US Presidents
Jan 02, 2016
George Washington (1789-1797)No party
• Economy: Hamilton established BUS
• Foreign Policy:
• No foreign entanglements (no long term alliances in peacetime)
• Jay‘s treaty (British leaves forts on US soil, British damages maritime US losses)
• Pinckney‘s Treaty (Spanish clarifies south-western borders, free navigation of Mississippi)
• Domestic:
• Whiskey Rebellion (force to maintain order)
• Political/Legal:
• Disliked formation of parties
• 2 term limit
John Adams (1797-1801)Federalist
• Foreign Policy:
• French Revolution
• XYZ affair
• Convention of 1800, peace w/France, alliance canceled, French to pay damages to American shippers
• Domestic:
• Alien & Sedition act
• Political/Legal:
• Marshall Court
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)Demotic Republican
• Economy:
• Embargo Act (forbidden exports, tried to get France/Britain to respect US)
• Lowered taxes
• Eliminated whiskey tax
• Non-Intercourse Act– embargo to France/Britain
• Foreign Policy:
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• Chesapeake Affair
Domestic:
-Lewis & Clark
-Cumberland Road authorized
Political/Legal:
-Midnight judges (Marbury v. Madison, judicial review)
James Madison (1809-1817)Democratic Republican
• Economy:
• Macon‘s Bill No2– lifts embargo for first country to repeal certain decrees/orders
• Protectionist Tariff of 1816- British goods start flooding US market, first protectionist tariff
• First BUS charter ends, not renewed
• Foreign Policy:
• War of 1812
• Treaty of Ghent– ends War of 1812, “Not one inch of territory ceded or lost“, armistice
James Madison (cont.)(1809-1817)Democratic Republican• Domestic:
• Battle of Tippecanoe (Tecumseh dies {Indians screwed}, Harrison gets famous)
• Battle of New Orleans (Jackson‘s popularity increases)
• Cumberland Road construction begins
• Vetoes Bonus Bill (internal improvements should be done by state)
• Political/Legal:
• Fletcher v. Peck (legislatures could not mess w/contracts)
James Monroe (1817-1825)Democratic Republican
• Economy:
• Second BUS (1816)
• Panic of 1819- wildcat banks, too much land speculation
• Foreign Policy:
• Monroe Doctrine– hands off American continent
• Russo-American Treaty of 1824- Russia leaves Oregon
• Treaty of 1818- fixed northern boundary of Louisiana
James Monroe (cont.)(1817-1825) Democratic
Republican• Domestic:
• Jackson invades Florida
• Missouric Compromise (slave below 36‘30, admit Maine/Missouri)
• Political/Legal:
• Gibbons v. Ogden- states couldn‘t regulate interstate commerce
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward– states can‘t mess w/contracts
John Q. AdamsDemocratic Republican
• Economy:
• Tariff of Abominations
• Domestic:
• Corrupt bargain, Clay becomes Secretary of State
• Political/Legal:
• Henry Clay throws election to Adams
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)Democrat
• Economy:
• Pet banks, pulls money out of BUS
• Vetoes vote to recharter BUS
• Tariff of 1832- lower than Abomination, but seemed more permanent
• Compromise Tariff of 1833
• Foreign Policy:
• Texas wins independence
Andrew Jackson (cont.)(1829-1837) Democrat
• Domestic:
• Indian Removal Act
• Maysville Road veto- strict construction
• Specie Circular- attempted to discourage land spec., paid hard money for hard land
• Political/Legal:
• Spoils system
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)Democrat
• Economy:
• Panic of 1837- screwed Buren over
• Independent Treasury
• Foreign Policy:
• Recognizes Republic of Texas, but doesn‘t annex
John Tyler (1841-1845)Whig
• Economy:
• Vetoed bank bills
• Vetoed a tariff bill
• Foreign Policy:
• Webster-Ashburton treaty– Maine border dispute
• Texas annexed
James K. Polk (1845-1849)Democrat
• Economy:
• Tariff-for-revenue Bill– lowered average rates from 32% to 25%
• Foreign Policy:
• “Fifty-four forty or fight“, but didn‘t fight
• War w/Mexico– got disputed land of Texas and California
• Domestic:
• CA, OR acquired
• California gold rush 1848
Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)Whig
• Domestic:
• Wants Compromise of 1850 (CA free, Fugitive Slave Act)
Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)Democrat
• Foreign Policy:
• Ostend Manifesto- sent diplomats to try to get Cuba from Spain but Northerners found & failed
• Gadsden Purchase- create Pacific RR and brought land from Mexico
• Domestic:
• Kansas-Nebraska Act- Nebraska: free, Kansas: slave but northerners came into Kansas (caused formation of Republicans)
James Buchanan (1857-1861)Democrat
• Economy:
• Financial crash of 1857 – North was hardest hit and south thought they could live without the north (King Cotton)
• Tariff of 1857 – lowest tariff since 1812 rate 20% Northerners complained, fincancial crisis struck soon after
• Domestic:
• John Brown- martyr for anti-slavery forces; killed pro-slavery person in Kansas
• Lincoln-Douglas debates
• Political/Legal:
• Dred Scott v. Sanford= slaves were considered to be property & couldn’t sue in federal courts
Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)Republican
• Domestic:
• Civil War
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Crittenden compromise – below 36’30 would be slave above would be free; Lincoln struck it down
• Freedmen‘s Bureau – education & land for blacks
• Political/Legal:
• Suspend civil liberties during war
Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)Democrat
• Economy:
• National Labor Union appears
• Foreign Policy:
• Seward buys Alaska
• Political/Legal:
• 13th Amendment (free slaves)
• 14th Amendment (citizenship)
• Impeached but acquitted in Senate
Ulysses Grant (1869-1877)Republican
• Economy:
• Panic of 1873 – RR speculation
• Resumption Act – redeem govt loans in hard currency (step away from bimetallism)
• Domestic:
• Political corruption (Credit Mobilier scandal, Tweed Ring, Whiskey Ring)
• Freedmen‘s Bureau expires
• Political/Legal:
• 15th Am. (voting)
• Force acts (guarantee voting for blacks)
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 (full and equal accomodations, ruled unconstitutional by SC)
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1841)Republican
• Economy:
• Bland-Allison Act– Treasury buys silver & makes silver dollars (continued bimetallism)
• Domestic:
• Hayes-Tilden standoff--> Compromise of 1877= end of military reconstruction for Hayes victory
• Desert Land Act – gave land to those who would irrigate for 3 years
James Garfield (1881-1881) Republican
• Assassinated by “deranged office seeker,” led to Pendleton Act
Chester Arthur (1881-1885)Republican
• Economy:Tariff of 1875- continued protectionist
principles
• Foreign Policy:
• Chinese Exclusion Act
• Political/Legal:
• Pendleton Act (led to downfall of patronage)
Grover Cleveland (part 1: 1885-1889)
Democrat
• Economy:
• Interstate Commerce Act – rein in RRs (but commissioners were all RR people, so nothing happened)
• Knights of Labor dissolved
• Foreign Policy:
• Dawes Severalty Act – largely destroys Indian govts
• Political/Legal:
• Wabash case – defeat for populists who wanted to control railways
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)Republican
• Economy:
• McKinley Tariff – highest tariff in American history until then (48%)
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act – prohibited combinaitons in restraint of trade ... Would be used to target unions though
• Foreign Policy:
• Pan-American conference – worked w/Latin America to establish treaties on trade
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)Republican-- [continued]
• Domestic:
• “Billion Dollar Congress“
• Frontier line disappears
• Pension Act 1890 – gave money to veterans (too much money coming in)
• Hull House – helped immigrants
• US Forest Service est. by Forest Reserve Act
• Political/Legal:
• Populists organized
Grover Cleveland (part 2: 1893-1897)
Democrat• Economy:
• Panic of 1893 (blamed on Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which would be repealed)
• Foreign Policy:
• Hawaii revolts, but Cleveland refuses to annex
• Domestic:
• Labor unrest (Pullman strike)
• Political/Legal:
• Plessy v. Ferguson – “separate but equal“
William McKinley (1897-1901) Republican
•Economy:
• Gold Standard Act – stopped bimetallism
•Foreign Policy:
• USS Maine sunk
• Imperialism
• Open Door note
•Domestic:
• Yellow journalism (hyped Maine)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)Republican
• Economy:
• Northern Securities case – he didn‘t want trusts out of control
• Panic of 1907 („Roosevelt Panic“)
• Foreign Policy:
• Panama Canal
• Expansionism – Platt Amendment (Cubans got independence in name only)
• Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick)
Theodore Roosevelt (cont.)
• Domestic:
• 3 C‘s– conservation, consumer, corporations
• Hepburn Act – no free passes & strengthens ICC
• Regulations: Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act
• Political/Legal:
• Lochner v. New York- can‘t limit # of working hrs
• Gentlemen‘s Agreement w/Japan
• Muller v. Oregon – women‘s working hrs can be restricted
William H. TaftRepublican
• Economy:
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff– Taft didn‘t lower tariffs
• US Steel prosecution- angered TR
• Foreign Policy:
• Dollar diplomacy
• Domestic:
• NAACP forms
• Ballinger-Pinchot Affair – disagreement between TR & Taft
Woodrow WilsonDemocrat
• Economy:
• Underwood Tariff– lowered tariff
• Federal Reserve Act
• Clayton Antitrust Act– outlawed price discrimination, allowed labor unions
• FTC established
• LaFollette Seamen’s Act
• Worker’s Compensation Act
• Adamson’s Act- 8 hr workday for interstate RR workers (same wages as 10 hr day)
• Keating-Owens Act– federal child labor law
• War Revenue Act– graduated income tax
Woodrow WilsonDemocrat
• Foreign policy:
• Tries to stay out of WWI
• Russian Rev. (US doesn’t recognize for 16 years)
• Treaty of Versailles– Fourteen Points
• League of Nations
• Red Scare– Sacco & Vanzetti
Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)• Domestic
• Triple Wall of Privilege (tarriff, banks, trusts)
• Selective Service Act– WWI draft
• War Industries Board– took control of war industries
• Harlem Renaissance
• Political/legal
• 16th Amendment- income tax
• 17th Amendment- direct election of senators
• Appoints Jew to Supreme Court
• Schenck v. US– 1st Am. restricted during war
• 18th Amendment- prohibition
• 19th Amendment- woman suffrage
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Warren G. HardingRepublican
•Economic:
• Fordney-McCumber tariff– blatantly protective tariff
•Foreign Policy:
• Separate peace w/ Germany
•Domestic:
• Veterans Bureau
• Emergency Quota Act
• Scandals: Teapot Dome, Veteran Bureau
• KKK revived
Calvin CoolidgeRepublican
• Foreign Policy
• Kellogg-Briand Pact– outlaws war
• Domestic
• Snyder Act of 1924- American Indians get citizenship
• Immigration Act of 1924- similar to Emergency Quota Act
• Political/ legal
• Scopes trial- evolution trial
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Republican• Economy
• Stock market crash
• Reconstruction Finance Corporation- gave loans to businesses (trickle-down)
• Norris LaGuardia Anti-Injection Act- no yellow-dog contracts
• Foreign Policy
• Debt Moratorium- slowed repayment on loans from European nations
• Domestic
• Bonus Army– veterans march on Washington, dispersed by military force
Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1945) Democrat• Economy:
• Hundred Days Congress
• TVA
• Agricultural Adjustment Act (paid to not grow crops)
• Bank holiday
• Good Neighbor policy- stopped armed intervention in Latin America
• Civilian Conservation Corps- young men work in forest, send earnings to family
• Federal Emergency Relief Act- direct $ to civilians
• …
Franklin Roosevelt
• Economy (continued)
• Indian Reorganization Act– more pol. & eco. Freedom
• National Housing Act- fed. Housing administration, homes for cheap
• Works Progress Administration- provided $ for public works
• Wagner Act- National Labor Relations Board est.
• Social Security- pay money to retired people
• Fair Labor Standards Act- minimum wage & maximum hours
Franklin Roosevelt
• Foreign Policy
• Neutrality Acts
• Munich Conference- appeases Germany
• Cash & carry
• Lend-lease Act
• Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact
• Atlantic Charter (if US enters war, Europe would be first)
• Tehran conference- “Big Three” meet, open 2nd front in Europe
Franklin Roosevelt
• Domestic
• GI Bill
• Fair Employment Practices Commission- no discrimination in war industry
• War Production Board (WPB)- controlled production
Franklin Roosevelt
• Political/Legal
• 20th Amendment- shortens lame duck period
• 21st Amendment- prohibition ends
• “court-packing”- no messing w/SC
• Korematsu v. US- internment legal
Harry Truman (1945-1953)Democrat
• Economy
• Employment Act- fed. govt. responsible for economy
• Taft-Hartley Act- no closed shop (can’t be forced to join union)
• Fair Deal
• Foreign Policy
• Potsdam Conference- expanded on Yalta conference
• Nuremburg Trials- warcrime trial
• Churchill’s Iron Curtain
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Containment policy
• Berlin Airlift
• NATO (North Atlantic TREATY Organization, not trade)
Harry TrumanDemocrat
• Domestic
• National Security Act- coordinates wartime intelligence
• Armed forces desegregate
• Political/Legal
• Fear of communism
• Alger Hiss
• Rosenbergs
• McCarthyism
• 22nd Amendment– 2 terms
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)Republican
• Economy
• Landrum-Griffin Act- limited union boycotting
• National highways
• Foreign Policy
• Korean war armistice
• Domino theory
• Geneva Summit (“open skies”- ignored)
• Hungarian revolution failed
• Suez crisis intervention in Middle East
• Sputnik
Dwight D. EisenhowerRepublican
• Domestic
• Civil rights: Montgomery Bus Boycott, Little Rock integrated, SCLC & SNCC est., lunch counter sit ins
• Alaska & Hawaii become states
• Political/legal
• Brown v. Board- “separate is inherently unequal”
John F. KennedyDemocrat
• Foreign Policy (Cold War)
• Berlin Wall constructed
• Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis
• Alliance for Progress– Marshall Plan for Latin America
• Trade Expansion Act- led to lower tariffs between Europe & US
• Peace Corps founded
John F. KennedyDemocrat
• Domestic
• Civil Rights: Freedom Riders, March on Washington
• Political/legal
• 23rd Amendment– DC gets 3 electoral college votes
Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocrat
• Economy
• Great Society- fought poverty & racial injustice
• War on Poverty, Social Security Act, Medicare & Medicaid
• Foreign Policy
• Vietnam
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Paris Peace Talks
• Tet offensive
Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocrat
• Domestic
• Civil Rights Acts
• Political/legal
• 24th Amendment- no poll taxes
• Miranda case (Miranda v. Arizona)
• 25th Amendment– presidential succession
• First black on Supreme Court
Richard NixonRepublican
• Economy
• OPEC embargo
• Alaskan pipeline
• Foreign Policy
• Détente
• SALT
• Opens relationship w/China
• Ceasefire in Vietnam
• Moon landing
Richard NixonRepublican
• Domestic
• Environment- Clean Air Act, EPA
• Watergate
• Political/legal
• War Powers Act- President couldn’t send troops w/o approval
• 26th Amendment– 18 to vote
Jimmy CarterDemocrat
• Economy
• Energy Department (due to OPEC)
• Foreign Policy
• Camp David between Egypt & Israel
• Panama Canal treaty– US will return it
• SALT II
• Iran Hostage Crisis
• USSR invades Afghanistan
• Political/legal
• Pardons draft evaders in Vietnam War
Ronald ReaganRepublican
• Economy
• “Reaganomics” tax cut (tried to decrease size of govt)
• Stock Market plunge, 1987
• Foreign Policy
• Hostages released
• SDI initiative- outspend USSR
• Meets w/Gorbachev
• Domestic
• Iran-Contra scandal
• Political/legal
• 1st woman justice
George Bush, Sr.republican
• Economy
• Americans with Disabilities act
• Foreign Policy
• Gulf war
• Berlin Wall falls- Germans united
• USSR disintegrates
• Domestic
• War on Drugs
• Political/legal
• 27th Amendment- congressional pay raises take effect for next round of senators
Bill ClintonDemocrat
• Economy
• Welfare reform
• Foreign Policy
• NAFTA signed
• EU created
• Domestic
• WTC bombed
George W. Bush
• 9/11/2001– attack on WTC, the Pentagon, & thwarted flight against the White House
• 3,000 Americans killed
• Created Dept. of Homeland Security
• Sent American forces into Afghanistan to break up Taliban
• Most controversial act= invasion of Iraq
• To capture Saddam Hussein
• Hurricane Katrina (2005)