03/20/2022 1 Impact of Social Inequality on Health: An Indian Perspective Presented by: Yade Lal Tekhre Former Director (Research) National Human Rights Commission, India & Former Prof. of Sociology National Institute of Health and Family Welfare New Delhi, Government of India 03/20/2022
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04/15/2023 1
Impact of Social Inequality on Health: An Indian Perspective
Presented by:
Yade Lal TekhreFormer Director (Research)
National Human Rights Commission, India
&Former Prof. of Sociology
National Institute of Health and Family Welfare
New Delhi, Government of India
04/15/2023
04/15/2023
Socio-economic and cultural issues
Population and Demographic profile
Family and community based facts and figures
Social problems and challenges
This presentation is based on social determinants of health
• Second largest country in the world• India lives in villages • Social Stratification: caste & class • Joint family system• Economic disparity • Poor health facilities• Density of population
Basic features of India: in relation to health
04/15/2023
Rate of Increase in Indian Population
https://www.youtube.com
Per Year 1,55,31,000
Per Month 12,73,033
Per Day 42,434
Per Hour 1,768
Per Minute 2904/15/2023
THE FAMILY AND COMMUNITY
• Unplanned pregnancy & unwanted child• Early marriage and early pregnancy• Socialization of the girl child• Average age at marriage• Gender inequality• Child marriage • Size of the family• Son preference
04/15/2023
• Multiple pregnancies • Low male participation in RCH• Joint family system• Gender discrimination • Poor socialization of the girl child • Stigma/Misconceptions about:
• Basic occupation still agriculture• Tribal, rural and scattered population difficult to
approach • Alcoholism, crime rate, food habits, • Poor health status: maternal and child health:
Anemia • Illiteracy: poor enrolment, drop outs, quality of
education04/15/2023
Violence and crime• Violence against women (dowry deaths)• Rape (a rape every 22 minutes) many unreported
• Religious complex• Terrorism, naxalite caste related violence• Female foeticide and infanticide• Violation of human rights • Child labour and slavery (bondage labour)04/15/2023
• Human trafficking: women and childrenwomen and girls are trafficked within the country for the
purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced marriage especially in those areas where the sex ratio is highly skewed in favour of men
• Violation of Human Rights Life, Liberty, Equality and Dignity Organ transplantation Primary health Lack of treatment of chronic/communicable disease
04/15/2023
Social stratifications• Peculiar Class & Caste system
inferiority complex cultural practices social status untouchability & discrimination social mobility endogamy restricted choice of occupation
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Economic status: Poverty and unemployment
• Human Development Index Rank 136• 0ut of 186 countries Low per capita income $1570 in 2013, ranked at 120th out of 164 countries by the World Bank
• Pitiable sanitation conditions• Corruption• work culture, unequal wages, wider gap
between have and have not (21% of the world’s global burden of disease, anemia among children and women)
04/15/2023
Environmental issues• Pollution: air, soil, water, thermal, radioactive• Poor hygienic living conditions• Hazardous workplace• Occupational & waterborne disease• Unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation• Deforestation• Natural calamities: drought, flood, stock,
earthquakes, cyclone, hot waves, cold waves 04/15/2023
Major Initiatives and Achievements to Overcome Challenges & Inequalities
• Empowerment of women and children• Partnership with stakeholders: Public Private Partnership, health sector reform
• Economic and educational attainments• Socio-economic developments: drugs and technology, health
information system• Strengthen of public health system and universal health
coverage: preventive, curative & promotive• Policies and programs for overall development