8/16/2019 U.S. Patent 2,096,106, entitled "Transforming pressure variations into electrical variations" issued 1937.
1/9
Oct. 1 9 , 1937. A . GUERBILSKY 2,096,106
METHOD
AND APPARATUS
FOR TRANSFORMING
PRESSURE
VARIATIONS INTO ELECTRICKL VARIATIONS
Filed May
16, 1 9 5 3 ; ? ~ _ - - 4 Sheets-Sheet
1
F i g . 1
,6
In enzovqs
8/16/2019 U.S. Patent 2,096,106, entitled "Transforming pressure variations into electrical variations" issued 1937.
2/9
Oct. 19, 1937.
-
‘ A . GIUERBILSKY ~ 2,096,106
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSFORMING PRESSURE
VARIATIONS I N T O ELECTRLCAL VARIATIONS
Filed
May 1 6 , 1 9 5 3 4 Sheets-Sheet 2
1 7 1 9 . 3
E l l ?
M 5 ?
8/16/2019 U.S. Patent 2,096,106, entitled "Transforming pressure variations into electrical variations" issued 1937.
3/9
8/16/2019 U.S. Patent 2,096,106, entitled "Transforming pressure variations into electrical variations" issued 1937.
4/9
O c t . 1 9 , 1 9 3 7 .
A .
GU-ERBILSKY
2,096,106
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSFORMING PRESSURE
V A R I A T I O N S I N T O ‘ E L E C T R I C A L V A H I A T L O NS
Filed May 1 6 ,
7 1 9 3 3 4
Sheets-Sheet
4
8/16/2019 U.S. Patent 2,096,106, entitled "Transforming pressure variations into electrical variations" issued 1937.
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P a t e n t e d
O c t .
19,
1 9 3 7
U N I T E D
S T A T E S
s n a r e s
2 , 6 9 6 , 1 0 6
‘ P A T E N T
O F F I C E
_METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANS
FORMING PRESSURE
V A B I A TI O N S I N T O
ELECTRICAL VARIATIONS
A l e x i s G u e r b i l s k y , P a r i s , F r a n c e
A p p l i c a t i o n May 1 c , 1 9 3 3 , S e r i a l
N o .
6 7 1 , 3 2 7
,
In Belgium
May 1 8 ,
1932
4
C l a i m s . ( 0 1 . 119-10014)
My n v e n t i o n r e l a t e s t o methods and
a p p a r a t u s m o d i f i c a t i o n s ‘
o f t h e s e - o s c i l l a t i o n s . - : T h e s e modi?-
i n
which
pressure
v a r i a t i o n s are transformed i n t o
e l e c t r i c
v a r i a t i o n s ,
e i t h e r f o r
measurement,
o b
s e r v a t i o n , o r
r e c o r d i n g
p u r p o s e s , or
i n
o r d e r
t o
o p e r a t e
c e r t a i n
a p p a r a t u s r e s p o n s i v e t o s a i d p r e s
sure v a r i a t i o n s .
The c h i e f
o b j e c t
o f my
n v e n t i o n
i s t o
p r o v i d e
_a
method and apparatus
o f : t h e kind above r e
‘ f e r r e d
t o by means o f
which
the v a r i a t i o n s o f
pressure are
transformed
into variations
o f
an
e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t p e r m i t t i n g a c c u r a t e measure
G I
‘
ment,
observation,
o r
recording of
the
pressure, ‘
o r e ? l c i e n t action o n
the apparatus
t o
be con
trolled b y said pressure.
To
t h i s e f f e c t ,
a c c o r d i n g t o
my i n v e n t i o n .
I
v i c e ,
i n
t h e ? e l d pro duced by an e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t ,
tuned to resonance
w i t h .
t h e
c r y s t a l ,
s o
t h a t s a i d
c r y s t a l , o r
e q u i v a l e n t
d e v i c e v i b r a t e s ,
and
I
then
a p p l y t o one
o r s e v e r a l
f a c e s o f
s a i d
c r y s t a l t h e
p r e s s u r e ' t h a t
i s ' t o
be
measured,
o b s e r v e d , o r
r e c o r d e d , o r
t h a t
i s
t o
c o n t r o l t h e o p e r a t i o n ‘
o f
a
g i v e n
a p p a r a t u s . I
then u t i l i z e
t h e ‘ .
v a r i a t i o n s
t h a t
t a k e p l a c e i n
t h e c u r r e n t
o f s a i d c i r c u i t
o r
o f
another
c i r c u i t c o u p l e d with
t h e
‘ c r y s t a l
o r
2 5
e q u i v a l e n t d e v i c e i n
consequence
o f t h e
v a r i a t i o n s
o f t h e p r e s s u r e , e i t h e r d i r e c t l y
o r
i n d i r e c t l y ,
f o r
m e a s u r i n g , o b s e r v i n g , o r
r e c o r d i n g s a i d v a r i a
t i o n s
o f p r e s s u r e , . o r f o r o p e r a t i n g
t h e a p p a r a t u s
20
t h a t
i s t o
w o r k
i n
accordance
with s a i d
v a r i a t i o n s
so o f
p r e s s u r e .
T h e ’
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l may b e
mounted i n ‘
d i f f e r e n t
ways
in
the
e l e c t r i c c i r c u i t .
F o r
in
s t a n c e , a c c o r d i n g
t o
an embodiment o f my
i n
v e n t i o n , i t i s s o arranged a s t o
be
a b l e t o a b s o r b ,
3 5
when i t i s
s e t
i n v i b r a t i o n , a
c e r t a i n
p o r t i o n o f
the energy o f the
c i r c u i t i n which
i t
i s inserted,
In t h i s
w a y ,
‘ w h e n ,
t h e
v i b r a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s o f
the
c r y s t a l
are
modi?ed, as a consequence
o f
a
v a r i a t i o n o f t h e
p r e s s u r e
t o
which t i s s u b j e c t e d ,
t h e
p o r t i o n o f
the e n e r g y
o f t h e ~
c i r c u i t t h a t i s
a b s o r b e d by t h e v i b r a t i o n o f t h e c r y s t a l v a r i e s ,
‘ a n d t h e r e f o r e the energy
a v a i l a b l e i n
the c i r c u i t
a l s o v a r i e s . I t
s u f f i c e s
t o
u t i l i z e the v a r i a t i o n s
o f
c u r r e n t t h a t
a r e
thus pro dui
d ,
through any s u i t
4 5 / a b l e m e t h o d s ,
s u c h , f o r i n s t a n c e , as
a r e
a l r e a d y
k n o w n
t o those
s k i l l e d
i n
the a r t f o r t h i s p u r p o s e ,
f o r measuring, o b s e r v i n g , o r
r e c o r d i n g t h e v a r i a
t i o n s o f p r e s s u r e ,
o r
again
f o r c o n t r o l l i n g c e r t a i n
apparatus t h a t
a r e t o
w o r k ‘ r e s p o n s i v e
t o
s a i d
' 5 0 variations of p ressure. ,
The
c r y s t a l
may a l s o ,
a c c o r d i n g v t o
a n o t h e r
embodiment
o f my n v e n t i o n , be mounted i n the
c i r c u i t i n such manner~ as tosustain or s t a b i l i z e
the current o s c i l l a t i o n s s o that the v a r i a t i o n s
o f
5 5
p r e s s u r e t o
which t h e
c r y s t a l i s
s u b j e c t e d
produce
dispose
a
i e z o - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l ,
or
equivalent de-
c a t i o n s arethen
u t i l i z e d
f o r m e a s u r i n g , o b s e r v
i n g ,
e t c . ,
t h e
v a r i a t i o n s
o f
p r e s s u r e .
I t w i l l
be noted t h a t
i n
both c a s e s the c r y s t a l
i s
u t i l i z e d in such manner as to
act
o n the cur
rent
in a c i r c u i t s o a s ‘ t o modify the character
i s t i c s
o f s a i d c u r r e n t . This method p e r m i t s , o n
t h e
one
hand
t o o b t a i n measurements that a r e
very a c c u r a t e ,
and
o n the other
hand to s e t i n
o p e r a t i o n
q u a n t i t i e s o f
e l e c t r i c i t y
t h a t
a r e r e l a
t i v e l y l a r g e s o
t h a t the
a c t i o n s
or measurements
t h a t a r e o b t a i n e d can be u t i li z e d e a s i l y f o r prac
t i c a l purpms. This
s d i f f e r e n t
from what t a k e s
p l a c e i n
e x i s t i n g p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
dynamometers i n
which
t h e p r e s s u r e s a r e measured by t h e e l e c t r i c
‘ c h a r g e
p r o d u c e d
b y
t h e
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c ry s t a l a s
a
r e s u l t '
o f
i t s
b e i n g compressed
o r
expanded.
This
charge
s
always v e r y s m a l l
and
i s
very
d i f
? c u l t
t o
measure.
Furthermore,
when
i t i s
de
s i r e d t o measure a
continuous
presure,
the
charge produced
a s
a r e s u l t
o f s a i d p r e s s u r e
does
n o t r e m a i n , due t o
t h e
i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f
o b t a i n i n g
a
p e r f e c t i n s u l a t i o n , which
makes
measurements
still
more
ifficult. a - '
Another
o b j e c t o f
my
i n v e n t i o n
i s toprovide
a
microphone working
o n the p r i n c i p l e
above
e x p l a i n e d
and i n
which t h e p r e s s u r e s t h a t a c t
on t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l
a r e produced by
the
soundwaves.
.
1 0
20
25
S t i l l a n o t h e r o b j e c t
o f
my
n v e n t i o n
i s t o p r o - ~
v i d e a d e v i c e f o r reproducing
sounds
recorded on
a
ph on og ra ph ic disc
o r any other
sound
record,
this
device
forming
a
pick-up
in
which
the
pres
sures that are intended t o operate e sound
r e p r o d u c i n g
s y s t e m
a r e p r o d u c e d by
t h e
d i s p l a c e
ment
o f t h e n e e d l e o f t h e pick-up i n
the
g r o o v e
of
a phonographic
record.
‘
This
d e v i c e
e s s e n t i a l l y comprises
a p i e z o - e l e c
t r i c
c r y s t a l ( p r e f e r a b l y
q u a r t z )
adapted t o
v i
brate in an
e l e c t r i c
c i r c u i t
tuned
t o
resonance
with
t h e
n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f
t h e c r y s t a l .
The
30
40
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l
i s
placed and
arranged
i n
‘ s u c h manner
that
i t s
s u r f a c e i s subjected
t o
v a r i a t i o n s ‘ o f
p r e s s u r e when
the
n e e d l e
o f the
pick-up
runs i n t h e groove o f the phonographic
r e c o r d . These v a r i a t i o n s o f
p r e s s u r e
have f o r
t h e i r e f f e c t t o damp
t h e
v i b r a t i o n s
o f
t h e
c r y s t a l
and
t h e r e f o r e t o
produce c e r t a i n e i e c i r i c e f f e c t s .
The crystal
that
i s usedv w i l l preferably be of a
thickness that varies
over
i t s
surface
so as t o
resonate
f o r a frequency
band
corresponding a t
l e a s t to t w i c e the frequency band t o be
r e p r o
duced ‘ .
The
sound
r e p r o d u c i n g d e v i c e a c c o r d i n g
t o my
i n v e n t i o n
can
be
u t i l i z e d
not only with r e c o r d s
p r o v i d e d
with
g r o o v e s but a l s o with any o t h e r
4 . 5
55
8/16/2019 U.S. Patent 2,096,106, entitled "Transforming pressure variations into electrical variations" issued 1937.
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2
2,096,106
s y s t e m f o r o p e r a t i n g t h e p i c k - u p
e i t h e r
m e c h a n i
v c a l l y
o r
m a g n e t i c a l l y o r
i n ? a n y
o t h e r s u i t a b l e
way
, _
My n v e n t i o n i s
a l s o - i n t e n d e d
t o b e a p p l i e d t o
aerodynamic balances
o r
dynamometers, t o , ac
c e l e r o m e t e r s
e s p e c i a l l y
‘ a d a p t e d
t o b e u s e d
i n
v c o n n e c t i o n
with
a i r p l a n e s ,
t o apparatus
f o r
r e
ceiving
electro-sonorous
waves, e t c . . .
Another o b j e c t o f my
n v e n t i o n
i s t o
p r o v i d e
a
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l t h a t i s c a p a b l e
o f
v i b r a t i n g
at frequencies ranging‘ between r e l a t i v e l y wide
l i m i t s .
I t
i s well-known that an
ordinary
piezo
15
e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l i s
c a p a b l e
of
v i b r a t i n g o n l y
at
f r e q u e n c i e s
e q u a l ,
o r
n e a r l y e q u a l , t o i t s n a t u r a l
f r e q u e n c y o f v i br a t i o n . T h i s
i s
o f
c o u r s e
r a t h e r
a hindrance f o r t h e working o f t h e method and
apparatus above r e f e r r e d t o .
-
s t i l l greater di?iculty in the case of a piezo-elec
20
25
t r i c
c r y s t a l
used f o r recording sounds o n a
?lm
through t h e
s o - c a l l e d
“ v a r i a b l e
d e n s i t y "
meth
o d . In t h i s c a s e ,
the c r y s t a l
through
which
‘ p a s s e s
t h e
l i g h t
beam
t h a t
i s
t o s e n s i t i z e t h e
?lm
i s i n s e r t e d i n a h i g h f r e q u e n c y a l t e r n a t i n g
? e l d
adapted
t o
cause s a i d c r y s t a l
t o
r e s o n a t e .
a t
low frequency
i n
accor dance with the i n t e n
. s i t i e s
o f the sounds t o be recor ded
so that
the
30
( . 0 C r
40
r e s u l t i n g v a r i a t i o n s i n
t h e a m p l i t u d e
o f v i b r a t i o n
o f t h e
c r y s t a l
may
modulate
a c c o r d i n g l y t h e i n
t e n s i t y o f t h e
l i g h t
beam t h a t p a s s e s
t h e r e
through.
I t
i s known
that i n t h i s
case
the
?xed
high
f r e q u e n c y i s
r e p l a c e d
by
a
f r e q u e n c y b a n d ,
due t o
s i d e f r e q u e n c ie s , s o t h a t ,
i n
order t o ob
t a i n a
good r e s u l t ,
t h e c r y s t a l s h o u l d
be
c a p a b l e
. o f v i b r a t i n g v f o r ‘ a ‘ f r e q u e n c y band, which i s n o t
t h e c a s e f o r an
ordinary
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l .
In
o r d e r
t o
a v o i d
t h i s
drawback,
a c c o r d i n g
t o
my
i n v e n t i o n , t h e c r y s t a l i s c u t
i n
such manner
that i t comp rises zones or s e r i e s o f z o n e s , capable
o f being
s e t
in resonance v i b r a t i o n f o r
a l l
the
frequencies included
i n
the frequency band that
4 . 5
55
7 5
is
considered. _ v
For
i n s t a n c e ,
a c c o r d i n g t o
an
embodiment o f
my
i n v e n t i o n , t h e - \ p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l c o n s i s t s
o f
a prism having two o p p o s i t e
f a c e s i n c l i n e d
with r e s p e c t
t o
each o t h e r and t r a n s v e r s a l l y d i s
p o s e d ( s u b s t a n t i a l l y
a t r i g h t
a n g l e s ) t o ‘ t h e e l e c
t r i c
? e l d ,
t h e
d i r e c t i o n o f the
l i g h t r a y s b e i n g l o
cated i n
a
planesubstantially
a t r i g h t
a n g l e s
t o
s a i d two
f a c e s
between s a i d two f a c e s .
These and other objects of my nvention w i l l
b e
h e r e i n a f t e r
d i s c l o s e d
i n
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
d e t a i l e d
d e s c r i p t i o n
o f p r e f e r r e d embodiments o f my i n
v e n t i o n
with
r e f e r e n c e t o t h e accompanying
d r a w i n g s , g i v e n m e r e l y ’ b y ‘ w a y o f e x a m p l e , and
in
which: I i ’
F i g . 1 i s a diagrammatical
view
showing a d e
v i c e
according
t o my
n v e n t i o n i n which the c r y s
t a l
absorbs a portion o f the energy of an e l e c t r i c
circuit; _
F i g . ‘ 2
s h o w s a n o t h e r
embodiment i n
which
t h e ‘ c r y s t a l m a i n t a i n s
t h e
e l e c t r i c o s c i l l a t i o n s i n
’ a
c i r c u i t ;
F i g . 3
i s
a d i a g r a m m a t i c a l v i e w o r s t i l l a n
o t h e r
embodiment o f
t h e d e v i c e according t o my
invention; ‘
F i g .
4
i s a
f r o n t
view o f a
microphone
accord
ing to my invention}
/
F i g .
5 i s
a
view
o f ‘ t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l
used
i n
said
microphone;
1 '
F i g .
6
i s a v e r t i c a l
s e c t i o n a l
view
o f a pick-up
according to my nvention;
F i g . ' 7
i s
a s i m i l a r view o f
another
embodiment
of a pick-up according
to my
invention;
F i g . 8 ' i s
a
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l c u t i n s u c h
It
i s a
s our ce
of
The
i n t e n s i t y o f
t h e
h i g h
f r e q u e n c y ? e l d i s m o d u l a t e d
manner as t o f orm the needle o f
a
pick-up ac
cording
to
my nvention; .
F i g . 9
i s
a p e r s p e c t i v e view
o f
another
p i e z o
e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l
adapted t o form
t h e
n e e d l e o f
a
pick-up; - _ r .
F i g .
1 0 i s a s e c t i o n a l view
o f
another embodi
ment o f a pick-up accor ding
t o my n v e n t i o n ;
F i g . 11
i s a
perspective‘view of a piezo-electric
‘ c r y s t a l a c c o r d i n g
t o
my i n v e n t i o n ;
F i g .
1 2 i s a p e r s p e c t i v e
v i e w o f a n o t h e r
embodi
ment
o f
t h e
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l ;
F i g . 1 3 i s
a p e r s p e c t i v e
view o f s t i l l another
embodiment o f t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l
s i m i l a r
t o t h a t o f F i g . - 3 , b u t
w i t h
i t s o p t i c a l a x i s d i s
posed in
a
different
manner;
.
F i g .
1 4 i s
a curve
i l l u s t r a t i n g the
phenomenons
t h a t
occur
i n
the
c r y s t a l o f F i g s . 11, 1 2
and
1 3 . ‘
Referring t o
F i g .
1 ,
i t w i l l be
s e e n t h a t
the o s
c i l l a t o r y
c i r c u i t c o n s i s t s o f a r e a c t a n c e
c o i l
L 1
and
an a d j u s t a b l e
condenser
C 1 , t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s
i n s a i d
c i r c u i t b e i n g s e t up by a t h r e e - e l e c t r o d e
t u b e
_ A 1 .
The
c u r r e n t
i n
t h i s c i r c u i t
p r o d u c e s
i n
d u c t i v e l y
an
o s c i l l a t i n g
c u r r e n t i n the
second
c i r
1 5
2 0
c u i t adapted to be tuned
t o
resonance
therewith
‘
and c o n s i s t i n g o f a reactance c o i l
L2
and an
ad
j u s t a b l e condenser C 2 .
o f
a p i e ' z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l Q ( p r e f e r a b l y
q u a r t z ) ,
p l a c e d between t w o armatures b and d , i s con
nected
t o
the t e r m i n a l s
o f
inductance c o i l L 2 .
Coil
L 2 ,
o r
at
least a
portion
thereof, i s
placed
'
i n the g r i d c i r c u i t o f detector tube A “ . When
condensers C 1 and C 1 2
a r e
a d j u s t e d insuch
man
ner that
the tw o above d e s c r i b e d c i r c u i t s a r e
tuned
t o resonance with
each other
so
that crys
t a l Q i b r a t e s , a c e r t a i n amount
o f the energy
i n
t h e c i r c u i t
o f
c o i l L 2 i s a b s o r b e d by
s a i d
v i b r a t i o n s .
A
c o n d e n s e r
c o n s i s t i n g
The
pressure
t o
be
measured
i s
applied/to
oppo-
s i t e
f a c e s
o f
s a i d c r y s t a l ,
and
w h e n ‘ s a i d p r e s s u r e
v a r i e s ,
t h e
amount
o f energy
absorbed by
t h e
c r y s t a l i s
v a r i e d and consequently t h e
mean
po
-
t e n t i a l
o f g r i d g and tube A2 i s
v a r i e d .
This pro
duces a
v a r i a t i o n o f the p l a t e c u r r e n t
o f
s a i d de
t e c t o r
tube
A2
w h i c h , may
be u t i l i z e d i n v a r i o u s
ways which
w i l l
be
h e r e i n a f t e r d e s c r i b e d
f o r
m e a s u r i n g ,
o b s e r v i n g ,
o r
r e c o r d i n g t h e
p r e s s u r e s
a c t i n g . o n c r y s t a l
Q , o r
f o r
o p e r a t i n g
c e r t a i n ap
40
paratus
in
accordance
with
variations of
s a i d
pressure. I .
In t h e embodiment o f F i g . 2 , a p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
, c r y s t a l
i s
inserted in
an
e l e c t r i c
c i r c u i t
so as
t o
s u s t a i n o r
s t a b i l i z e the o s c i l l a t i o n s
o f current in
s a i d
c i r c u i t .
, T h i s a r r a n g e m e n t
c o m p r i s e s
‘ a t h r e e - e l e c t r o d e
e l e c t r o n
t u b e A 3 , t o t h e p l a t e c i r c u i t
o f
which
there isconnected a
battery ‘ a n d
. a n
o s c i l l a t o r y
c i r c u i t
including
a reactance c o i l L3 and an
ad
j u s t a b l e condenser 0 3 .
. T h e g r i d c i r c u i t i n c l u d e s
a c o n d e n s e r c o n s i s t i n g o f a p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l
Q mounted betw een tw o armatures b and d . The
proper
n e g a t i v e
b i a s i s a p p l i e d t o the
g r i d
through
a
choke coil
K.
. _
The arrangement
d e s c r i b e d and
i l l u s t r a t e d
i n
' F i g . 2 i s a w e l l
kn o w n arrangement and
can be
r e p l a c e d
by any o t h e r s u i t a b l e a r r a n g e m e n t , t h e
f u n c t i o n o f .
condenser b ,
q and
d
b e i n g t o
s u s t a i n
h i g h
f r e q u e n c y o s c i l l a t i o n s and t h e c i r c u i t L 3 , C 3 .
hen
h e
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l
Q
s s u b j e c t e d t o
. a
c e r t a i n p r e s s u r e ,
t h e
c u r r e n t i n
r e a c t a n c e c o i l
L3 v a r i e s .
These
v a r i a t i o n s
can
be u t i l i z e d e i t h e r
f o r
m e a s u r i n g , r e c o r d i n g ,
o r
o b s e r v i n g t h e p r e s ;
s u r e ,
o r f o r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e
working
o f any
de
sired apparatus.
.
I t
w i l l be
noted
t h a t ,
i n
both o f
the arrange
ments a b o v e d e s c r i b e d , c r y s t a l Q a s
n o n - p a r a l
l e l
o p p o s i t e
f a c e s , f o r
r e a s o n s t h a t w i l l
b e
h e r e i n
5 0
6 0
6 5
7 0
7 5
8/16/2019 U.S. Patent 2,096,106, entitled "Transforming pressure variations into electrical variations" issued 1937.
7/9
10
1 5
2 0 .
a f t e r e x p l a i n e d : However, i t
s h o u l d be
w e l l
un_
d e r s t o o d t h a t ‘ t h i s
i s n o t
a n e c e s s a r y
o f
,
mynvention. . Y
o n t h e
o t h e r - h a n d ,
t h e .
s u p p o r t
and
t h e arma
t u r e s o f _ t h e c r y s t a l may b e g i v e n ‘
any
s u i t a b l e
shape
and arrangement
w i t h o u t d e p a r t i n g - f r o m
the p r i n c i p l e
o f
my i n v e n t i o n .
The
armatures
may
f o r
i n s t a n c e
c o n s i s t o f m e t a l l i c ' p l a t e s ‘ o r
coatings
deposited
o n the surface o f the
c r y s t a l ,
which may,
f o r
i n s t a n c e - b e
s i l v e r e d . A l t e r n a t e
l y ,
t h e
c r y s t a l
might b e
r i g i d l y
c o n n e c t e d
t o
an
o t h e r
b o d y , f o r
i n s t a n c e a r e l a t i v e l y
t h i c k
m e t a l
p l a t e d i r e c t l y
s u b j e c t e d ' t o
t h e v a r i a t i o n s o f p r e s
sure '
The v a r i at i o n s o f t h e h i g h f r e q u e n c y c u r r e n t
that
are
obtained as ‘ a consequence
o f
the varia
tions o f pressure
o n
one o r more
faces
of
the
c r y s t a l maybe u t i l i z e d e i t h e r d i r e c t l y o r a f t e r d e
t e c t i o n . T h u s , f o r
i n s t a n c e ,
h i g h f r e q u e n c y c u r ‘
r e n t s
t h e
a m p l i t u d e s o f which
vary
a t
low
f r e
quency, as i t i s the
case
in
a
microphone
or a
p i c k - u p ,
can
b e u t i l i z e d d i r e c t l y , w i t h o u t
d e t e c
t i o n .
I n
t h i s c a s e
s a i d h i g h f r e q u e n c y
c u r r e n t s
may be
d i r e c t l y u t i l i z e d
f o r e m i t t i n g
e l e c t r o - m a g
n e t
w a v e s . Such
a
d e v i c e
would
be
c o n s t i t u t e d
by
t h e
arrangement
o f
F i g .
2
i n
which an
anten
na would
b e
coupled-with
c o i l L 3 . ‘
30
40
t u b e .
On
the other hand, highfrequency currents
t h e
a m p l i t u d e s o f w h i c h - v a r y a t l o w f r e q u e n c y ,
as
i n a microphone
or
a
pick-up,
may
be caused
‘ t o a c t
on a
d e t e c t o r , the c u r r e n t t h a t i s
u t i l i z e d
b e i n g thenthe d e t e c t e d c u r r e n t .
I t s h o u l d
a l s o b e
w e l l u n d e r s t o o d t h a t
t h e d e
t e c t o r i s n o t
n e c e s s a r i l y
a
t h r e e - e l e c t r o d e
e l e c t r o n
F o r i n s t a n c e , i n
t h e
c i r c u i t s a b o v e d e
s c r i b e d ,
t h e t h r e e
e l e c t r o d e
t u b e might b e r e
. placed b y a diode tube or any
other equivalent
d e v i c e .
‘ B y way o f
e x a m p l e , a P h i l i p s ‘
" b i n o d e ”
tube
might ‘ b e
substituted
f o r the three e l e c t r o d e
’
tuba. - _ .
In
a -
g e n e r a l
way,
any
c i r c u i t , , o r
combination
> o f
c i r c u i t s ,
t h a t
i s c a p a b l e o f s e t t i n g
t h e p i e z o
e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l i n v i b r a t i o n s o t h a t v a r i a t i o n s
in the
characteristics
o f , an electric current are
45 produced i n consequence o f v a r i a t i o n s o f p r e s
~
sure exerted
o n the crystal
can be
u t i l i z e d accord
v 5 0 '
6 0
i n g
tomy n v e n t i o n , t h e e x a m p l e s a b o v e d e s c r i b e d
h a v i n g b e e n g i v e n m e r e l y b y - way
o f
e x a m p l e .
B e s i d e s ,
t h e
r e s o n a t i n g
e l e m e n t s u b j e c t e d t o
the
a c t i o n o f
a p r e s s u r e
t o be measured,
o b s e r v e d ,
o r ' r e c o r d e d o r
intended
t o c o n t r o l t h e working
o f a g i v e n
a p p a r a t u s .
i s not n e c e s s a r i l y a p i e z o
e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l .
I t
may, ‘ f o r i n s t a n c e , according
t o
my i n v e n t i o n , c o n s i s t
o f a magneto-striction
d e v i c e , a s
shown
i n
F i g . 3 . The
c i r c u i t
shown
i n
t h i s ‘ f i g u r e
i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f
F i g .
1 . H o w e v e r ,
L " . A magnetic
c o r e
t i s
p l a c e d i n t h e
magnetic
? e l d
and t h e p r e s s u r e
t o
b e
m e a s u r e d ,
o b s e r v e d ,
o r recorded o r intended
t o
c o n t r o l
t h e working
o f
a given apparatus i s applied
t o s a i d
core .
I t
w i l l
be
noted
t h a t i n
F i g .
3 , I have replaced
the three e l e c t r o d e
tube AI o f the
embodiment
o f
65
7 0
7 5
F i g .
1
by
a
P h i l i p s “ b i n o d e ”
t u b e
o f
a _ kn o w n
t y p e ,
i n
o r d e r
t o
show
t h a t
t h e examples g i v e n
a r e
sub
j e c t
t o many m o d i ? c a t i o n s
w i t h o u t
d e p a r t i n g
f r om the
principle
of
my
n v e n t i o n . /
I n F i g s .
4
and
5 , I have
shown a
microphone
according
to
my
nvention.
I t comprises a rigid
_ r i n g 1 ' , made for
instanceof
m e t a l , t o which a
~ p i e z o s - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l
Q
( q u a r t z p r e f e r a b l y )
i s
e l a s t i c a l l y connected i n a c e n t r a l
p o s i t i o n , f o r i n
s t a n c e v b y means
of
f o u r s p r i n g s s . The o p p o s i t e ;
f a c e s o f
c r y s t a l Q h a t a r e
l o c a t e d
i n
p l a n e s s u b
8 , 0 9 6 , 1 0 6
3
s t a n t i a l l y
p a r a l l e l
t o
t h e
p l a n e o f r i n g
1 '
a r e p r o
v i d e d w i t h
m e t a l l i c
a r m a t u r e s ,
f o r
i n s t a n c e t h i n
c o a t i n g s o f
s i l v e r
o r ‘
any
other s u i t a b l e m e t a l .
T w o
c l i p s
u ‘ i t 2 each c o m p r i s i n g a
m e t a l l i c
branch
( l 1
I I r e s p e c t i v e l y ) and
an i n s u l a t i n g branch ( 9 ,
i ‘
. r e s p e c t i v e l y ) are f i x e d t o said
c r y s t a l
Q n such
manner that
m e t a l l i c branch 1 1
i s
i n contact
with
one o f
the
s i l v e r e d f a c e s o f
t h e
c r y s t a l w h i l e
the
other one
P
s i n contact with
the other
s i l v e r e d
face
of the
c r y s t a l . These br anches
1 1 P
are
con
n e c t e d
t h r o u g h
w i r e s
e
1 '
r e s p e c t i v e l y t o
t e r m i n a l s
0 h
which
are connected to
a
s u i t a b l e
c i r c u i t such
a s the one shown i n e i t h e r o f F i g s . 1 and 2 in the
same
manner as
armatures
b and d i n said ? g
ures.
‘
has J u s t been d e s c r i b e d
i s
p a r t i c u l a r l y advan
t a g e o u s i n
t h a t
i t i s
symmetrical
and both o f i t s
faces are
operative.
'
I
w i l l
now d e s c r i b e examples o f pick-ups ac
c o r d i n g t o my n v e n t i o n .
A d v e r t i n g f i r s t
t o
F i g . 6 , a p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l ’
Q s p l a c e d between
two
armatures 2
and {Leon
nected by means o f lead
wires
4 and 5 with a s u i t
a b l e e l e c t r i c c i r c u i t f o r
i n s t a n c e
o f
one
o f
t h e
I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e ‘ m i c r o p h o n e t h a t
5
10.
1 5
25.
types
above
d e s c r i b e d . ‘
The
whole
i s
placed
i n
a
support 6 . The two a r m a t u r e s ‘ 2 and 3 a r e ap
p l i e d a g a i n s t t h e s u r f a c e
o f
t h e
c r y s t a l by
s p r i n g s
‘ I , 8 , 9 and
I 0
p l a c e d
i n
h o u s i n g s p r o v i d e d
i n sup
p o r t 6 ,
i n
such
manner
asto e l a s t i c a l l y a p p l y t h e
a r m a t u r e s a g a i n s t
t h e f a c e s
o f t h e
c r y s t a l .
Support 6
i s
c l o s e d a t i t s l o w e r part by an i n
s u l a t i n g
l i d
I I
?xed
f o r
i n s t a n c e
by ~means
o f
screws
I 2
and
I 3 .
This
l i d - i s
provided with
an
a p e r t u r e
I t
through
which p a s s e s armature
3 ,
t h e l o w e r p a r t o f
which
p r o j e c t s
from
t h e l i d and
a c t s a s
a
support I 5 _ f o r ‘ t h e n e e d l e I 8 , which
i s
clamped i n t h e
s u p p o r t i n
t h e u s u a l way
b y
means
o f
a screw
I ' I .
Whenneedle
I 6 runs
i n the groove o f the
r e c o r d ,
t h e
armature
3
which
i s
e l a s t i c a l l y
ap
p l i e d
a g a i n s t t h e
f a c e
o f c r y s t a l I , e x e r t s
on
the
l a t t e r a
p r e s s u r e that v a r i e s
according t o the
shape
o f t h e g r o o v e ,
and
t h e amplitude o f t h e
v i b r a t i o n s ofthe
c r y s t a l v a r i e s
a c c o r d i n g l y ,
t h u s
p r o d u c i n g
e l e c t r i c
v a r i a t i o n s i n
t h e c i r c u i t t o
w h i c h c r y s t a l Q ' i s c o n n e c t e d t h r o u g h
w i r e s
4
and .
30
40
45
t h e example
o f
F i g .
7 , s u p p o r t
6 ,
i s
made i n ‘ ?
the same manner a s i n the preceding embodi
m e n t . H o w e v e r ,
i n
t h i s
c a s e ,
i n d e p e n d e n t
n e e d l e
I
i s
d i s p e n s e d w i t h and
s
r e p l a c e d
by
t h e
c r y s t a l
i t s e l f the lower part o f which s c u t i n
such
man
.
ner as
to f o r m a . point
I 9
adapted t o r un in
the
g r o o v e s
o f
t h e phonographic r e c o r d . C r y s t a l Q
I , I
, i s
placed,
a s ’
in
the pr eceding
example,
between
the
piezo-electric crystal
i s
done
away
with
and
a
. c o l l L 4 i s . c o n n e c t e d
i n
s e r i e s
with
_ r e a c t a n c e
c o i l
two armatures
2
and
3 ,
which a r e
e l a s t i c a l l y ap
p l i e d a g a i n s t i t s f a c e s
by s p r i n g s ‘ I ,
8 , 9 , I 0 . Sup
port I
i s closed
by
l i d
i i
provided
with
an
open- Y
ing through
which
the point I 9
of crys
talQ; ' . ‘
7
. V
In
t h i s
embodiment
of my
n v e n t i o n ,
when t h e
e x t r e m i t y - l l o f t h e c r y s t a l runs i n
t h e
g r o o v e ,
t h e
p r e s s u r e t h a t
i s
e x e r t e d on
the
c r y s t a l v a r i e s
and
produces
theldesired
e f f e c t s .
I n t h e example o f F i g . 8 , t h e c r y s t a l ,
i n s t e a d
o f
b e i n g p l a c e d i n a d i r e c t i o n ‘ s u b s t a n t i a l l y a t r i g h t
a n g l e s t o t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e r e c o r d
t h a t
i s
p r o - Y
v i d e d with g r o o v e s , i s d i s p o s e d i n a d i r e c t i o n sub
s t a n t i a l l y p a r a l l e l t o . s a i d s u r f a c e .
I t
should be w e l l
understood
that with
such an
arrangement
o f ,
the
c r y s t a l ,
t h e n e e d l e
may
be
e i t h e r
independent
a s
shown i n
F i g .
6 and
a s
i t
w i l l
be
h e r e i n a f t e r e x p l a i n e d , or
i t
may
be
c u t
i n the mass
o f
c r y s t a l ‘ Q ,
thus
c o n s i s t i n g
o f
a
7 0
7 5
8/16/2019 U.S. Patent 2,096,106, entitled "Transforming pressure variations into electrical variations" issued 1937.
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' 1 0
1 5
20
25
30
.35
6 0
4
p o i n t ‘
2 8
adapted
t o
run i n t h e g r o o v e s o f t h e
r e c
ord. \
I n t h e example o f F i g .
8 ,
t h e f a c e s o f
t h e
c r y s t a l
are coated with metal s o
a s to
fo r m armatures
which
a r e connected
through w i r e s
2 9 and
3 0 t o
the
c i r c u i t i n
w h i c h - i s i n s e r t e d
t h e
c r y s t a l .
In
t h e
example o f F i g .
1 0 , t h e
c r y s t a l i s d i s
posed
p a r a l l e l l y
t o t h e
s u r f a c e o f
t h e r e c o r d p r o
v i d e d w i t h g r o o v e s . H o w e v e r , i n
t h i s
e x a m p l e ,
t h e a r m a t u r e s , i n s t e a d o f
v c o n s i s t i n g o f
m e t a l l i c
c o a t i n g s
‘ d e p o s i t e d
o n
t h e
f a c e s
o f
the
c r y s t a l ,
c o n s i s t o f metallic p lates 32
and
33 connected t o .
t h e
c i r c u i t
through w i r e s
3 %
and 3 5 .
The lower
p l a t e 3 3 forms
a support 3 6 f o r
an
independent
n e e d l e 3 1 ?xed i n s a i d s u p p o r t ,
i n
t h e u s u a l way,
b y means
of
a screw 3 8 .
F i g .
9
i s
a p e r s p e c t i v e view o f a c r y s t a l s i m i l a r
t o t h a t shown i n
F i g . 3
and a p o r t i o n
o f
which
forms t h e ‘ n e e d l e .
H o w e v e r , v
i n
t h i s
e x a m p l e ,
c r y s t a l
Q n s t e a d o f having i t s
f a c e s
c o a t e d
with
m e t a l ,
i s p l a c e d between
tw o armatures 3 9 and
4 0 connected
t o
t h e c i r c u i t
through w i r e s
t i
and
4 2 .
I t
should be w e l l understood t h a t t h e examples
t h a t have j u s t been
d e s c r i b e d
and i l l u s t r a t e d o n l y
.
show
some
possible
embodiments
of
the
device
a c c o r d i n g t o my
i n v e n t i o n . _
A r e a t number o f
o t h e r
embodiments may be
d e v i s e d a c c o r d i n g t o
my i n v e n t i o n ,
t h e c r y s t a l ,
t h e a r m a t u r e s , t h e mounting, t h e
s u p p o r t , e t c . ,
b e i n g
s u i t a b l y modi?ed w i t h o u t d e p a r t i n g from
the
spirit
o f my nvention. ‘
On
the o t h e r hand, the n e e d l e ,
which a s
above
s t a t e d , ‘may e i t h e r c o n s i s t o f
a
p o r t i o n o f the
c r y s t a l i t s e l f ,
or b e ‘ an
independent
p a r t ,
may.
a l s o i n
t h e
second c a s e ,
a c t
o n the c r y s t a l i n any
s u i t a b l e w a y . Thus, f o r i n s t a n c e , i n s t e a d o f be
ing c a r r i e d
by an
armature a p p l i e d a g a i n s t
t h e
f a c e
o f
t h e
c r y s t a l , a s i t ‘ h a s been
shown
and
i l l u s t r a t e d , i t may
a c t
o n the c r y s t a l i n d i r e c t l y
through
any
s u i t a b l e
t r a n s m i s s i o n .
F i n a l l y ,
I may u t i l i z e t h e v a r i a t i o n s
o f ‘
t h e ’
p r e s s u r e ‘ a p p l i e d t o t h e v i b r a t i n g c r y s t a l n o t f o r
m o d i f y i n g t h e
e l e c t r i c c i r c u i t
t h a t p r o d u c e s s a i d
v i b r a t i o n b u t d i r e c t l y , in view
o f
t h e
f a c t
t h a t
t h e r e e x i s t s
a s u r f a c e
( t h a t o f the c r y s t a l )
v i b r a t
i n g
a t high
f r e q u e n c y w i t h ' a m o d u l a t i o n
o f low
f r e q u e n c y . F o r ‘ i n s t a n c e , v s a i d s u r f a c e may be
m e c h a n i c a l l y
c o n n e c t e d t o
t h e
membrane o f any
o r d i n a r y microphone.
In
t h i s c a s e ,
t h e micro
phone c u r r e n t may e
o f high
f r e q u e n c y
modu-.
lated a t
low frequency.
.In
some
cases
due
t o
t h e i n e r t i a o f t h e
membrane,
o n l y t h e low f r e
q u e n c y
c u r r e n t
would s u b s i s t f o r p r a c t i c a l
pur
poses . '
T h e ‘ membrane i n q u e s t i o n might c o n s i s t o f
one
o f t h e f a c e s o f
the c r y s t a l i t s e l f .
,An
exam
p l e
o f an embodiment o f t h i s s i d e o f
our inven
tion w ould
be
the
following:
,
One
o f
the
f a c e s o f the c r y s t a l w i l l be con
nected t o
a
plate
o f
carbon or might be covered
i t s e l f with a l a y e r
o f
g r a p h i t e , and placed in
con-
t a c t with p a r t i c l e s o f
c a r b o n . I
would thus con
s t i t u t e a microphone o f the w e l l
k n o w n
carbon
t y p e working on
the
p r i n c i p l e o f my i n v e n t i o n .
,
One f the faces of the
c r y s t a l ‘ may
l s o c o n s t i
t u t e one_of the armatures o f an e l e c t r o - s t a t i c
o .
7 5
microphone.
,
The support o f the c r y s t a l
may
be g i v e n ; any
s u i t a b l e
s h a p e .
I t may f o r i n s t a n c e , c o n t a i n t h e
tuning
c i r c u i t o f
t h e c r y s t a l .
In t h i s
c a s e , t h i s
s u p p o r t
may
be
c o m p l e t e l y
c l o s e d ,
and
t h e
o u t e r
c o n n e c t i n g wires may
b e
c o m p l e t e l y d i s p e n s e d
j
A h i r d
i n t e r e s t i n g
a p p l i c a t i o n
o f my n v e n t i o n
2 , 0 9 6 , 1 0 6
c o n s i s t s
i n
a e r o d y n a m i c
b a l a n c e s
o r dynamome
t o r s
i n which
t h e element t h a t i s s u b j e c t e d t o t h e
p r e s s u r e o r t o the v a r i a t i o n s o f p r e s s u r e , i s ' a
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l
working on
t h e
p r i n c i p l e v
above described.
I
Another
a p p l i c a t i o n
o f
my i n v e n t i o n
c o n s i s t s
i n
an
a c c e l e r o m e t e r
a p p l i c a b l e
more e s p e c i a l l y to”
> airplanes and i n which the organ responsive to
a c c e l e r a t i o n s
i n c l u d e s a
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l
wor king on t h e
p r i n c i p l e
above
d e s c r i b e d .
This
l a t t e r
a p p a r a t u s
would
p r e f e r a b l y
b e "
combined
with
a
d e v i c e
f o r r e c o r d i n g t h e
maximums - o r
minimums
A n o t h e r
a p p l i c a t i o n
o f
my i n v e n t i o n i s t o
barometers.
_
The method a c c o r d i n g t o my
n v e n t i o n
might
a l s o
b e a p p l i e d t o
u l t r a - a u d i b l e
wave
r e c e i v i n g
a p p a r a t u s
i n
which t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c ‘ c r y s t a l a c t
ing
according
t o
the process above
described
a c t s
asa
e c e i v e r ,
or
both as
a r e c e i v e r
and
a trans
m i t t e r o f t h e u l t r a - a u d i b l e w a v e s . T h e s e ‘ appa
10
i s ’
2
ratus are m o r e particularly u t i l i z e d
in
water, ' f o r
instance for
soundin gsQ
In
any o f
t h e
above d e s c r i b e d embodiments o f
my i n v e n t i o n ,
t h e
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l , w h i c h ‘
p r e f e r a b l y
c o n s i s t s
o f
a
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
q u a r t z ,
may
b e
o f v a r i o u s shapes
and
a r r a n g e m e n t s . Thus,
s a i d c r y s t a l may, c o n t r a r y t o
what i s shown
i n
t h e d r a w i n g s ,
h a v e
p a r a l l e l o p p o s i t e
f a c e s .
Fur
t h e r , I
have
found t h a t in v i e w o f t h e f a c t t h a t
a
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l
‘ o f uniform t h i c k n e s s
i s
, . capable o f v i b r a t i n g only a t i t s natural f r e q u e n c y ,
i t
i s
p r e f e r a b l e t o
u s e
c r y s t a l s having a t h i c k n e s s
t h a t v a r i e s along t h e i r s u r f a c e s o t h a t t h e r e
i s
always a t h i c k n e s s o f
t h e
c r y s t a l t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s
t o any
e s i r e d
f r e q u e n c y w i t h i n a i c e r t a i n band o f
f r e q u e n c i e s . In t h i s way,
‘ t h e v i b r a t i o n s o f a
c r y s t a l can
be much
more
e a s i l y
modulated a s
a l r e a d y e x p l a i n e d
by me with r e f e r e n c e t o
o t h e r
a p p l i c a t i o n s
o f p i e z o - e l e c t r i c '
c r y s t a l s i n my
F r e n c h ‘ P a t e n t s
N o .
6 4 4 , 2 4 0 ,
6 9 6 , 8 1 7 , . - 7 1 1 , 6 6 l ,
‘ 7 2 6 , 8 5 0 . . I may l s o u t i l i z e a c r y s t a l
c u t i n
t h e
u s u a l
way
f o r r a d i o - e l e c t r i c a p p l i c a t i o n s .
On
t h e
o t h e r hand, the
p r e s s u r e
may be e x
‘ erted o n d i f f e r e n t
faces
of the c r y s t a l . ‘ I may or
i n s t a n c e , c a u s e the q u a r t z t o v i b r a t e i n
a
d i r e c t i o n
a t r i g h t
a n g l e s t o t h e e l e c t r i c and o p t i c a l
a x e s
and exert t he pressure o n
a
face at r i g h t angles
to said
direction.
' ' , . _
The
v a r i a t i o n
o f
t h e
t h i c k n e s s a l o n g t h e w h o l e
s u r f a c e
v o f
the c r y s t a l may
d i f f e r
according a s
the c a s e may b e . Thus,
i n
t h e
c a s e f o r i n s t a n c e
o f p r e s s u r e s t h a t
vary
very
r a p i d l y , I
may u t t h e
c r y s t a l
i n
such
manner
that t h e frequency band
w i t h i n which t h e
c r y s t a l can r e s o n a t e , ‘may be
e q u a l a t l e a s t
t o
t w i c e t h e band o f f r e q u e n c i e s
t o
2
3
3
4
be
observed,
measured
o r v
u t i l i z e d
for
c o n t r o l l i n g
c e r t a i n a p p a r a t u s . On
he
o t h e r hand, t h e
t h i c k
ness may be distributed in
‘ a
particular
way
in .
some
s p e c i a l c a s e s . Thus, i n
the c a s e
f o r i n s t a n c e
o f
modulated
p r e s s u r e s ,
i f i t
i s
d e s i r e d t o f a v o u r i z e .
high f r e q u e n c i e s o f
modulation, i t ma be ar
ranged that
t h e ' p a r t s o f
a
h i c k n e s s
that i s most
. d i ? ' e r e n t
from
t h e t h i c k n e s s ‘
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o
t h e
frequency o f
v i b r a t i o n
i n the absence o f a modu
l a t i o n , may be
the greater as
the
d i f f e r e n c e be- "
tween t h e g i v e n t h i c k n e s s and t h a t corresponding
t o s a i d
‘ f r e q u e n c y i n
the absence o f
a modulation,
isgreater _ ‘ ,
In F i g s . 1 1 t o 1 4 , I have shown some examples
o f
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l s i q u a r t z ) adapted t o v i
b r a t e
f o r
a w h o l e
band
o f f r e q u e n c i e s .
These c r y s t a l s s h a l l consist for i n s t a n c e : ( F i g .
l l )
o f a p l a t e o f quartz cut
i n thershape o f a
p r i s m h a v i n g a t r a p e z o i d a l b a s e , e i t h e r r e c t i l in e a r
6
6
7
0
5
0
0
5
0
8/16/2019 U.S. Patent 2,096,106, entitled "Transforming pressure variations into electrical variations" issued 1937.
9/9
9 096 106; ’
e r c u r v i l i n e a r , t h e t h i c k n e s s e s u a n d 2
( t h a t
i s
t o
s a y
t h e
l e n g t h s
o f
the
b a s e s
o f t h e
t r a p e z o i d t h a t
forms one o f t h e
b a s e s o f t h e
p r i s m ) d i f f e r i n g
_ from
each
other
by
a
value
that
depends
on the
1 0
2 0
t w o ‘maximum
and
minimum f r e q u e n c i e s
f o r
which
t h e c r y s t a l must b e c a p a b l e o f r e s o n a t i n g .
As already
explained,
the
provision
of a
crystal
adapted t o v i b r a t e
f o r a
wholeband
o f
f r e q u e n c i e s
i s p a r t i c u l a r l y
n e c e s s a r y when t h e
c r y s t a l s e r v e s
t o
modulate a
l i g h t
beam
r e s p o n s i v e
t o v a r i at i o n s
of the
?eld
i n
which
i t
v i b r a t e s .
In
t h i s c a s e ,
i t
, i s
important t h a t
t h e
l i g h t beam
should be p a r a l l e l
t o arrow F . The d i r e c t i o n o f t h e
? e l d
i s
shown
by
arrow
G.
In
a t h i n
p i e z o - e l e c t r i c p l a t e having
i t s
f a c e s
s l i g h t l y
i n c l i n e d w i t h r e s p e c t
t o
each
o t h e r
and
v i b r a t i n g i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f i t s t h i c k n e s s , t h a t i s
t o say i n the d i r e c t i o n o f
edges 1 . and v
i n
a
c r y s t a l
a s
shown
i n
F i g .
1 1 theresometimes
e x i s t s a
c e r
t a i n z o n e
o f l o c a l i z e d v i b r a t i o n s r e s u l t i ng
from
the pro pagation o f waves i n the
d i r e c t i o n
u and v .
In
the application
of the
crystals
according
to
t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n , t h i s
f e a t u r e might
have
a
d e t r i m e n t a l
e f f e c t i n some c a s e s . I t i s
p o s s i b l e
t o
a v o i d
t h i s d r a w b a c k ~ by making
u s e a s
shown
i n
F i g .
1 2 ,
i n s t e a d
o f
a
s i n g l e
p l a t e
o f
a
s e r i e s
o f
i d e n t i c a l
p l a t e s d i s p o s e d
s i d e b y s i d e , and c u t
i n
such
manner
as
to
resonate
for
the
same band
40
45
55
p r i s e s an important
r e c t i l i n e a r
o f f r e q u e n c i e s a s t h e s i n g l e
p l a t e o f
F i g . l . The
width w
f
each p l a t e , w i l l be s u f l l c i e n t i y s m a l l i n
order
t h a t t h e
propagation o f waves i n the d i r e c
t i o n
u-v
may
have
no detrimental e f f e c t . The
o p t i c a l
a x i s w i l l b e c h o s e n , f o r in s t a n c e , p a r a l l e l
to the direction
c-c.
~
I t i s
a l s o p o s s i b l e
t o
u t i l i z e a s i n g l e
p r i s m , a s
shown
i n F i g ,
1 3 ,
by s o d i s p o s i n g i t t h a t
t h e
d i r e c
t i o n
o f t h e l i g h t ‘beam s
p a r a l l e l
with the o p t i c a l
axis
o f
the
crystal.
The curve o f F i g . 1 4 shows the q u a n t i t y o f l i g h t
t h a t i s r e s t o r e d a t
a
f u n c t i o n o f
the amplitude
o f
t h e ? e l d
through
t h e
q u a r t z .
This
c u r v e
c om
part.
The mean workingzone
w i l l
be c h o s e n , a c c o r d
‘ i n g t o
my n v e n t i o n ,
i n t h e
c e n t r a l
p o r t i o n o f t h i s
s t r a i g h t p a r t o f t h e c u r v e .
On h e o t h e r h a n d , p h o t o g r a p h i c e m u l s i o n s a l s o
p o s s e s s
a
' s e n s i t i v e n e s s
t h a t v a r i e s
l i n e a r l y a s
a
f u n c t i o n
o f
t h e
i l l u m i n a t i o n between two l i m i t s
depending on t h e n a t u r e
o f
t h e s e e m u ls i o n s . The
m o d i ? c a t i o n
o f
t h e l i g h t
i n t e n s i t y
e m i t t e d
b y t h e
s o u r c e o r t h e a b s o r p t i o n o f a c e r t a i n amount o f
l i g h t
e n e r g y
by
s u i t a b l e s c r e e n s , w i l l make
t p o s
s i b l e
t o w o r k
in the most
f a v o u r a b l e
z o n e . ,
Through s u i t a b l e
o p t i c a l
means, the
p a r a l l e l
beam
i s s u i n g
from
t h e
a n a l y z e r i s
c o n c e n t r a t e d
i n such manner a s t o obtain a
l i n e , that
i s
the
?ner -
as t i s d e s i r e d t o l o s e
none
o f ' t h e
advantages o f
t h e
method a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e
i n v e n t i o n
f o r r e c o r d - *
i n g v e r y
h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s .
o n t h e o t h e r
h a n d ,
b e i n g g i v e n t h e ‘ g r e a t
u l t r a - v i o l e t
zone o f t h e
er
in
the
w h o l e
e l e c t r o
p t i c a l d e v i c e
( m o d u l a t o r , c o m
p e n s a t o r , p o l a r i z e r and a n a l y z e r ) i t i s i n t e r e s t
i n g t o make t h e remainder o f t h e o p t i c a l system
o f a
m a t e r i a l t h a t
i s
v e r y much
t r a n s p a r e n t t o
t h e s e
rays
( q u a r t z , ? u o r i n e ,
e t c . )
While
I
have
d e s c r i b e d what I deem
t o b e
p r a c t i c a l
and e i l i c i e n t
embodiments
o f
my i n
v e n t i o n , i t
s h o u l d
b e w e l l understood
t h a t
I do
n o t w i s h t o b e
l i mi t e d t h e r e t o a s t h e r e might
b e c h a n g e s made i n t h e a r r a n g e m e n t ,
d i s p o s i
t i o n
and
f o r m
o f
t h e p a r t s
w i t h o u t
d e p a r t i n g
from t h e p r i n c i p l e
o f my
i n v e n t i o n
a s compre
hended
w i t h i n t h e s c o p e o f the appended
c l a i m s .
What
I c l a i m i s :
1 . A d e v i c e f o r , t r a n s f o r m i n g p r e s s u r e v a r i a
t i o n s i n t o e l e c t r i c v a r i a t i o n s ,
which c o m p r i s e s a
magnetic
c o r e , a h i g h
f r e q u e n c y
e l e c t r i c
c i r c u i t
f o r
producing a magnetic ?eld adapted t o
a c t
on
s a i d c o r e
s o t h a t
' s a i d c o r e
i s caused
t o
undergo
h i g h f r e q u e n c y v i b r a t o r y c h a n g e s o f d i m e n s i o n
through ‘ a m a g n e t o s t r i c t i o n a c t i o n , and means
f o r
a p p l y i n g v a r i a t i o n s ofpressure t o s a i d
c o r e .
' s o
a s
t o
a c t o n the amplitude
o f
the v i b r a t i o n
t h e r e o f whereby e l e c t r i c v a r i at i o n s a r e
produced
i n s a i d
e l e c t r i c c i r c ui t .
2 .
A
p i c k - u p
f o r
r e p r o d u c i n g
sounds
from
a
phonographlc r e c o r d
which c o m p r i s e s
i n com
v b i n a t i o n ,
a p i e z o - e l e c t r i c
c r y s t a l ,
two
armatures
l o c a t e d on e i t h e r
s i d e ofsaid c r y s t a l , means f o r
a p p l y i n g
s a i d
armatures a g a i n s t
s a i d
c r y s t a l , an
e l e c t r i c c i r c u i t f o r g e n e r a t i n g
h i g h
f r e q u e n c y
e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t c o u p l e d w i t h
s a i d
c r y s t a l and
tuned t o resonance therewith
s o that t h e
c r y s t a l
i s c a u s e d t o v i b r a t e a t high
f r e q u e n c y , t h e end
o f
s a i d c r y s t a l
b e i n g
c u t i n
t h e shape
o f a
n e e d l e
s o
a s t o c o o p e r a t e
with
s a i d r e c o r d
f o r transmit
t i n g t h e r e t o
v a r i a t i o n s
o f p r e s s u r e from s a i d
record _
3 . An e l e c t r i c c i r c u i t f o r g e n e r a t i n g
high
f r e
quency
e l e c t r i c
c u r r e n t , c o m p r i s i n g ' a p l e z o - e l e c
t r i c c r y s t a l , s a i d c r y s t a l b e i n g a d a p t e d t o
c o n t r o l
the frequency
o f s a i d
c u r r e n t ,
the dimension o f
t h e
c r y s t a l
i n t h e d i r e c t i o n i n which i t r e s o n a t e s ’
b e i n g non-uniform s o , a s t o make t h e
c r y s t a l
resonant
f o r
a
band o f f r e q u e n c i e s
and t h e
f r e q u e n c y
o f
t h e c u r r e n t b e i n g i n c l u d e d
w i t h i n
t h e band
f o r which
t h e
c r y s t a l i s r e s o n a n t .
4 . A d e v i c e f o r t r a n s f o r m i n g
p r e s s u r e
v a r i a
tions into-electric variations which c omp rises a
p i e z ' o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l resonant f o r a band o f
f r e
. ' q u e n c i e s , an
‘ e l e c t r i c
c i r c u i t
f o r
generating
high
f r e q u e n c y
e l e c t r i c
c u r r e n t
c o u p l e d w i t h s a i d
c r y s
t a l and t u n e d t o
o s c i l l a t e
a t
a
f r e q u e n c y w i t h i n
s a i d
b a n d , s o t h a t t h e c r y s t a l i s
c a u s e d
t o v i b r a t e
a t
high f r e q u e n c y ,
and means f o r
a p p l y i n g
v a r i a
t i o n s o f p r e s s u r e t o s a i d c r y s t a l s o a s t o
a c t
o n
t h e
a m p l i t u d e
o f
t h e
v i br a t i o n s t h e r e o f
whereby
e l e c t r i c
v a r i a t i o n s
a r e produced
i n
s a i d e l e c t r i c ‘
-
c i r c u i t . the
dimension
o f
the c r y s t a l
i n
the d i
r e c t i o n i n which i t v i b r a t e s
b e i n g
n o n - u n i f o r m
a l o n g
t h e
s u r f a c e o f s a i d
c r y s t a l .
5
1 5
20
25
30
3 5
6 5