Us Joint Vision 2020

8/6/2019 Us Joint Vision 2020

1/20

Summer 2000 / JFQ 57

Joint Vision2020

Americas Military

Preparing for

Tomorrow


2/20

The U.S. military today is a force of su-perbly trained men and women whoare ready to deliver victory for our Na-tion. In support of the objectives of

our national security strategy, it is routinely em-ployed to shape the international security envi-ronment and stands ready to respond across thefull range of potential military operations. Butthe focus of this document is the third element ofour strategic approachthe need to prepare nowfor an uncertain future.

Joint Vision 2020 builds upon and extends theconceptual template established by Joint Vision2010 to guide the continuing transformation ofthe Armed Forces. The primary purpose of thoseforces has been and will be to fight and win theNations wars. The overall goal of the transforma-tion described in this document is the creation of

a force that is dominant across the full spectrumof military operationspersuasive in peace, deci-sive in war, preeminent in any form of conflict.

In 2020, the Nation will face a wide range ofinterests, opportunities, and challenges and willrequire a military that can both win wars andcontribute to peace. The global interests and re-sponsibilities of the United States will endure,and there is no indication that threats to thoseinterests and responsibilities, or to our allies, will

disappear. The strategic concepts of decisive force,power projection, overseas presence, and strategicagility will continue to govern our efforts to fulfillthose responsibilities and meet the challenges ofthe future. This document describes the opera-tional concepts necessary to do so.

If the Armed Forces are to be faster, morelethal, and more precise in 2020 than they are

today, we must continueto invest in and developnew military capabilities.This vision describes theongoing transformationto those new capabilities.As first explained in JointVision 2010, and depend-ent upon realizing the po-tential of the informationrevolution, todays capa-

bilities for maneuver,strike, logistics, and pro-tection will become domi-nant maneuver, precisionengagement, focused lo-gistics, and full dimen-sional protection.

The joint force, be-cause of its flexibility andresponsiveness, will re-

main the key to operational success in the future.The integration of core competencies provided bythe individual services is essential to the jointteam, and the employment of the capabilities of

the total force (active, Reserve, National Guard,and civilian members) increases the options forthe commander and complicates the choices ofour opponents. To build the most effective forcefor 2020, we must be fully joint: intellectually,operationally, organizationally, doctrinally, andtechnically.

This vision is centered on the joint force in2020. The date defines a general analytical focusrather than serving as a definitive estimate ordeadline. The document does not describe coun-ters to specific threats, nor does it enumerateweapon, communication, or other systems wewill develop or purchase. Rather, its purpose is to

describe in broad terms the human talenttheprofessional, well-trained, and ready forceandoperational capabilities that will be required forthe joint force to succeed across the full range ofmilitary operations and accomplish its mission in2020 and beyond. In describing those capabili-ties, the vision provides a vector for the wide-ranging program of exercises and experimenta-tion being conducted by the services andcombatant commands and the continuing evolu-tion of the joint force. Based on the joint visionimplementation program, many capabilities will

58 JFQ / Summer 2000

s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0

CJCS Vision . . .

Dedicated individuals and innovative organizations

transforming the joint force for the 21stcentury

to achieve full spectrum dominance:Persuasive in peace

Decisive in war

Preeminent in any form of conflict


3/20

be operational well before 2020, while others willcontinue to be explored and developed throughexercises and experimentation.

The overarching focus of this vision is fullspectrum dominanceachieved through the in-terdependent application of dominant maneuver,precision engagement, focused logistics, and full

dimensional protection. Attaining that goal re-quires the steady infusion of new technology andmodernization and replacement of equipment.However, material superiority alone is not suffi-cient. Of greater importance is the developmentof doctrine, organizations, training and educa-tion, leaders, and people that effectively take ad-vantage of the technology.

The evolution of these elements over thenext two decades will be strongly influenced bytwo factors. First, the continued developmentand proliferation of information technologies willsubstantially change the conduct of military op-erations. These changes in the information envi-ronment make information superiority a key en-abler of the transformation of the operationalcapabilities of the joint force and the evolution ofjoint command and control. Second, the ArmedForces will continue to rely on a capacity for in-tellectual and technical innovation. The pace oftechnological change, especially as it fuelschanges in the strategic environment, will place apremium on our ability to foster innovation inour people and organizations across the entirerange of joint operations. The overall vision ofthe capabilities we will require in 2020, as intro-duced above, rests on our assessment of the

strategic context in which our forces will operate

STRATEGIC CONTEXT

Three aspects of the world of 2020 have sig-nificant implications for the Armed Forces. First,the United States will continue to have global in-terests and be engaged with a variety of regionalactors. Transportation, communications, and in-formation technology will continue to evolve andfoster expanded economic ties and awareness ofinternational events. Our security and economicinterests, as well as our political values, will pro-vide the impetus for engagement with interna-

tional partners. The joint force of 2020 must beprepared to win across the full range of militaryoperations in any part of the world, to operatewith multinational forces, and to coordinate mili-tary operations, as necessary, with governmentagencies and international organizations.


J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0 s

Figure 1. Full Spectrum Dominance

Information

Superiority and

Technological

Innovations

Dominant Maneuver

Precision Engagement

Full-Dimensional Protection

Focused Logistics

Deterrence and Conflict Prevention

Peacetime Engagement

Fight and Win

U.S.

AirForce(Val

Gempis)


4/20

Second, potential adversaries will have accessto the global commercial industrial base andmuch of the same technology as the U.S. military.We will not necessarily sustain a wide technologi-

cal advantage over our adversaries in all areas. In-creased availability of commercial satellites, digi-tal communications, and the public Internet allgive adversaries new capabilities at a relativelylow cost. We should not expect opponents in2020 to fight with strictly industrial age tools.Our advantage must therefore come from leaders,people, doctrine, organizations, and training thatenable us to take advantage of technology toachieve superior warfighting effectiveness.

Third, we should expect potential adversariesto adapt as our capabilities evolve. We have supe-rior conventional warfighting capabilities and ef-fective nuclear deterrence today, but this favor-

able military balance is not static. In the face ofsuch strong capabilities, the appeal of asymmetricapproaches and the focus on the development ofniche capabilities will increase. By developingand using approaches that avoid U.S. strengthsand exploit potential vulnerabilities using signifi-cantly different methods of operation, adversarieswill attempt to create conditions that effectivelydelay, deter, or counter the application of U.S.military capabilities.

The potential of such asymmetric ap-proaches is perhaps the most serious danger theUnited States faces in the immediate futureand this danger includes long-range ballistic

missiles and other direct threats to U.S. citizensand territory. The asymmetric methods and ob-jectives of an adversary are often far more im-portant than the relative technological imbal-ance, and the psychological impact of an attackmight far outweigh the actual physical damageinflicted. An adversary may pursue an asymmet-ric advantage on the tactical, operational, orstrategic level by identifying key vulnerabilitiesand devising asymmetric concepts and capabili-ties to strike or exploit them. To complicate mat-ters, our adversaries may pursue a combinationof asymmetries, or the United States may face anumber of adversaries who, in combination, cre-

ate an asymmetric threat. These asymmetricthreats are dynamic and subject to change, andthe Armed Forces must maintain the capabilitiesnecessary to deter, defend against, and defeatany adversary who chooses such an approach.To meet the challenges of the strategic environ-ment in 2020, the joint force must be able toachieve full spectrum dominance.


s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0


5/20

FULL SPECTRUM DOMINANCE

The ultimate goal of our military force is toaccomplish the objectives directed by the NationalCommand Authorities. For the joint force of thefuture, this goal will be achieved through full spec-trum dominancethe ability of U.S. forces, operat-

ing unilaterally or in combinationwith multinational and interagencypartners, to defeat any adversary andcontrol any situation across the fullrange of military operations.

The full range of operations in-cludes maintaining a posture ofstrategic deterrence. It includes the-ater engagement and presence activi-ties. It includes conflict involvingemployment of strategic forces andweapons of mass destruction, major

theater wars, regional conflicts, andsmaller-scale contingencies. It also in-cludes those ambiguous situations re-siding between peace and war, such

as peacekeeping and peace enforcement opera-tions, as well as noncombat humanitarian reliefoperations and support to domestic authorities.

The label full spectrum dominance implies thatU.S. forces are able to conduct prompt, sustained,and synchronized operations with combinationsof forces tailored to specific situations and withaccess to and freedom to operate in all domainsland, sea, air, space, and information. Addition-ally, given the global nature of our interests and

obligations, the United States must maintain its

overseas presence forces and the ability to rapidlyproject power worldwide in order to achieve fullspectrum dominance.

Achieving full spectrum dominance meansthe joint force will fulfill its primary purposevictory in waras well as achieving success acrossthe full range of operations, but it does not meanthat we will win without cost or difficulty. Con-flict results in casualties despite our best efforts tominimize them and will continue to do so whenthe force has achieved full spectrum dominance.Additionally, friction is inherent in military oper-ations. The joint force of 2020 will seek to createa frictional imbalance in its favor by using thecapabilities envisioned in this document, but thefundamental sources of friction cannot be elimi-nated. We will winbut we should not expectwar in the future to be either easy or bloodless.

The requirement for global operations, the

ability to counter adversaries who possessweapons of mass destruction, and the need toshape ambiguous situations at the low end of therange of operations will present special challengesen route to achieving full spectrum dominance.Therefore, the process of creating the joint force ofthe future must be flexibleto react to changes inthe strategic environment and the adaptations ofpotential enemies, to take advantage of new tech-nologies, and to account for variations in the paceof change. The source of that flexibility is the syn-ergy of the core competencies of the individualservices, integrated into the joint team. Thesechallenges will require a total force composed of

well-educated, motivated, and competent peoplewho can adapt to the many demands of futurejoint missions. The transformation of the joint

force to reach full spectrum dominancerests upon information superiority as a keyenabler and our capacity for innovation.

Information Superiority

Information, information processing,and communications networks are at thecore of every military activity. Throughouthistory, military leaders have regarded in-formation superiority as a key enabler ofvictory. However, the ongoing information

revolution is creating not only a quantita-tive, but a qualitative change in the infor-mation environment that by 2020 will re-sult in profound changes in the conduct ofmilitary operations. In fact, advances in in-formation capabilities are proceeding sorapidly that there is a risk of outstrippingour ability to capture ideas, formulate oper-ational concepts, and develop the capacityto assess results. While the goal of achiev-ing information superiority will not


J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0 s

Figure 2. Range of Military Operations

Sources of Friction

s effects of danger andexertion

s uncertainty and chance

s unpredictable actionsof other actors

s frailties of machines andinformation

s human frailties.

combat

noncombat

Military

Operation

GeneralU.S. Goals

Examples

War

Fight and Win

Large Scale Combat

Operations

Attack/Defend/Blockade

Deter Warand

Resolve Conflict

Peace Enforcement

Counterterrorism

Show of Force/ Raid/ Strike

Peacekeeping/NEO

Nuclear Assistance

Counterinsurgency

Military Operations Other Than War

Promote Peaceand

Support U.S.

Authorities

Freedom of Navigation

Counterdrug

Humanitarian Assistance

Protection of Shipping

U.S. Civil Support


6/20

change, the nature, scope, and rules of the questare changing radically.

The qualitative change in the informationenvironment extends the conceptual underpin-nings of information superiority beyond the mereaccumulation of more, or even better, informa-tion. The word superiorityimplies a state or condi-tion of imbalance in ones favor. Information su-periority is transitory in nature and must becreated and sustained by the joint force throughthe conduct of information operations. However,the creation of information superiority is not anend in itself.

Information superiority provides the jointforce a competitive advantage only when it is ef-fectively translated into superior knowledge anddecisions. The joint force must be able to take ad-vantage of superior information converted to supe-rior knowledge to achieve decision superiority

better decisions arrived at and implemented fasterthan an opponent can react or, in a noncombatsituation, at a tempo that al-lows the force to shape thesituation or react to changesand accomplish its mission.Decision superiority does notautomatically result from in-formation superiority. Orga-nizational and doctrinaladaptation, relevant trainingand experience, and theproper command and con-trol mechanisms and tools

are equally necessary.The evolution of infor-

mation technology will in-creasingly permit us to inte-grate the traditional formsof information operationswith sophisticated all-sourceintelligence, surveillance,and reconnaissance in afully synchronized informa-tion campaign. The develop-ment of a concept labeled

the global information grid will provide the net-work-centric environment required to achieve

this goal. The grid will be the globally intercon-nected, end-to-end set of information capabili-ties, associated processes, and people to manageand provide information on demand to warfight-ers, policymakers, and support personnel. It willenhance combat power and contribute to the suc-cess of noncombat military operations as well.Realization of the full potential of these changesrequires not only technological improvements,

but the continued evolution of organizations anddoctrine and the development of relevant train-ing to sustain a comparative advantage in the in-formation environment.

We must also remember that information su-periority neither equates to perfect information,nor does it mean the elimination of the fog ofwar. Information systems, processes, and opera-tions add their own sources of friction and fog tothe operational environment. Information superi-ority is fundamental to the transformation of theoperational capabilities of the joint force. Thejoint force of 2020 will use superior informationand knowledge to achieve decision superiority, tosupport advanced command and control capabili-ties, and to reach the full potential of dominantmaneuver, precision engagement, full dimen-sional protection, and focused logistics. Thebreadth and pace of this evolution demands flexi-

bility and a readiness to innovate.

Innovation

Joint Vision 2010 identified technological in-novation as a vital component of the transforma-tion of the joint force. Throughout the industrialage, the United States has relied upon its capacityfor technological innovation to succeed in mili-tary operations, and the need to do so will con-tinue. It is important, however, to broaden ourfocus beyond technology and capture the impor-tance of organizational and conceptual innova-tion as well.

Innovation, in its simplest form, is the com-

bination of new things with new ways to carryout tasks. In reality, it may result from fieldingcompletely new things, or the imaginative recom-bination of old things in new ways, or somethingin between. The ideas in Joint Vision 2010 as car-ried forward inJoint Vision 2020 are indeed inno-vative and form a vision for integrating doctrine,tactics, training, supporting activities, and tech-nology into new operational capabilities. The in-novations that determine joint and service capa-bilities will result from a general understanding ofwhat future conflict and military operations willbe like, and a view of what the combatant com-mands and services must do in order to accom-

plish assigned missions.An effective innovation process requires con-

tinuous learninga means of interaction and ex-change that evaluates goals, operational lessons,exercises, experiments, and simulationsandthat must include feedback mechanisms. Thecombatant commands and services must allowour highly trained and skilled professionals theopportunity to create new concepts and ideasthat may lead to future breakthroughs. We mustfoster the innovations necessary to create thejoint force of the futurenot only with decisions


s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0

Information superioritythe ca-pability to collect, process, and dis-seminate an uninterrupted flow ofinformation while exploiting ordenying an adversarys ability todo the same (Joint Pub 1-02);achieved in a noncombat situationor one in which there are noclearly defined adversaries whenfriendly forces have the informa-

tion necessary to achieve opera-tional objectives.

Information environmenttheaggregate of individuals, organiza-tions, and systems that collect,process, or disseminate informa-tion, including the information it-self (Joint Pub 1-02).


7/20

regarding future versus present force structureand budgets, but also with a reasonable tolerancefor errors and failures in the experimentationprocess. We must be concerned with efficient useof time and resources and create a process thatgives us confidence that our results will producebattlefield success. However, an experimentationprocess with a low tolerance for error makes itunlikely that the force will identify and nurture

the most relevant and productive aspects of newconcepts, capabilities, and technology. All indi-viduals and organizations charged with experi-mentation in support of the evolution of ourcombat forces must ensure that our natural con-cern for husbanding resources and ultimately de-livering successful results does not prevent usfrom pursuing innovations with dramatic if un-certain potential.

There is, of course, a high degree of uncer-tainty inherent in the pursuit of innovation. Thekey to coping with that uncertainty is bold lead-ership supported by as much information as pos-sible. Leaders must assess the efficacy of newideas, the potential drawbacks to new concepts,the capabilities of potential adversaries, the costsversus benefits of new technologies, and the orga-nizational implications of new capabilities. Theymust make these assessments in the context of an

evolving analysis of the economic, political, andtechnological factors of the anticipated securityenvironment. Each of these assessments will haveuncertainty associated with them. But the best in-novations have often come from people whomade decisions and achieved success despite un-certainties and limited information.

By creating innovation, the combatant com-mands and services also create their best opportu-nities for coping with the increasing pace ofchange in the overall environment in which theyfunction. Although changing technology is a pri-mary driver of environmental change, it is notthe only one. The search for innovation must en-

compass the entire context of joint operationswhich means the Armed Forces must explorechanges in doctrine, organization, training,matriel, leadership and education, personnel,and facilities as well as technology. Ultimately,the goal is to develop reasonable approaches withenough flexibility to recover from errors and un-foreseen circumstances.

CONDUCT OF JOINT OPERATIONS

The complexities of the future security envi-ronment demand that the United States be pre-pared to face a wide range of threats of varying

levels of intensity. Success in countering thesethreats will require the skillful integration of thecore competencies of the services into a jointforce tailored to the specific situation and objec-tives. Commanders must be afforded the oppor-tunity to achieve the level of effectiveness andsynergy necessary to conduct decisive operationsacross the entire range of military operations.When combat operations are required, they musthave an overwhelming array of capabilities avail-able to conduct offensive and defensive opera-tions and against which an enemy must defend.


J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0 s

55thSigna

lCompany(MiltonH.

Robinson)

1stCombatCameraSquadron(JimV

arhegyi)


8/20

Other complex contingencies such as humanitar-ian relief or peace operations will require a rapid,flexible response to achieve national objectives inthe required timeframe. Some situations may re-

quire the capabilities of only one service, but inmost cases, a joint force comprised of both activeand Reserve components will be employed.

The complexity of future operations also re-quires that, in addition to operating jointly, ourforces have the capability to participate effec-tively as one element of a unified national effort.This integrated approach brings to bear all thetools of statecraft to achieve our national objec-tives unilaterally when necessary, while makingoptimum use of the skills and resources providedby multinational military forces, regional and in-ternational organizations, nongovernmental or-ganizations, and private voluntary organizationswhen possible. Participation by the joint force inoperations supporting civil authorities will alsolikely increase in importance due to emergingthreats to the U.S. homeland such as terrorismand weapons of mass destruction.

People

The core of the joint force of 2020 will con-tinue to be an all volunteer force composed of in-dividuals of exceptional dedication and ability.Their quality will matter as never before as ourservicemembers confront a diversity of missions

and technological demands that call for adapt-ability, innovation, precise judgment, forwardthinking, and multicultural understanding. TheNation will continue to depend on talented indi-

viduals of outstanding character, committed toan ethic of selfless service.

Our people will require a multitude of skills.The services will play a critical role in perfectingtheir individual specialties and the core compe-tencies of each organization. In addition, everymember of the total force must be prepared toapply that expertise to a wide range of missionsas a member of the joint team. Our servicemem-bers must have the mental agility to transitionfrom preparing for war to enforcing peace to ac-tual combat, when necessary. The joint forcecommander is thereby provided a powerful, syn-ergistic force capable of dominating across the en-tire range of operations.

The missions of 2020 will demand service-members who can create and then take advantageof intellectual and technological innovations. In-dividuals will be challenged by significant respon-sibilities at tactical levels in the organization andmust be capable of making decisions with bothoperational and strategic implications. Our visionof full spectrum dominance and the transforma-tion of operational capabilities has significant im-plications for the training and education of our


s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0


9/20

people. The tactics of information operations, thecoordination of interagency and multinationaloperations, as well as the complexity of the mod-ern tools of war all require people who are bothtalented and trained to exacting standards. Rapidand dispersed operations will require men andwomen who are part of a cohesive team, yet arecapable of operating independently to meet thecommanders intent. The evolution of new func-tional areas, such as space operations and infor-mation operations, will require development ofappropriate career progression and leadership op-portunities for specialists in those fields. The ac-

cumulation of training and experience will createa force ready to deploy rapidly to any point onthe globe and operate effectively.

The joint force of 2020 will face a number ofchallenges in recruiting and retaining the out-standing people needed to meet these require-ments. First, expanding civilian education andemployment opportunities will reduce the num-ber of candidates available for military service.We will continue to focus on our members stan-dard of living and a competitive compensationstrategy to ensure we attract the quality individu-als we need. Second, the increasing percentage ofmembers with dependents will require a commit-ment to family-oriented community support pro-grams and as much stability as possible, as well asclose monitoring of the impact of the operationstempo. Finally, our increased dependence on theReserve component will require us to address theconcerns of our Reserve members and their em-ployers regarding the impact on civilian careers.The Department of Defense must meet thesechallenges head-on.

Military operations will continue to demandextraordinary dedication and sacrifice under themost adverse conditions. Our total force, com-posed of professionals armed with courage, stam-ina, and intellect, will succeed despite the com-plexity and pace of future operations.

Interoperability

Interoperability is the foundation of effectivejoint, multinational, and interagency operations.The joint force has made significant progresstoward achieving an optimum level of interoper-ability, but there must be a concerted effort to-ward continued improvement. Further improve-ments will include the refinement of jointdoctrine as well as further development of com-mon technologies and processes. Exercises, per-sonnel exchanges, agreement on standardized op-erating procedures, individual training and

education, and planning will further enhanceand institutionalize these capabilities. Interoper-ability is a mandate for the joint force of 2020especially in terms of communications, commonlogistics items, and information sharing. Informa-tion systems and equipment that enable a com-mon relevant operational picture must work fromshared networks that can be accessed by any ap-propriately cleared participant.

Although technical interoperability is essen-tial, it is not sufficient to ensure effective opera-tions. There must be a suitable focus on proceduraland organizational elements, and decisionmakersat all levels must understand each others capabili-ties and constraints. Training and education, expe-rience and exercises, cooperative planning, andskilled liaison at all levels of the joint force will notonly overcome the barriers of organizational cul-ture and differing priorities, but will teach mem-

bers of the joint team to appreciate the full rangeof service capabilities available to them.

The future joint force will have the embed-ded technologies and adaptive organizationalstructures that will allow trained and experiencedpeople to develop compatible processes and pro-cedures, engage in collaborative planning, andadapt as necessary to specific crisis situations.These features are not only vital to the jointforce, but to multinational and interagency oper-ations as well.


J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0 s

Interoperabilitythe ability of systems,units, or forces to provide services fromother systems, units, or forces and to use the

services so exchanged to enable them to op-erate effectively together (Joint Pub 1-02).

U.S.

Navy(LelandB.

Comer)


10/20

Multinational Operations

Since our potential multinational partnerswill have varying levels of technology, a tailoredapproach to interoperability that accommodatesa wide range of needs and capabilities is neces-sary. Our more technically advanced allies willhave systems and equipment that are essentially

compatible, enabling themto interface and share infor-mation in order to operateeffectively with U.S. forcesat all levels. However, we

must also be capable of op-erating with allies and coali-tion partners who may betechnologically incompati-bleespecially at the tacti-cal level. Additionally, many

of our future partners will have significant spe-cialized capabilities that may be integrated into acommon operating scheme. At the same time, theexistence of these relationships does not implyaccess to information without constraints. Weand our multinational partners will continue touse suitable judgment regarding the protection ofsensitive information and information sources.

In all cases, effective command and control isthe primary means of successfully extending thejoint vision to multinational operations. Techno-logical developments that connect the informa-tion systems of partners will provide the links thatlead to a common relevant operational pictureand improve command and control. However, thesharing of information needed to maintain thetempo of integrated multinational operations alsorelies heavily on a shared understanding of opera-tional procedures and compatible organizations.The commander must have the ability to evaluate

information in its multinational context. Thatcontext can only be appreciated if sufficient re-gional expertise and liaison capability are avail-able on the commanders staff. A deep under-standing of the cultural, political, military, andeconomic characteristics of a region must be es-tablished and maintained. Developing this under-standing is dependent upon shared training andeducation, especially with key partners, and mayrequire organizational change as well. The overalleffectiveness of multinational operations is there-fore dependent on interoperability between or-ganizations, processes, and technologies.

Interagency Operations

The primary challenge of interagency opera-tions is to achieve unity of effort despite the di-verse cultures, competing interests, and differingpriorities of the participating organizations, many

of whom guard their relative independence, free-dom of action, and impartiality. Additionally,these organizations may lack the structure and re-sources to support extensive liaison cells or inte-grative technology. In this environment and inthe absence of formal command relationships,the future joint force must be proactive in im-proving communications, planning, interoper-ability, and liaison with potential interagencyparticipants. These factors are important in all as-pects of interagency operations, but particularlyin the context of direct threats to citizens and fa-cilities in the U.S. homeland. Cohesive intera-gency action is vital to deterring, defending

against, and responding to such attacks. The jointforce must be prepared to support civilian author-ities in a fully integrated effort to meet the needsof U.S. citizens and accomplish the objectivesspecified by the National Command Authorities.

All organizations have unique informationassets that can contribute to the common relevantoperational picture and support unified action.They also have unique information requirements.Sharing information with appropriately clearedparticipants and integration of information fromall sources are essential. Understanding eachothers requirements and assets is also crucial.More importantly, through training with potential

interagency partners, experienced liaisons must be


s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0

Multinational operationsacollective term used to describemilitary actions conducted by

forces of two or more nations usu-ally undertaken within the struc-ture of a coalition or alliance (JointPub 1-02).

Interagency coordinationthe coordina-tion that occurs between elements of theDepartment of Defense and engaged U.S.Government agencies, nongovernmental or-ganizations, private voluntary organizations,and regional and international organizationsfor the purpose of accomplishing an objec-tive (Joint Pub 1-02).

U.S.

Navy(DavidTucker)


11/20

developed to support long-term relationships, col-

laborative planning in advance of crises, and com-patible processes and procedures. As with ourmultinational partners, interoperability in allareas of interaction is essential to effective intera-gency operations.

Operational Concepts

The joint force capable of dominant maneu-ver will possess unmatched speed and agility inpositioning and repositioning tailored forces fromwidely dispersed locations to achieve operationalobjectives quickly and decisively. The employ-ment of dominant maneuver may lead to achiev-ing objectives directly, but can also facilitate em-ployment of the other operational concepts. Forexample, dominant maneuver may be employedto dislodge enemy forces so they can be destroyedthrough precision engagement. At times, achiev-ing positional advantage will be a function of op-erational maneuver over strategic distances. Over-seas or U.S.-based units will mass forces or effectsdirectly to the operational theater. Informationsuperiority will support the conduct of dominantmaneuver by enabling adaptive and concurrentplanning; coordination of widely dispersed units;

gathering of timely feedback on the status, loca-tion, and activities of subordinate units; and an-ticipation of the course of events leading to mis-sion accomplishment. The joint force will also becapable of planning and conducting dominantmaneuver in cooperation with interagency andmultinational partners with varying levels ofcommitment and capability.

The capability to rapidly mass force or forcesand the effects of dispersed forces allows the joint


J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0 s

Dominant maneuverthe ability of jointforces to gain positional advantage with deci-sive speed and overwhelming operationaltempo in the achievement of assigned mili-

tary tasks. Widely dispersed joint land, sea, air,space, and special operations forces, capableof scaling and massing force or forces and theeffects of fires as required for either combator noncombat operations, will secure advan-tage across the range of military operationsthrough the application of information, de-ception, engagement, mobility, and counter-mobility capabilities.


12/20

force commander to establish control of the bat-tlespace at the proper time and place. In a con-flict, this ability to attain positional advantage al-lows the commander to employ decisive combatpower that will compel an adversary to react from

a position of disadvantage, or quit. In other situa-tions, it allows the force to occupy key positionsto shape the course of events and minimize hos-tilities or react decisively if hostilities erupt. Andin peacetime, it constitutes a credible capabilitythat influences potential adversaries while reas-suring friends and allies.

Beyond the actual physical presence of theforce, dominant maneuver creates an impact inthe minds of opponents and others in the opera-tional area. That impact is a tool available to thejoint force commander across the full range of

military operations. In a conflict, for example,the presence or anticipated presence of a decisiveforce might well cause an enemy to surrenderafter minimal resistance. During a peacekeepingmission, it may provide motivation for good-faithnegotiations or prevent the instigation of civildisturbances. In order to achieve such an impact,the commander will use information operationsas a force multiplier by making the available com-bat power apparent without the need to physi-cally move elements of the force. The joint forcecommander will be able to take advantage of thepotential and actual effects of dominant maneu-ver to gain the greatest benefit.

Precision Engagement

Simply put, precision engagement is effects-based engagement that is relevant to all types ofoperations. Its success depends on in-depth

analysis to identify and locate critical nodes andtargets. The pivotal characteristic of precision en-gagement is the linking of sensors, delivery sys-tems, and effects. In the joint force of the future,this linkage will take place across services and willincorporate the applicable capabilities of multina-tional and interagency partners when appropri-ate. The resulting system of systems will providethe commander the broadest possible range of ca-pabilities in responding to any situation, includ-ing both kinetic and nonkinetic weapons capableof creating the desired lethal or nonlethal effects.

The concept of precision engagement ex-tends beyond precisely striking a target with ex-plosive ordnance. Information superiority willenhance the capability of the joint force com-

mander to understand the situation, determinethe effects desired, select a course of action andthe forces to execute it, accurately assess the ef-fects of that action, and reengage as necessarywhile minimizing collateral damage. During con-flict, the commander will use precision engage-ment to obtain lethal and nonlethal effects insupport of the objectives of the campaign. Thisaction could include destroying a target using


s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0

Precision engagementthe ability of jointforces to locate, surveil, discern, and trackobjectives or targets; select, organize, anduse the correct systems; generate desired ef-fects; assess results; and reengage with deci-sive speed and overwhelming operationaltempo as required, throughout the fullrange of military operations.

U.S.

Navy(FranklinP.

Call)


13/20

conventional forces, inserting a special operationsteam, or even the execution of a comprehensivepsychological operations mission. In other cases,precision engagement may be used to facilitatedominant maneuver and decisive close combat.The commander may also employ nonkineticweapons, particularly in the arena of informationoperations where the targets might be key enemyleaders or troop formations, or the opinion of anadversary population.

In noncombat situations, precision engage-ment activities will naturally focus on nonlethal

actions. These actions will be capable of defusingvolatile situations, overcoming misinformationcampaigns, or directing a flow of refugees to reliefstations, for example. Regardless of its applicationin combat or noncombat operations, the capabil-ity to engage precisely allows the commander toshape the situation or battlespace in order toachieve the desired effects while minimizing riskto friendly forces and contributing to the most ef-fective use of resources.

Focused Logistics

Focused logistics will provide military capa-bility by ensuring delivery of the right equip-ment, supplies, and personnel in the right quanti-ties, to the right place, at the right time tosupport operational objectives. It will result fromrevolutionary improvements in information sys-tems, innovation in organizational structures,reengineered processes, and advances in trans-portation technologies. This transformation hasalready begun with changes scheduled for thenear term facilitating the ultimate realization ofthe full potential of focused logistics.

Focused logistics will effectively link all logis-tics functions and units through advanced infor-mation systems that integrate real-time total assetvisibility with a common relevant operationalpicture. These systems will incorporate enhanceddecision support tools that will improve analysis,planning, and anticipation of warfighter require-ments. They will also provide a more seamlessconnection to the commercial sector to take ad-vantage of applicable advanced business practices


J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0 s


14/20

and commercial economies. Combining these ca-pabilities with innovative organizational struc-tures and processes will result in dramatically im-proved end-to-end management of the entirelogistics system and provide precise real-timecontrol of the logistics pipeline to support thejoint force commanders priorities. The increasedspeed, capacity, and efficiency of advanced trans-portation systems will further improve deploy-

ment, distribution, and sus-tainment. Mutual supportrelationships and collabora-tive planning will enable op-timum cooperation withmultinational and intera-gency partners.

The result for the jointforce of the future will be an

improved link between op-erations and logistics result-ing in precise time-definitedelivery of assets to thewarfighter. This substan-tially improved operationaleffectiveness and efficiency,combined with increasingwarfighter confidence inthese new capabilities, willconcurrently reduce sustain-ment requirements and the

vulnerability of logistics lines of communication,while appropriately sizing and potentially reduc-ing the logistics footprint. The capability for fo-cused logistics will effectively support the jointforce in combat and provide the primary opera-tional element in the delivery of humanitarian ordisaster relief, or other activities across the rangeof military operations.

Full Dimensional Protection

Our military forces must be capable of con-ducting decisive operations despite our adver-saries use of a wide range of weapons (includingweapons of mass destruction), the conduct of in-formation operations or terrorist attacks, or thepresence of asymmetric threats during any phaseof these operations. Our people and the other


s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0

Focused LogisticsTransformation Path

FY01: implement systems to assess cus-tomer confidence from end to end of the lo-gistics chain using customer wait time metric

FY02: implement time definite deliverycapabilities using a simplified priority systemdriven by the customers required delivery date

FY04: implement fixed and deployableautomated identification technologies and in-formation systems that provide accurate, ac-tionable total asset visibility

FY04: for early deploying forces andFY06 for the remaining forces, implement aWeb-based, shared data environment to en-sure the joint warfighters ability to maketimely and confident logistics decisions.

Focused logisticsthe ability toprovide the joint force the rightpersonnel, equipment, and suppliesin the right place, at the right time,and in the right quantity, acrossthe full range of military opera-tions. This will be made possible

through a real-time, web-based in-formation system providing totalasset visibility as part of a commonrelevant operational picture, effec-tively linking the operator and lo-gistician across services and supportagencies. Through transforma-tional innovations to organizationsand processes, focused logistics willprovide the joint warfighter withsupport for all functions.


15/20

military and nonmilitary assets needed for thesuccessful conduct of operations must be pro-tected wherever they are locatedfrom deploy-

ment, to theater combat, to redeployment. Fulldimensional protection exists when the joint

force can decisively achieveits mission with an accept-able degree of risk in boththe physical and informa-tion domains.

The capability for fulldimensional protection in-corporates a complete arrayof both combat and non-combat actions in offensiveand defensive operations, en-abled by information superi-

ority. It will be based uponactive and passive defensivemeasures, including theatermissile defenses and possiblylimited missile defense of the

United States, offensive countermeasures, securityprocedures, antiterrorism measures, enhanced in-telligence collection and assessments, emergencypreparedness, heightened security awareness, andproactive engagement strategies. Additionally, itwill extend beyond the immediate theater of oper-ations to protect our reach-back, logistics, and key

capabilities in other locations. There is a criticalneed for protection of the information contentand systems vital for operational success, including

increased vigilance in counterintelligence and in-formation security. The joint force of 2020 will in-tegrate protective capabilities from multinationaland interagency partners when available and willrespond to their requirements when possible.Commanders will thoroughly assess and managerisk as they apply protective measures to specificoperations, ensuring that an appropriate level ofsafety, compatible with other mission objectives, isprovided for all assets.

The joint force commander will thereby beprovided an integrated architecture for protection,which will effectively manage risk to the jointforce and other assets, and leverage the contribu-

tions of all echelons of our forces and those of ourmultinational and interagency partners. The resultwill be improved freedom of action for friendlyforces and better protection at all echelons.

Information Operations

Information operations are essential toachieving full spectrum dominance. The jointforce must be capable of conducting informationoperations, the purpose of which is to facilitate


J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0 s

Full dimensional protectionthe ability of the joint force to pro-tect its personnel and other assetsrequired to decisively execute as-signed tasks. Full dimensional pro-tection is achieved through the tai-lored selection and application ofmultilayered active and passivemeasures within the domains ofland, sea, air, space, and informa-

tion across the range of militaryoperations with an acceptable levelof risk.


16/20

and protect U.S. decisionmaking processes and, ina conflict, degrade those of an adversary. While ac-tivities and capabilities employed to conduct infor-mation operations are traditional functions of mil-itary forces, the pace of change in the information

environment dictates that weexpand this view and explorebroader information opera-tions, strategies, and con-cepts. We must recognizethat nontraditional adver-saries who engage in nontra-ditional conflict are of partic-ular importance in theinformation domain. TheUnited States itself and U.S.forces around the world aresubject to information at-tacks on a continuous basisregardless of the level anddegree of engagement inother domains of operation.

The perpetrators of such attacks are not limited tothe traditional concept of a uniformed military ad-versary. Additionally, the actions associated withinformation operations are wide-rangingfromphysical destruction to psychological operations to

computer network defense. The task of integratinginformation operations with other joint force oper-ations is complicated by the need to understandthe many variables involved (summarized in box).

Our understanding of the interrelationshipsof these variables and their impact on militaryoperations will determine the nature of informa-tion operations in 2020. The joint force com-mander will conduct information operationswhether facing an adversary during a conflict or

engaged in humanitarian relief operations. Suchoperations will be synchronized with those ofmultinational and interagency partners as the sit-uation dictates. New offensive capabilities such ascomputer network attack techniques are evolv-ing. Activities such as information assurance,computer network defense, and counterdeceptionwill defend decisionmaking processes by neutral-izing an adversarys perception management andintelligence collection efforts, as well as direct at-tacks on our information systems. Because the ul-timate target of information operations is thehuman decisionmaker, the joint force com-mander will have difficulty accurately assessingthe effects of those operations. This problem ofbattle damage assessment for information opera-tions is difficult and must be explored throughexercises and rigorous experimentation.

The continuing evolution of information op-

erations and the global information environmentholds two significant implications. First, opera-tions within the information domain will becomeas important as those conducted in the domainsof land, sea, air, and space. Such operations willbe inextricably linked to focused logistics, full di-mensional protection, precision engagement, anddominant maneuver, as well as joint commandand control. At the same time, information oper-ations may evolve into a separate mission area re-quiring the services to maintain appropriately de-signed organizations and trained specialists.Improvements in doctrine, organization, andtechnology may lead to decisive outcomes result-

ing primarily from information operations. As in-formation operations continue to evolve, they,like other military operations, will be conductedconsistent with the norms of our society, our al-liances with other democratic states, and full re-spect for the laws of armed conflict. Second, there


s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0

The Variables ofInformation Operations

s multidimensional definition and meaning

of informationtarget, weapon, resource,or domain of operations

s level of action and desired effecttactical,operational, strategic, or combination

s objective of operationsproviding infor-mation, perception management, battle-field dominance, command and controlwarfare, systemic disruption, or systemicdestruction

s nature of situationpeace, crisis, or conflict.

Information operationsthoseactions taken to affect an adver-sarys information systems whiledefending ones own informationsystems (Joint Pub 1-02). Informa-tion operations also include ac-tions taken in a noncombat or am-biguous situation to protect onesown information and informationsystems as well as those taken toinfluence target information andinformation systems.

1stCombatCameraSquadron(JimV

arhegyi)


17/20

is significant potential for asymmetric engage-

ments in the information domain. The UnitedStates has enjoyed a distinct technological advan-tage in the information environment and willlikely continue to do so. However, as potentialadversaries reap the benefits of the informationrevolution, the comparative advantage for theUnited States and its partners will become moredifficult to maintain. Additionally, our ever-in-creasing dependence on information processes,systems, and technologies adds potential vulnera-bilities that must be defended.

Command and Control

Command and control is the exercise of au-

thority and direction over the joint force. It isnecessary for the integration of service core com-petencies into effective joint operations. The in-creasing importance of multinational and intera-gency aspects of the operations adds complexityand heightens the challenge of doing so. Com-mand and control includes planning, directing,coordinating, and controlling forces and opera-tions and is focused on the effective execution ofthe operational plan; but the central function isdecisionmaking.

Command and control is most effective

when decision superiority exists. Decision superi-ority results from superior information filteredthrough the commanders experience, knowl-edge, training, and judgment; the expertise ofsupporting staffs and other organizations; andthe efficiency of associated processes. Whilechanges in the information environment haveled some to focus solely on the contribution ofinformation superiority to command and control,it is equally necessary to understand the completerealm of command and control decisionmaking,the nature of organizational collaboration, andespecially the human in the loop.

In the joint force of the future, command

and control will remain the primary integratingand coordinating function for operational capabil-ities and service components. As the nature ofmilitary operations evolves, there is a continualneed to evaluate the nature of command and con-trol organizations, mechanisms, systems, andtools. There are two major issues to address in thisevaluationcommand structures and processes,and the information systems and technologiesthat are best suited to support them. Encompassedwithin these two issues, examination of the fol-lowing related ideas and desired capabilities will


J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0 s


18/20

serve as a catalyst for changes in doctrine, organi-zation, and training.

s Commanders will need a broad understanding

of new operational capabilities and new (often highly

automated) supporting tools in order to be capable of

flexible, adaptive coordination and direction of bothforces and sensors.

s The staffs that support commanders must be or-

ganized and trained to take advantage of new capabili-

ties. Commanders and staffs must also be capable ofcommand and control in the face of technology failure.

s Commanders will be able to formulate and dis-

seminate intent based upon up-to-date knowledge of

the situation existing in the battlespace.s Joint force headquarters will be dispersed and

survivable and capable of coordinating dispersed units

and operations. Subordinate headquarters will be small,

agile, mobile, dispersed, and networked.s Faster operations tempos, increased choices

among weapons and effects, and greater weapons

ranges will require continuous, simultaneous planningand execution at all levels.

s Expanding roles for multinational and intera-

gency partners will require collaborative planning capa-

bilities, technological compatibility/interoperability,and mechanisms for efficient information sharing.

Finally, as these and other changes take placeover time, we must carefully examine three as-pects of the human element of command and

control. First, leaders of the joint force must ana-lyze and understand the meaning of unit cohe-sion in the context of the small, widely dispersedunits that are now envisioned. Second, decision-makers at all levels must understand the implica-tions of new technologies that operate continu-ously in all conditions when human beings areincapable of the same endurance. Third, as newinformation technologies, systems, and proce-dures make the same detailed information avail-able at all levels of the chain of command, leadersmust understand the implications for decision-making processes, the training of decisionmakersat all levels, and organizational patterns and pro-cedures. The potential for overcentralization of


s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0

Command and controlthe exercise of au-thority and direction by a properly designatedcommander over assigned and attachedforces in the accomplishment of the mission.Command and control functions are per-formed through an arrangement of person-nel, equipment, communications, facilities,and procedures employed by a commander inplanning, directing, coordinating, and con-trolling forces and operations in the accom-plishment of the mission (Joint Pub 1-01).


19/20

control and the capacity for relatively junior lead-ers to make decisions with strategic impact are ofparticular importance.

It has often been said that command is anart and control is a sciencea basic truth thatwill remain. Our thinking about command andcontrol must be conceptually based rather thanfocused on technology or matriel. Joint com-mand and control is a nexusa point of connec-tion. It serves as a focal point for humans andtechnology, our evolving operational capabilities,and the capabilities of the services. The develop-ment of effective joint command and control forthe future requires rigorous and wide-ranging ex-perimentation, focused especially on organiza-tional innovation and doctrinal change.

IMPLEMENTATION

Joint Vision 2010 has had a profound impacton the development of U.S. military capabilities.By describing those capabilities necessary toachieve success in 2010, we set in motion threeimportant efforts. First, Joint Vision 2010 estab-lished a common framework and language for theservices to develop and explain their unique con-tributions to the joint force. Second, we created aprocess for the conduct of joint experimentationand training to test ideas against practice. Finally,we began a process to manage the transformationof doctrine, organization, training, matriel, lead-ership and education, personnel, and facilitiesnecessary to make the vision a reality.Joint Vision

2020 builds on this foundation of success andwill sustain the momentum of these processes.

The foundation of jointness is the strengthof individual service competencies pulled to-gether. Our objective in implementing the jointvision is the optimal integration of all jointforces and effects. To achieve that goal, the inter-dependence of the services requires mutual trustand reliance among all warfighters and a signifi-cantly improved level of interoperabilityespe-

cially in the areas of command and control andsustainment. This interdependence will ulti-mately result in a whole greater than the sum ofits parts and will contribute to achieving fullspectrum dominance through all forces acting inconcert. The synergy gained through the interde-pendence of the services makes clear that joint-ness is more than interoperability. The jointforce requires capabilities that are beyond thesimple combination of service capabilities, andjoint experimentation is the process by whichthose capabilities will be achieved.

To ensure unity of effort and continuity forjoint concept development and experimentation,

the Secretary of Defense designated the com-mander in chief, Joint Forces Command as theexecutive agent for experimentation design,preparation, execution, and assessment. Annualcampaign plans provide focus to this effort andcontinuity in experimentation. The results of thisiterative experimentation cycle are forwarded ascomprehensive recommendations for changes indoctrine, organization, training, matriel, leader-ship and education, personnel, and facilities andlead to the co-evolution of all those elements.The experimentation and implementation


J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0 s

From Vision toExperimentation

s Joint Vision 2010 (1996)

s Concept for Future Joint Operations (1997)

s 21st Century Challenges and DesiredOperational Capabilities (1997)

s Joint Warfighting ExperimentationProgram established, ACOM (JFCOM) asexecutive agent (1998)

s Joint Vision Implementation Master Plan(1998)

s CJCS Instruction 3170, RequirementsGeneration System (1999)

s JFCOM Joint Experimentation CampaignPlans (1999 and 2000).

Figure 3. From Concepts to Capabilities

Doctrine

Organization

TrainingLeadership and EducationMatriel

Personnel

Facilities

2010 2020

Implementation

Program

Quality Force

OperationalConcepts


20/20

process supporting the transformation of thejoint force is also dependent upon combatantcommand and service exercises and experimenta-tion activities. The combatant command andservice visions support the joint vision by provid-ing guidance for these individual efforts that arecongruent with the Chairmans vision. Thus, intheir own experimentation venues, the servicesmay develop recommendations with joint impli-cations and will forward them to the appropriatejoint experimentation activity.

To effect transforming and enduring

changes to our joint military capabilities, the ex-perimentation and implementation process mustinclude construction of a wide range of scenariosand imaginative conflict simulations to explorethe shape of future operations. Such intensiveexploration of alternative concepts of operationscan help the U.S. military choose innovationsthat take the greatest advantage of combinationsof new ideas and new technologies. The rapidpace of such changes will then drive further de-velopment of the experimentation and imple-mentation process to field improved capabilitiesfor the joint force.

The linchpin of progress from vision to ex-

perimentation to reality is joint training and edu-cationbecause they are the keys to intellectualchange. Without intellectual change, there is noreal change in doctrine, organizations, or leaders.Thus, the implementation process is dependentupon incorporating concepts validated by experi-mentation into joint professional military educa-tion programs and joint exercises. In this way, in-dividual servicemembers and units become a

joint team capable of success across the full rangeof military operations.

This vision is firmly grounded in the viewthat the U.S. military must be a joint force capa-ble of full spectrum dominance. Its basis is four-fold: the global interests of the United States andthe continuing existence of a wide range of po-tential threats to those interests; the centrality ofinformation technology to the evolution of notonly our own military, but also the capabilities ofother actors around the globe; the premium acontinuing broad range of military operationswill place on the successful integration of multi-national and interagency partners and the inter-operability of processes, organizations, and sys-tems; and our reliance on the joint force as thefoundation of future U.S. military operations.

Joint Vision 2020 builds on the foundation

and maintains the momentum established withJoint Vision 2010. It confirms the direction of theongoing transformation of operational capabili-ties, and emphasizes the importance of furtherexperimentation, exercises, analysis, and concep-tual thought, especially in the arenas of informa-tion operations, joint command and control, andmultinational and interagency operations.

This vision recognizes the importance oftechnology and technical innovation to the U.S.military and its operations. At the same time, itemphasizes that technological innovation mustbe accompanied by intellectual innovation lead-ing to changes in organization and doctrine.

Only then can we reach the full potential of thejoint forcedecisive capabilities across the fullrange of military operations. Such a vision de-pends upon the skill, experience, and training ofthe people comprising the total force and theirleaders. The major innovations necessary to oper-ate in the environment depicted herein can onlybe achieved through the recruitment, develop-ment, and retention of men and women with thecourage, determination, and strength to ensurewe are persuasive in peace, decisive in war, andpreeminent in any form of conflict. JFQ

Joint Vision 2020: Americas MilitaryPreparing for

Tomorrowwas published by the U.S. Government Print-ing Office in June 2000. (Approval authority: Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff; office of primary responsibility:

Strategy Division, Directorate for Strategic Plans and

Policy (J-5), Joint Staff).

s J O I N T V I S I O N 2 0 2 0

U.S.

MarineCorps(BrookR.

Kelsey)

Us Joint Vision 2020

Documents