U.S. Space Weather Operations and Research · U.S. Space Weather Operations and Research . Terry Onsager . NASA Heliophysics Division (on detail) NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center

U.S. Space Weather Operations and Research

Terry Onsager NASA Heliophysics Division (on detail) NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center International Space Environment Service, Director

宇宙天気

Main Points

• Drivers of Space Weather

• Growing Space Weather Product Demand

• Policy Directives, Research, Observations

• International Partnerships

National and international partnerships are essential for resilience to space weather

Solar Flares

Coronal Mass Ejections

Solar Wind

Impacts:

- Electric power grid

- Human radiation exposure

- Communication outages

- Navigation degradation

- Satellite damage

- Satellite drag

Solar Energetic Particles

Major Forecast Center Products

Daily Forecasts (1-3 day): - Solar flares - Solar energetic particles - Geomagnetic activity - 10.7 cm radio flux

Event-Driven Warnings and Alerts: - Warnings: geomagnetic storms,

proton events - Alerts: solar flare, proton event,

geomagnetic storm, electron event, solar radio burst

Numerical Models: - WSA-Enlil – Background solar wind and CMEs (Storm onset) - Relativistic Electron Forecast Model (Satellite impacts) - D-Region Absorption Product (Aviation communication) - U.S. Total Electron Content (Global navigation) - Ovation Aurora Model (Situational awareness)

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NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center – Product Subscription Service

Subscription service began

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NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center – Product Subscription Service

Subscription service began

Customers Include: Electric power industry All major airlines Drilling and oil exploration Satellite companies Transportation sector Emergency responders

Social and Economic Impacts of Space Weather in the United States

FINAL REPORT

September 2017

Abt Associates Bethesda, Maryland

Written under contract for the NOAA National Weather Service www.nws.noaa.gov

www.weather.gov/news/171212_spaceweatherreport

• Impacts are a real concern

• Stakeholders are interested

• Topic is complex

• Mitigation may be inexpensive

• Help value NOAA investments

Key Findings

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wer

Avia

tion

GN

SS

$ trillions

$ millions

$ billions

Note: Costs represent first pass estimates not to be taken out of context or quoted without appropriate caveats. Qualitative information and quantitative framework are the more important contributions of this effort.

Estimated cost of moderate/extreme event

Economic Impact Study – Abt Associates

Source: Stacey Worman, Abt Associates

Global Electric Power Impacts – October, 2003

Sweden: - Power outage - Transformer heating in

nuclear plant

South Africa: - 14 transformers damaged - $60 million impact - Basic commerce and security impaired

United States: - Power reduced to mitigate

impact on generation facilities

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS)

Geostationary Satellite

Alert Issued for Airline Radiation ALERT: Solar Radiation Alert at Flight Altitudes Conditions Began: 2003 Oct 28 2113 UTC Comment: Satellite measurements indicate unusually high levels of ionizing radiation, coming from the sun. This may lead to excessive radiation doses to air travelers at Corrected Geomagnetic Latitudes above 35 degrees north, or south. (Federal Aviation Administration)

2015

- Radiation dose reduced by 42% with 5% fuel increase and 30 min flight delay - Prompt changes in altitude and velocity not compliant with Air Traffic Mgmt System

Overarching Goal: Strengthen Resilience Through Improved Services

1. User Needs: Understand the risks and the actions that need to be taken

2. Targeted Services: Develop useable capabilities from basic science knowledge

3. Observing Infrastructure: Shared approach for long-term continuity

4. Global Coordination: Consistent, accurate message

Four elements needed to improve space weather capabilities:

Recent U.S. Policy Directives

U.S. Congress - 2010 NASA Authorization Act:

- “Space weather events pose a significant threat to modern technological systems.”

Action: Director of Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) to improve space weather preparedness and coordinate among U.S. government agencies

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission – Order No. 779, 2013

- Directed standards to address effects of space weather on the reliable operation of the electric power grid.

Recent U.S. Policy Directives

Space Weather Operations, Research, and Mitigation Task Force

- Established by OSTP National Science and Technology Council - 2014

- Developed National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan - 2015

National Defense Authorization Act - 2017

- Strategy to prepare for natural and adversarial electromagnetic pulses

Space Weather Research and Forecasting Act

- Passed by the U.S. Senate by unanimous consent – May, 2017

- Currently under review in the U.S. House of Representatives

U.S. Perspective: National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan

1. Establish benchmarks for extreme events

2. Enhance response and recovery

3. Improve protection and mitigation

4. Improve modeling of impacts on critical infrastructure

5. Improve services through advancing understanding

6. Increase international cooperation

20 Government Departments, Agencies and Service Branches

Coordinated Interagency Space Weather Research Funding

Joint NASA/NOAA pilot funding opportunity:

• Follows direction of the National Space Weather Action Plan to facilitate research to improve operational services

• First research focus is to improve forecasts of solar wind and coronal mass ejections

• Future funding opportunities will address other space weather research and service priorities

• Target is similar to that of Japan’s Project for Solar-Terrestrial Environment Prediction

U.S. National Assessments of Space Weather Observations

US National Plan released in July, 2014:

• Established priorities and actions to advance civil Earth observing capabilities

• Second Earth Observations Assessment completed in 2016

NOAA Assessments of Data Value:

• Evaluation of data impact on product value

• Cost-benefit analysis of satellite architectures needed to acquire operational data

• Includes baseline observations, plus solar imaging, auroral imaging, thermospheric parameters

• Launched: February 11, 2015 • To replace operational use of NASA ACE spacecraft • Space weather measurements: - Solar wind density, velocity, temperature - Solar wind magnetic field • High-reliability warnings of geomagnetic storms • Requires international real-time data network • Follow-on mission in planning

DSCOVR

• Launched: - GOES-16: November 19, 2016 - GOES-17: March 1, 2018 • Space weather measurements: - Solar EUV - Solar X-rays - Energetic particles - Magnetic field • Energetic electron intercalibration - Himawari-8 comparison

conducted by NICT, Japan

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Series GOES-16 and GOES-17

• Taiwan-U.S. 6-satellite constellation

• 6 low-inclination satellites

• Launch planned for 2018

• GNSS Radio-Occultation

- Ionospheric electron density profiles

- Ionospheric scintillation

• Ionospheric ion velocity

• NOAA is working with international partners to host/operate data-receiving ground stations

• NOAA is working with commercial partners for additional radio-occultation data

COSMIC-2

UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space

World Meteorological Organization

International Space Environment Service

International Civil Aviation Organization

Coordination Group for Meteorological

Satellites

International Organizations Engaged in Space Weather Services

Numerous other groups are active in space weather research (COSPAR, ISWI, ILWS, IAU, URSI, SCOSTEP, etc.)

18 Regional Warning Centers 4 Associate Warning Centers 1 Collaborative Expert Center

International Space Environment Service Coordinating space weather services since 1962

www.spaceweather.org

• Endorsed by national governments as space weather service providers

• Network Member of the ICSU World Data Service

• Formal exchange of letters with the WMO

• Provide local users with targeted services

• Coordinated world-wide operational effort

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Mexico Indonesia

Summary

• Demand is increasing for space weather services – electric power, aviation, satellites, navigation, communication

• United States provides forecasts, warning, and alerts to protect critical infrastructure, society, and economic vitality

• User needs, targeted services, observations, and service coordination are essential elements

• Coordinated multi-agency activities are underway to support research efforts to improve operational services

• National and international partnerships are essential for improving resilience to space weather