Feed Conference 25th 26th June 2013

The following papers have already been confirmed: RUMINANTS

Low protein diets for dairy cows -­‐ Kevin Sinclair, University of Nottingham

Nutrition, health and fertility in dairy cows

-­‐ John Mee, Teagasc Mineral requirements and supply on dairy farms

-­‐ Liam Sinclair, Harper Adams University College -­‐ Nigel Kendall, University of Nottingham

Global milk and feed price trends and influences

-­‐ John Allen, Kite Consulting NON-RUMINANTS

Environmental impact from poultry operations: influence of nutritional inputs

-­‐ Ilias Kyriazakis, Newcastle University

Home grown proteins in pig and poultry diets -­‐ Jos Houdijk, SRuC

Nutritional quality of soya products for non-ruminants. -­‐ Julian Wiseman, University of Nottingham; Mick Hazzledine,

Premier Nutrition

For further details visit: www.nottingham.ac.uk/feedconf

Organizer : PT. SINAR EXHIBITIONS INDONESIA.Ruko Mutiara Taman Palem Blok A6 no 32Phone +62 21 54352165 44474226 Fax +62 21 54352165Email : [email protected] : www.sinarexhibitions.com

Supported by:

INNN MAAKASSSARIN MAKASSAR14 - 17 March 2013

A S P E R A P I

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

Untitled-1 3 05/02/2013 17:15:31

FEATURE

Revised Edition, 1988. This program runs on IBM PC compatible computers with 512K of memory. After feeding the input nutrient ingredients, this program formulates the ration using the linear programming primal dual algorithm. This algorithm is efficient in time and space because it does not require additional columns and rows for artificial variables. The output consists of five parts: cost and performance, ration composition, price ranges, nutrient analysis of the ration, and nutrient analysis of feeds in the ration which, in turn, consists of eight parts.

Practical and economic implications

In the 1980s, the first computer program was presented for animal diet formulation. Since then, a number of computer programs have been developed for the purpose of ani-mal diet formulation which discusses specific feed formulation techniques in terms of their practical applications and economic implica-tions. The use of computer programming lessened the time and effort required to provide affordable feed formulations for the feed industry. A wide variety of computer programs are available for ration formulation.

Moreover, computer programming for animal diet formulation, is easy, convenient and saves time. A number of nutrient ingre-dients and constraints can be added to a diet in easier manner. It is also possible to check the impact of different nutrient ingredients on animal production without actually apply-ing it with the help of a computer program.

The language of programmingTo initiate the process of computer

programming for animal diet formulation,

a mathematical model is formulated which should be nutritionally adequate at lowest cost. When formulating this mathemati-cal model, availability of feedstuffs, physical palatability, toxicological properties of feed, logistics of obtaining feed ingredients and storage limit should be considered. After creating the mathematical model, computer programming is to be chosen for this pur-pose. A number of programming languages have been used for this purpose as C, C++, Java and MATLAB.

Using C for feed formulation One of the most basic and important

programming languages is referred as ‘C’. Dennis Ritchie developed this programing language at Bell Laboratories in 1972. Many of its principles and ideas were based on the earlier language B and B's earlier ancestors, BCPL and CPL.

The main features of this language are its flexibility that provides fast program execu-tion and the lack of constraints it imposes on the programmer. It allows low level access to information and commands while still retaining the portability and syntax of a high level language. It is useful for both systems programming and general purpose programs.

Due to this quality of C language, the Unix operating system, which was originally written in assembly language, was almost immediately re-written in C. C includes bit-wise operators along with powerful pointer manipulation capabilities and modularity is another important feature of this language.

Sections of code can be stored in libraries for re-use in future programs. This language is very useful for animal diet formulation

because of its easily applicable features. A programming technique is developed for animal diet formulation using non-linear pro-gramming and C language with the objec-tive of maximum animal weight gain. The technique presented formulates and solve a non-linear program with optimum use of nutrient ingredients. It explores the use of mathematical and computerised program-ming in the field of animal nutrition and can be investigated in future for more variables (Saxena Pratiksha et al, 2012).

The advantages of MATLAB MATLAB is another tool for matrix

manipulations, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C and Java. It is a high-level language for numeri-cal computation, visualization, and applica-tion development. Animal feed is formu-lated using MATLAB with the objective of maximum animal weight gain. In the first step, this technique involves formulation of objective function using non-linear program-ming. MATLAB is used as a tool for this purpose. In the second step, the solution of formulation is given and is compared to existing techniques. Use of non-linear pro-gramming overcomes the drawback of linear approximation of objective function (Saxena Pratiksha et al, 2012).

In the present era of technology, it is convenient, time and money saving to take benefits of computer programming for this purpose. Using this technology, animal diet formulation can be simulated and experiments can be done with the help of computer programs, without hampering the existing system of feeding to the animal and could reach to better results.

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy36 | January - february 2013

FEATURE

Innovations for a better world.

Success comes with the original product. Quality always pays off. Bühler is setting

standards in the grain processing industry for more than 150 years. Whether you

grind wheat, corn, rye, oat, buckwheat, soy, or malt grain – our processes and

equipment are finely tuned to get the most from your grain. And this kind of pro-

cess quality quickly pays off. The highest flour yields and best product quality

ensure fast return on investment. www.buhlergroup.com

Bühler AG, Grain Milling, 9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 66 11

[email protected], www.buhlergroup.com

Visit us at the IDMA 2013

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A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891INCORPORATING PORTS, DISTRIBUTION AND FORMULATION

In this issue:

• Efficient barge unloading technology

• Feed enzymes in animal nutrition

• Controlling the explosion risks within hammer mills

• Use of computer programming in animal diet formulation

• Recycling surplus factory food into quality animal feeds

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Innovations for a better world.

Success comes with the original product. Quality always pays off. Bühler is setting

standards in the grain processing industry for more than 150 years. Whether you

grind wheat, corn, rye, oat, buckwheat, soy, or malt grain – our processes and

equipment are finely tuned to get the most from your grain. And this kind of pro-

cess quality quickly pays off. The highest flour yields and best product quality

ensure fast return on investment. www.buhlergroup.com

Bühler AG, Grain Milling, 9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 66 11

[email protected], www.buhlergroup.com

Visit us at the IDMA 2013

in Istanbul (April 4 – 7, 2013),

Hall 10, booth no. B2