U.S. - Japan - SE Asia Workshop on Monsoon Asia Tropical Forest Carbon Dynamics and Sustainability Summary Alfredo R. Huete, Univ Arizona Xiangming Xiao, Univ. Oklahoma Scott R. Saleska, Univ. Arizona Dennis Dye, JAMSTEC, Japan Nobuko Saigusa, NIES, Japan
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U.S. - Japan - SE Asia Workshop on Monsoon Asia Tropical Forest Carbon Dynamics and
Sustainability
SummaryAlfredo R. Huete, Univ Arizona
Xiangming Xiao, Univ. Oklahoma
Scott R. Saleska, Univ. Arizona
Dennis Dye, JAMSTEC, Japan
Nobuko Saigusa, NIES, Japan
WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES“Basic” Objectives
• Facilitate/enhance international communication among researchers/students concerning Monsoon Asia tropical forest carbon dynamics and sustainability
• Survey of recent/ongoing/planned research activities and results in tropical Monsoon Asia, reports from other regions (Amazon, etc.)
• Identify key science questions and research priorities (including societal benefits), particularly those that require integrated approaches (field observations, process modeling, remote sensing)
Workshop on Monsoon Asia Tropical Forest Carbon Dynamics and SustainabiityJanuary 8-11, 2009, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Potential Objectives
• Plan/proposal for new international research collaborations
• A framework for addressing the science questions and research priorities, for example:
• simple: individual, ad hoc projects
• ambitious:
• substantial bilateral/multilateral project(s)
• broad, “umbrella” mission (similar to STORMA, GAME, LBA?)
• basis for seeking research support from respective funding agencies
Workshop on Monsoon Asia Tropical Forest Carbon Dynamics and SustainabiityJanuary 8-11, 2009, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Potential Objectives, cont.
• Outline or “scope” specific project(s) that:
• can be conducted effectively within our proposed framework
• targets the key science questions and research priorities
Workshop on Monsoon Asia Tropical Forest Carbon Dynamics and SustainabiityJanuary 8-11, 2009, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Broader Impacts: Tropical forest regions have social, cultural and economic significance, as home to large and growing human populations and as sources of important renewable and non-renewable resources.
This workshop will address a number of challenging, cross-discipline research topics integrating in-situ observations, remote sensing, land use, and modeling approaches to advance our understanding of tropical forests and their sustainability in the face of increasing human and environmental pressures.
These issues are among the research and educational priorities identified by the 11th Japan-U.S. Workshop on Global Change in 2005 and this proposal is in response to recommendations for Japan-U.S. joint research that emerged from the Workshop.
Workshop on Monsoon Asia Tropical Forest Carbon Dynamics and SustainabiityJanuary 8-11, 2009, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Workshop encompassed a few key themes, structured around a set of
motivating science questions;
(1) What can we learn about Monsoon Asia tropical forest functioning by integrating ground-based carbon flux datasets spanning a range of vegetation conditions and climate?
(2) How can we use local site carbon fluxes to scale to and calibrate spatially extensive satellite data to enable regional modeling and prediction of carbon fluxes across Monsoon Asia?
(3) What is the role, extent, and effects of human interactions (land use activities, resource use, forest disturbance and conversion, etc.) on landscape functioning and sustainability?
(4) What is the seasonality of carbon and water fluxes in Monsoon Asia forests, how do they compare with seasonal patterns in the neotropics, and why is this seasonality so difficult to model?
(5) What role do environmental controls on seasonality have in explaining vegetation dynamics in response to inter-annual climate variability.
field trip
Asian Institute of Technology
• Previous answer: photosynthesis and/or transpiration decline in dry seasons:
Dickenson & Henderson-Sellars (1988)
Nobre et al. (1991)
Tian et al. (1998) [TEM]
Botta et al. (2002) [ IBIS]
Werth & Avissar (2002) [ GISS GCM ]
Lee et al. (2005) [ NCAR CLM]
Climate and/or ecosystem models
What is the seasonality of ecosystem
metabolism in Amazônia?
Saleska
Early LBA results from Tapajos National Forest showed unexpected seasonality…
Jan Apr Jul Oct
500
1000
1
2
3
Models
Data
GP
P (
Mg
C h
a-1
mo
-1)
PA
R
(µm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
Dry Season
(GPP = Gross Primary Production)
Saleska et. al. (2003) Science; Hutyra et al. (2007) JGR
What is the seasonality of ecosystem
metabolism in Amazônia?
• … generality of unexpected seasonality
confirmed for equatorial Amazon by
remote sensing.
• These data are powerful suited for vegetation dynamics and for deriving relationships between carbon fluxes and key driving variables.
• Use to test model/remote sensing estimates of carbon exchange and seasonality.
Green-up Brown-down
EVI was well correlated with tower-flux GPP in intact rainforest and pasture sites and provides a useful tool for models in scaling this flux to the Amazon region.
Huete et al. GRL 2006
Seasonal Cycle Shapes Amazon’s
Response To Environmental Change
… generality of unexpected
seasonality confirmed for
equatorial Amazon
by remote sensing.Huete et al. (2006)
!EVI
Basin-wide greening in dry season October EVI (dry season) minus June EVI (wet season)
!Questions" Is this typical across the Amazon? If not, what are the differences?
" What mechanisms matter for controlling seasonality of metabolism?
" How do we get the models right for the right reasons?
Satellite Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) relationships with eddy covariance tower measurements of gross primary productivity (GPP) are very high and linear, with consistent cross-site relationships in temperate and tropical biomes. (Huete et al., Agric. & For. Met., 2008).
- this greatly facilitates the scaling and extension of tower data of ET and Carbon fluxes to regional and global scales. Huete et al.,
2008
Scott R. Saleska Luis Gustavo de Goncalves, Ian Baker, Marcos Costa, Ben Poulter, Brad Christoffersen, Scott Denning, Humberto da Rocha, Kamel Didan, Lindsey Gulden, Alfredo Huete, Kazuhito Ichii, Hewlley Imbuziero, Akihiko Ito, Bart Kruijt, Antonio Manzi, Celso von
Randow, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Enrique Rosero, Rodrigo da Silva, Julio Tota, Xubin Zeng
Seasonality of carbon and water fluxes across the Amazon basin: synthesizing results from remote
sensing, towers, and models: the LBA-MIP project
Saleska
The LBA-Model Intercomparison Project (LBA-MIP)
Initial Results
#Focus on 3 sites:- Central Eastern Amazon Forest (Santarem K67)- Southern Amazon forest (RJA)- Non Amazon Cerrado (Savanna) (PDG)
#Focus on 4 models:
Caxiuana
São Gabriel
Cachoeira
Sinop
Equator
10 ° S
20 ° S
Amaz ô nia
(A) Atlantic Ocean
Caxiuana
São Gabriel
Cachoeira
Sinop
Equator
10 ° S
20 ° S
Amaz ô nia
(A) Atlantic Ocean
Equator
10 ° S
20 ° S
Equator
10 ° S
20 ° S
(A) Atlantic Ocean
(K67)
(RJA)
(PDG)
- 2 variants of NCAR’s Community Land Model (CLM): (CLM3, CLM3.5)
-Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) (Foley et al)-Simple Biosphere, ver 3 (SiB3)
# Focus on Evapotranspiration Saleska
1.Finish the LBA-MIP! (model runs collated, then jointly analyzed, special issue of Ag. Forest Meteorology)
2.LBA-MIP, phase 2: Large-scale, spatially continuous driver and model output fields
3.Beyond seasonality: ability to correctly model effects of interannual variation, such as ENSO response, and ultimately, climate change
4.Generalize: apply similar integrated approach to Asian tropical forests to better understand similarities and differences?
Future directions
Saleska, Didan, Huete, Rocha (2007), Science
Forests green-up in during 2005 Amazon drought
[Resilience]
Little is known regarding the resilience of tropical forest
ecosystems to increasing human pressures and climate
variability, despite the large consequences to carbon cycling,
fires, ecosystem services, and the socioeconomic welfare of
the region. Curran et al. (Science, 2004) found strong linkages of ENSO
events on tropical forest functioning in the Kalimantan rainforests of Borneo, in which intact rainforests were able to survive ENSO events, however, disturbed areas became drought susceptible, triggering widespread fires and a drastic reduction in the regenerative capacity of the rainforests.
The combination of land use pressures with climate variability
may result in forest collapse,
Disturbance & Land Use Pressures
Mekong Region Economic Corridor Development
Figure 2. Development of economic corridors. All weather paved road infrastructure as
of 1992 (A); 2006 (B); and planned for 2015 (C).
1992 2006 2015
Little is known regarding the resilience of Monsoon Asia tropical ecosystems to increasing human pressures and climate variability, despite the large
consequences to carbon cycling, fires, ecosystem services, and the socioeconomic welfare of the region.
Environmental conditions of tropical forest in SE Asia
• Large variability in precipitation pattern (ENSO) • Land-use change (plantation, oil palm, rubber et al.)• Large-scale fires and haze (smoke) in El Niño years
Kuala Lumpur (Sep. 2005)Sep. 1997
Networking tower sites
Synthesis researches on:" Geographical distribution of CO2 flux (Fc) and
evapotranspiration (ET)" Seasonal and inter-annual variations in Fc and ET" Controlling factors of variations in Fc and ET
Kalimantan (Sep. 2002)
Haze
Takashi Hirano
Tropical peatland in SE Asia
"In SE Asia, pealtlands are widely distributed in the area of 270,000 km2, which accounts for about 10% of total land area there.
"The carbon stored in tropical peatland soil of Indonesia is estimated at 55±10 Pg (Jaenicke et al., 2008).
"Although tropical petalands naturally coexists with swamp forest, the peatlands have been deforested at 1.5% every year. The area of 120,000 km2 has been already deforested and drained (Hooijer et al., 2006).
Distribution of tropical peatlands in SE Asia (Page et al., 2004)Takashi Hirano
Tower in DF
Large canal for drainage
Tower in UDF
Takashi Hirano
BC site• Drained and deforested in the mid-1990’s.• Regrowing vegetation and surface peat soil were