U.S. Imperialism

U.S. ImperialismU.S. Imperialism

US Territorial Growth to 1853• During the 1800’s US During the 1800’s US

territory doubled in sizeterritory doubled in size• Lands acquired after Lands acquired after

negotiations and negotiations and bloodshedbloodshed

• Growth facilitated Growth facilitated western movement, western movement, expanded commercial expanded commercial interests and added to interests and added to nationalismnationalism

• Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution created interest in created interest in overseas marketsoverseas markets

• Desire for political and Desire for political and economic expansion led economic expansion led to growing involvement to growing involvement in Latin America and in Latin America and Pacific Islands (Hawaii Pacific Islands (Hawaii and Samoa)and Samoa)

• Eventually led to war Eventually led to war with Spainwith Spain

Cuban Revolutionaries

• Cuba was Spanish Cuba was Spanish colonycolony

• America had America had significant economic significant economic ties to Cubaties to Cuba

• Had invested money Had invested money there since before there since before Civil War – mainly in Civil War – mainly in Sugar PlantationsSugar Plantations

• Cuban hatred of Cuban hatred of Spanish and falling Spanish and falling sugar prices led to a sugar prices led to a revolt.revolt.

Can you name this event?

Remember the Maine… To Hell with Spain

• Battleship Maine sat in Havana Harbor in Cuba in January 1898 – Sent by McKinley as “courtesy and goodwill” visit

• February 15 explosion destroys the USS Maine killing 260 sailors

• No conclusive evidence as to who sunk the Maine

• In all likelihood the explosion was an accident

Yellow Journalism Journalism in which Journalism in which

reporters reporters intentionally stir up intentionally stir up emotions of the emotions of the reader (and sells reader (and sells more newspapers) more newspapers) without much without much attention paid to attention paid to facts is called facts is called “Yellow “Yellow Journalism”Journalism”

Raised Anti-Spanish Raised Anti-Spanish sentimentsentiment

Repeated calls for US Repeated calls for US intervention in Cubaintervention in Cuba

Editorial About the Maine

““To five hundred thousand Cubans starved or otherwise To five hundred thousand Cubans starved or otherwise murdered have been added an American battleship murdered have been added an American battleship and three hundred American sailors lost as the direct and three hundred American sailors lost as the direct result of the dilatory[slow] policy of our government result of the dilatory[slow] policy of our government toward Spain. If we had stopped the war in Cuba toward Spain. If we had stopped the war in Cuba when duty and policy alike urged us to do [,] the when duty and policy alike urged us to do [,] the MaineMaine would have been afloat today… would have been afloat today…

““It was an accident, they say. Perhaps but… it was an It was an accident, they say. Perhaps but… it was an accident of a remarkably convenient kind for Spain. accident of a remarkably convenient kind for Spain. Two days ago we had five battleships in the Atlantic. Two days ago we had five battleships in the Atlantic. Today we have four. A few more accidents will leave Today we have four. A few more accidents will leave us at the mercy of the Spanish fleet.”us at the mercy of the Spanish fleet.”

- - New York JournalNew York Journal February 17, 1898 February 17, 1898

Political Cartoon of Spain

What do you see in this cartoon?

Who is the animal?Why is he leaning on the

tombstone?What historical event is this

cartoon commenting on?How would you feel about

the Spanish?How did this cartoon affect

Americans’ attitude toward the Spanish in Cuba?

America and Spain• Despite public outcry and

yellow journalism - McKinley initially opposed US military action against Spain

• March 1898 proposed cease fire between Spain and Cuban Revolutionaries

• Ultimately he bowed to public and political pressure - war broke out with Spain in Philippines on May 1, 1898

War Breaks Out in the Philippines

• War began in Philippines NOT Cuba

• Battle of Manila - entire Spanish fleet sunk; only one American casualty

• Commander Dewey enlisted help of Emilio Aguinaldo to lead an uprising against Spanish forces

• Aguinaldo did so under impression that Philippines would be granted independence after Spanish Defeat

• Dewey later denied that such assurances were given

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

• Teddy Roosevelt was sent to Cuba - commanded volunteer troops called Rough Riders

• Roosevelt and the Rough Riders became symbol of national enthusiasm for the fight against Spain

• Became legendary after San Juan Hill

Colored Calvary Fights in Cuba

• Fighting Units during the Spanish American War were segregated

• 9th and 10th Colored Cavalries fought at San Juan Hill but did not receive the notice of the Rough Riders

Spanish American War Political Cartoon

• What is happening in What is happening in this cartoon?this cartoon?

• Who is the father?Who is the father?• Who are the children?Who are the children?• What was the artists What was the artists

intended message?intended message?• Does he support or Does he support or

denounce denounce imperialism?imperialism?

• Do you see any racial Do you see any racial stereotypes?stereotypes?

U.S. After Spanish American War

• Secretary of State John Hay called the war a “splendid little war”

• Platt Amendment - limited Cuban foreign interaction, gave US right to establish naval station on island and send troops if necessary

• Peace treaty signed on December 10, 1898 (Treaty of Paris) US acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico.

• Cuban granted independence in treaty.

US in Caribbean and Latin America

• Following the Spanish American War US became a world power and gained new territories

• In early 1900’s looked for ways to expand and influence Latin America

• Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson all involved themselves in affairs of various countries - but each for different reasons and in different ways

Theodore Roosevelt• VP under McKinley - VP under McKinley -

became president in 1901 became president in 1901 following McKinley following McKinley assassination. Elected in assassination. Elected in 19041904

• Pushed for greater Pushed for greater American involvement in American involvement in foreign affairsforeign affairs

• Believed in avoiding conflict Believed in avoiding conflict whenever possible- always whenever possible- always be prepared if it becomes be prepared if it becomes necessary.necessary.

• Favorite saying - “walk Favorite saying - “walk softly and carry a big stick”softly and carry a big stick”

• ““Big Stick” manifested in Big Stick” manifested in Roosevelt Corollary.Roosevelt Corollary.

Roosevelt Corollary• Connected to the Monroe Doctrine Connected to the Monroe Doctrine • Corollary made US policemen in Corollary made US policemen in

Latin AmericaLatin America• Used as justification for intervention Used as justification for intervention

in Dominican Republic, Panama, in Dominican Republic, Panama, Cuba, Nicaragua and Honduras in Cuba, Nicaragua and Honduras in early 1900’searly 1900’s

Political Cartoon• What do you see in this

cartoon?• Who is represented by

the lion?• What does the flag in his

had represent?• Who are the men in the

trench?• Why are they so small

compared to Uncle Sam?

• What is the pillar in the background composed of? Why?

Panama Canal

• First attempt to create canal was with France under Ferdinand de Lesseps - gave up after losing 20,000 workers to malaria and yellow fever

• Roosevelt negotiated with Britain to gain rights to a canal across Central America.

• Roosevelt tried to work out agreement with Columbia.

• This failed so Roosevelt led Panamanians in rebel against Columbia.

Panama Canal Continued….

• Construction on Canal started in 1904

• Greatest obstacle to success - Disease

• Difficult terrain caused difficulties

• Took 10 years and 43,000 workers to complete

• 1915 - President Wilson announced opening of Panama Canal

• 1921 - US signed treaty with Columbia - officially admitted to questionable means of acquiring canal zone.

Boxer Rebellion• During 1800’s China seen

as a limitless market of manufactured goods

• China carved into “Spheres of Influence”

• In response to carving up of China US formulated the Open Door Policy.

• Open Door called for equal commercial opportunity for all nations trading with China and for preservation of China’s independence.

• In 1900 Chinese rebels called Boxers tried to drive foreigners out of China.

New Diplomacy

• Roosevelt believed that the US had international policy duty - tried to carry out around the world

• Since US emergence as a World Power, US had the right to impose its values on weaker countries.

• Latin America began to mistrust the US.• In Philippines nationalists had fought with the US to oust Spanish

rule. • Had resentment toward US for not allowing Filipino independence.

Taft’s Dollar DiplomacyTaft’s Dollar Diplomacy

• Economic means Economic means (protecting American (protecting American assets) in order to assets) in order to reach diplomatic reach diplomatic objectivesobjectives

• Encouraged foreign Encouraged foreign investmentsinvestments

• Substitute dollars for Substitute dollars for bulletsbullets

• Nicaragua US Nicaragua US supported troops in supported troops in Revolution, 1909-1920Revolution, 1909-1920

Woodrow WilsonMoral Diplomacy

• Wilson’s father was a Presbyterian minister and Wilson absorbed from him a devout spirit and love of ideas.

• Wilson’s Foreign policy very different from his predecessors.

• “Moral Diplomacy” negotiation and arbitration in dealing with nations.

• Wilson believed in championing democracy through the world, maintaining world peace and securing American interests abroad.

Woodrow Wilson Political Cartoons

What is the message of this cartoon?

Compare and Contrast these two cartoons.