Virginia Company
U.S. History: Fall Semester Review140 Vocabulary words that you
MUST be familiar with for the Final Exam.Each word has not only a
definition but a relationship to one or more of the other
vocabulary words. (a piece of the puzzle)It is up to you to know
how they all fit together. (a giant puzzle)Once you know the big
picture, you can see where the details connect.Virginia
CompanyJoint business venture during colonial timesFirst successful
European settlers of AmericaCame over here looking for goldStarted
JamestownJohn Smith was the leaderFirst non-religious colony in
AmericaKing James signed the charterCultivated tobaccoHouse of
BurgessesFirst European-style legislative assembly in the
coloniesSome members were appointed and others were electedOversee
the Virginia colonySimilar to Englands parliamentPowhatanNative
American Chief from eastern VirginiaAttacked the settlers of the
Virginia companyProvided food for the colonists of
JamestownDaughter was Pocahontas Bacons RebellionLandless rebels
wanted harsher action against the Native AmericansLed by Nathaniel
BaconThey opposed Governor BerkleyShowed poor farmers displeasure
with not having the support of the governmentResulted in a law
stating that poor whites could no longer side with slaves against
rich white colonistsMassachusetts SettlementSettled by Puritans who
wanted religious freedomDid not want ties to Catholicism and were
not tolerant of other religionsBoston was the capitalJohn
WinthropCity upon a hillKnown as the PilgrimsGovernment was
dominated by Puritan religious beliefsRhode Island
SettlementDissenters (people who did not agree) from
MassachusettsEstablished by Roger WilliamsTolerant of other
religionsLived in peace with the Native AmericansBanished from
Massachusetts, Anne Hutchinson fled here with her 17
childrenHalf-Way CovenantAllowed partial church membership for
children and grandchildren of PuritansGet more people to join
Church because of a lack of personal relationship with GodCaused by
more and more children being brought up outside the
ChurchEncouraged by Puritan ministersResulted from the Churchs need
for more moneyKing Philips WarConflict between English colonists
and Native AmericansNative American leader was Metacom (he
died)King Philip was a Native American Chief (Same as above)End of
Native American presence in New England1675-1676Result of Native
Americans being forced to live by Puritan LawSalem Witch TrialsOver
dramatic white people Widespread hysteria24 people were killed, 29
were convictedMostly women were accused of witchcraft, 150
totalCaused byLack of opportunities for womenExtreme religious
faithStress between natives and colonistsMid-Atlantic
ColoniesTerritory between Virginia and New EnglandFounded by the
religiously tolerant Quakers (Pennsylvania)New Amsterdam was
settled by the Dutch firstPennsylvaniaFounded by William
PennQuakers who wanted peace and religious tolerancePenns Holy
ExperimentLived in peace with the Native AmericansNew Amsterdam
(New York)Founded by the DutchVery diverse population taken over by
the BritishFounded in 1625 by Dutch settlers, British take over in
1664British invited the Dutch to stay when they took
overQuebecFrench speaking territoryFur tradeEstablished in
1608French were spreading CatholicismBritish were Spreading
Protestantism First permanent French SettlementMercantilismNations
collect gold and silverBritish economic policy of the colonial
eraMore exports, less importsUltimate goal self
sufficiencyTrans-Atlantic TradeTrade from the colonies across the
Atlantic and backUnder mercantilism, the British wanted to control
this tradeTriangular Trade1-finished goods from GB to
Africa2-slaves from Africa to colonies3-raw materials from colonies
to GBMiddle PassageTrade route from Africa to the coloniesSecond
part of the three way voyage (triangular trade)Slaves were brought
from Africa to AmericaVery poor conditions for Africans2 of 10 died
along the journey2nd leg of trans-Atlantic tradeBenjamin
FranklinDeclaration of IndependenceInspired by John LockeFounding
fatherBelieved in individualism and social mobilityBelieved in
obtaining truth through experimentation and reasoningBifocalsProved
lightening was a form of electrical powerIndividualismSeeking ways
to improve ones own statusNew way of thinking for the
colonistsMaking your own choicesFree thoughtValues the Protestant
Work EthicSocial MobilityChanging classes in societyAbility to move
up in society based on hard workThe foundation of the American
DreamOutlined the capitalistic economy
The Great AwakeningRevival of religious feeling in American
colonies during the 1730sPreachers began to travel around Jonathan
EdwardsColonists, Native Americans, and African Americans all
became a part of one churchBrought many colonists into organized
Christian churches for the first timePre-destiny was taughtFrench
and Indian WarFrench and Native Americans were on the same
sideBritish won and gained new territoryBritish and colonists
fought beside each otherSome Native American tribes also sided with
the British towards the endConflict over land1756-1763Caused by
tensions over claims to coloniesFirst time George Washington led a
military group1763 Treaty of ParisEnded the French and Indian
WarFrance surrendered Canada to Great BritainFrance gave up all
land east of the Mississippi except for New OrleansLed to the
Proclamation of 1763Caused tension between the British and their
colonies because GB gained control of all coloniesNO MORE CHARTER
COLONIES!!!
Proclamation of 1763No settling west of the Appalachian
MountainsAttempt to limit conflict between colonists and Native
AmericansAmericans did not like thisSettled west anywayAngered the
colonistsFirst of a series of Acts and Proclamations that
eventually lead to the RevolutionStamp ActStamp on all paper
goodsFirst of direct taxes imposed on the colonists by the
BritishLed to creation of the Sons/Daughters of LibertyCaused
emergence of rebellious attitude towards Great BritainEstablished
tax collectorsHappened because of uprising at the customs
houseReplaced by the Declaratory ActIntolerable ActsPunishment for
the Boston Tea PartyClosed off Boston HarborMartial Law and
Quartering ActLed to the First Continental Congress1774
Sons of LibertyAttempted to stop the distribution of stamped
paper after the Stamp ActEstablished by Samuel AdamsEventually
turned to violence to protestLed the efforts in the Boston Tea
PartyDaughters of LibertyJoined the sons of liberty in British
oppositionMade their own clothes to boycott British ImportsRefused
to buy tea and other British ImportsOpenly protested the sale of
British goodsCommittees of CorrespondenceFirst secret meeting
between coloniesEstablished colonial militia to resist the
Intolerable ActsCarried out the First Continental
CongressEstablished the use of minutemen to resist British colonial
ruleThomas PaineWrote Common SenseSupported IndependenceCreated a
sense of unity among the colonists in their efforts against the
BritishPatriot philosopherDid not like the way Britain (the Mother
Country) treated its child (the colonies)
Common SenseWritten by Thomas PaineSaid that Great Britain was
too far away to rule the colonies effectively1776
Declaration of IndependenceJuly 4, 1776Written by Thomas
JeffersonOutlined what we had done to try and alleviate conflict
with Great BritainBased on the ideas of John Locke and Charles de
Montesquieu Unalienable rights Changed the war from a civil war to
a revolutionary warEstablished America as a separate
countryPresented the idea that all men are created equalJohn
LockeNatural rights of manLife, liberty, and propertyEnglish
philosopherHelped South Carolina write their State
ConstitutionInfluenced the Declaration of IndependenceIdeas spread
during the Enlightenment
Charles de MontesquieuFrench political thinkerFrench army
generalWanted equal rightsInfluenced the Declaration of
IndependenceWrote the Declaration of French Independence
General George WashingtonLed troops across the Delaware River to
a surprise attack on Trenton and victoryCommander-in-Chief of the
Continental ArmyReorganized the armySigned the Declaration of
IndependenceFirst military conquest was in the French and Indian
War and he failed
Crossing the DelawareChristmas Eve surprise attackGerman
Hessians were attacked by Washington and his troopsFirst big win
for the AmericansInspired by Thomas Paines The CrisisThe conditions
were very harshThis siege changed the course of the warThe win
against Great Britain inspired the French to support the
AmericansValley ForgeGeorge Washington conducted a training camp
for troops despite harsh conditions Most difficult time during the
war effort, many diedLacking supplies and moralePennsylvaniaLow
point for General Washingtons troopsSickness and death were
common
Marquis de LafayetteGeneral during the Revolution for American
troopsCame up with the plan that made the Americans win at
YorktownTrained American troopsWon the Battle against
CornwallisFrench commander of American troopsInspired to come to
America by Benjamin Franklin who was serving as ambassador to
France at the timeGeneral Charles CornwallisBritish general during
the Revolutionary WarSurrendered at YorktownEstablished forts
across the state of South Carolina and had much success in the
southAided by African Americans who had escaped from Patriot slave
ownersBattle of YorktownCornwallis surrendered hereEnded the
American RevolutionFrench naval force defeated a British
fleetBlocked the entrance to Chesapeake bayBritish could not be
rescued by seaVirginia1783 Treaty of ParisEnded the Revolutionary
WarUS gained control of all land east of the MississippiSigned in
Versailles in SeptemberBetween the United States, Great Britain,
France, and SpainConfirmed US independenceSet the boundaries of the
new nationDid not protect the land interests of the Native
AmericansArticles of ConfederationOutlined the 1st form of
government for the United States after the Revolutionary warDid not
work, was weak, gave the central government NO powerStates had all
the powerRevised after Shays RebellionNo executive branchDid not
have a strong judicial branchStarted the debate between a strong
central government and strong state governments1787Gave the
national government the power to declare war, make peace, sign
treaties, borrow money, standards for coins
U.S. ConstitutionThe supreme law of the land for the United
StatesSupported by the FederalistsReiterated the natural rights of
manOutlines the rules of the GovernmentEstablished a Supreme
Court1789Established a bicameral legislatureIncluded separation of
powers and a system of checks and balancesCongress established
lower courtsShays RebellionUprising of debt ridden Massachusetts
farmersAttempt to seize a federal arsenal in MassachusettsLed by
Daniel ShayProved the weakness of the Articles of
ConfederationConvinced 12 states to send delegates to the
Philadelphia conventionGreat CompromiseTwo house national
legislatureBICAMERALSmall states and large states compromised on
the issue of representationEstablished Senate and House of
RepresentativesConnecticut Compromise / Virginia
CompromiseSuggested by Roger ShermanEqual representation in Senate
and population determined representation in House of Reps.
SlaveryOwning African American peoplePopulation and
representation issueLed to the 3/5s compromiseSouth supported
slaves counted as populationDealt with runaway slaves issue at
Constitutional ConventionUnderground railroadHarriet Tubman, Uncle
Toms Cabin, Harriet Beecher StoweConstitution said slave trade
would end in 20 yearsSeparation of PowersDividing the government
into local, state, and federal levelsWeakened the power of the
Central/Federal GovernmentAssigned certain powers to each level of
governmentWas established by the Constitution and allowed for broad
interpretationLimited GovernmentSupported by
anti-federalistsReassured people that the government would not be
like a monarchyBill of RightsOutlined in the 9th and 10th
amendments to the constitutionEnsured a free market economy
Executive BranchPresidentEnforce/carry out the lawsVeto power,
checked by judicial and legislative branchesGeorge Washington
established the tradition of a cabinetLoosely interpreted by each
presidentDecide their own powers
Checks and BalancesKept one branch from dominating the
governmentTies all three branches of government togetherSeparates
government into three branches Assigns different powers to each
branchJudicial branch makes sure the other two dont do anything
unconstitutionalPresident cant do anything without the approval of
congress FederalistSupported the ConstitutionBelieved in strong
central governmentAlexander HamiltonFavored the new constitutions
balance of powerThe beginnings of political partiesGeorge
Washington and James Madison
Anti-federalistSupported limited federal GovernmentDid not
support the ConstitutionCalled for the Bill of RightsThomas
JeffersonPatrick HenrySamuel AdamsSimilar to Republican party of
todayRichard Henry LeeReceived support from rural areasThe
FederalistWritings by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton and John
JaySeries of 85 essays defending and explaining the
ConstitutionCalled for ratification of the ConstitutionExplained
the intent of the ConstitutionAppeared in New York newspapers
between 1787-1788
James MadisonHelped create the Bill of RightsSupporter of Thomas
Jefferson and his ideasFederalistWorked with Hamilton on the
Federalist Papers4th presidentAlexander HamiltonSecretary of
Treasury under George WashingtonBelieved in loose interpretation of
the ConstitutionVery important federalistExpand the power of
governmentKilled in a duel with Aaron BurrSon was killed in a duel
in the same place States RightsSupported by Southern States and
rural areasStates refused to enforce laws they did not
supportAnything not put in the constitution10th amendment outlines
that all powers not directed to the federal government are reserved
for the statesBill of RightsFirst 10 amendments to the
ConstitutionAppeased the Anti-federalistsRights of the
peopleLimited governmentAccepted by federalists and
anti-federalists
President George WashingtonFirst president of the United States
under the ConstitutionDid not like the idea of political
partiesTaxed whiskeyWas selected as president, was not
electedStarted the tradition of a cabinetSet the precedent of two
term presidencyDid not expect the Constitution to last more than 20
yearsWhiskey RebellionFarmers attacked tax collectors in the
Appalachian Mountain regionTried to get rid of excise taxLed to
moonshinersGovernment quashed the rebellionWashing ton instituted
tax on WhiskeyTax was to repay war debtWashingtons second
termDemonstrated presidents constitutional authority to enforce the
lawThe way to change law was to petition government peacefully not
by rebelling
Political PartiesGeorge Washington warned against political
parties in his farewell addressStarted forming between Alexander
Hamilton and Thomas JeffersonDemocratic-republicans and
WhigsParties were recognized based on their clothingFederalists and
anti-federalists
FactionsGroups with different ideas and opinionsJohn Adams vs.
Thomas JeffersonPolitical partiesStrict and liberal
constructionistsHow the constitution was to be
interpretedJefferson: strict constructionistHamilton: loose
constructionist
John AdamsBeat Thomas Jefferson to become 2nd president of the
United StatesSupporter of Alexander HamiltonElected in 1796Was a
federalistGrew up on a farm in MassachusettsMuch criticism came
from the supporters of his vp Thomas JeffersonPresidency showed the
weakness of the vp being the losing candidate
Northwest OrdinanceEstablished the procedure by which new states
would be admitted to the UnionShowed Americans that government
encouraged westward expansionFirst territory outside of the
original 13 colonies1787Manifest DestinyAngered the Native
AmericansMuch conflict in the northwest over land claims
Louisiana PurchaseBought land from the French for $15
millionDoubled the size of the countryLewis and Clark explored the
landBought from NapoleonSacagaweaLand had many Native American
tribesMonroe and Livingston closed the dealLewis and ClarkExplored
the western area purchased in the Louisiana TerritoryLed by
SacajaweaWent to the PacificLooking for water routesAppointed by
Thomas JeffersonDocumented new types of animals and plantsWar of
1812War between the Americans and Great BritainWe wonEnded by the
Treaty of GhentCaused by British restrictions on American trade in
the AtlanticConfirmed American independence and strengthened
nationalismLast violent conflict between America and Great
BritainErie CanalFirst man made canal that connected Lake Erie to
the Atlantic OceanTook 8 years to makeEmergence of Uncle Sam Samuel
Wilson363 miles longIncreased wealth of the NortheastPaid for
itself in 12 yearsWork was done by people who lived along the canal
route
New York CityNational capital until 1790Flourished after
construction of the Erie CanalCenter of commerceBy 1835 was the
largest city in the USCultural melting potConnection between
agricultural markets of the west and European traders
Monroe DoctrineAnti-intervention policy set out by President
MonroeTold other countries to stay out of our domestic
business1823
Industrial RevolutionFlourishing of factories in the NorthLess
man power = more machine powerNorth dominatedStarted in Great
BritainThomas Jefferson was president during this changing time in
American history
Eli WhitneyCotton GinInterchangeable parts (musket)Mass
production Increased efficiency, decreased costsBenefited the
south, cotton kingdomManufactured 10,000 muskets in 2 yearsHe
invented many things
Cotton ginInvented by Eli WhitneyTremendously helped cotton
farmersMade the cultivation of short staple cotton easierInvented
in 1793Increase in slavesReduced price of cottonIncreased
profitsSeparated seeds from cottonInterchangeable
partsMusketBenefited factoriesAssembly lineMade identical parts so
that the whole machine would not have to be replacedInvented by Eli
WhitneyImproved the production processDecreased the need for
skilled laborersManifest DestinyIt is our fate to settle all lands
westward from the East coast to the West Coast19th century belief
that inspired westward expansionPeople moved to the Pacific and
Caribbean territorySpreading Christianity
Temperance MovementBanning of alcoholSupported by womenLaid the
foundation of the womens suffrage movementMary C. Vaughan attested
to the evils of alcohol at a temperance meetingIncreased the size
of Protestant religious organizations and their influence in west
and rural areas
AbolitionismPush to end slaveryMain issue causing conflict
before and during the Civil WarFrederick Douglass was a famous
abolitionistAbolitionists were persecuted for their beliefsDid not
want to allow new states to have slavery
Public School ReformAll children should be allowed to attend
free public schools Funded by taxesAfrican Americans could not
attendWas led by Horace MannImproved quality because of formal
training of teachersInstituted curriculum reformDoubled money that
states spent on schoolsWomens Suffrage MovementWomen attempting to
gain the right to vote and have a more active role in
societyEventually resulted in the 19th amendmentGrimke sisters,
Elizabeth Cady StantonSojourner Truth went throughout the country
preaching and arguing for abolition and womens rights
Elizabeth Cady StantonLed the womens rights convention at Seneca
Falls New YorkProminent leader in womens suffrage
movementDeclaration of SentimentsWent to London for the Worlds
anti-slavery convention in 1848Husband was a delegate at the
convention
Seneca Falls ConferenceFirst womens rights conventionElizabeth
Cady Stanton was a leader at the conferenceNew York1848 Lucretia
Mott was also a prominent figure at the conventionOver 300 people
attendedMen and womenAdopted the Declaration of Womens
IndependenceDeclaration of SentimentsJacksonian DemocracySought a
stronger President and Executive branch and a weaker CongressLeft
the republican party to found the democratic-republican
partyBelieved that political leaders should be able to pick
followers for government jobsWanted to limit the power of elite
groupsExpanded mens suffrage to all white men, not just land
owners
American NationalismExtreme pride in country and desire to
spreadCultureLanguageReligionBelief that the national interest
should be placed ahead of regional interestsLed to competitive and
antagonistic rivalries among the nationsBelieved in manifest
destiny
William Lloyd GarrisonFounded abolitionist societies and
published an abolitionist newspaperActive in religious reform
movements in MassachusettsMost radical white abolitionistEditor of
a newspaperPublished the Liberator sending the message of immediate
emancipation
Frederick DouglassWorked for Garrison during the abolition
movementLecturer for the American Anti-Slavery SocietyBorn in
1817Taught to read and write by the wife of his ownerWrote an
autobiography Published an anti-slavery newspaper
Grimke SistersHeld lectures in the North about slaveryAngelina
published an appeal to Christian women of the south Pushed women to
be abolitionistsGrew up on a plantation and did not like the way
slaves were treated
Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri was admitted as a slave
state and Maine was added as a free state to the UnionAttempt to
maintain the balance between slave and free states in the
UnionSlavery was prohibited in the northern part of the Louisiana
purchase
Nat Turners Rebellion60 whites were killed and Nat was
eventually executedSlave that started a revolt in the southHe had
80 followersBelieved he was called by God to save his peopleAfrican
American preacherLed to whites killing over 200 slaves
Nullification CrisisStates refusal to recognize an act of
congress that it considers unconstitutional (slavery)Supported by
John C. CalhounStates rightsSectionalismEvident when South Carolina
tried to nullify a tariff on imports and threatened to secedeJohn
C. CalhounSupported states rightsSupported Henry Clays American
SystemSupported infrastructure and other national issuesHe thought
the 1828 tariff on imports was an abominationAndrew Jacksons Vice
PresidentHelped South Carolina during the nullification crisis
SectionalismBeing loyal to a certain region rather than the
nationSouthern states supported this idea because it was in their
best interestPromoted by the nullification crisisGrowing danger
that underscored the presidential election of 1796
Mexican-American WarEnded by the Treaty of Guadalupe
HidalgoJames K. Polk was president during the warFought to win
territory in TexasRobert E. Lees first battleMexico had an unstable
governmentWar began in 1846US wanted New Mexico and California
Wilmot ProvisoProposed that none of the territory acquired in
the war with Mexico would be open to slaveryWas an amendment to an
1846 military appropriations billDivided congress along regional
linesNortherners supported this, southerners did notSouth believed
it would tilt the balance of power in the congress in favor of the
north
Compromise of 1850A series of congressional measure intended to
settle the grievances between free states and slave statesIncluded
the fugitive slave actFree states must return runaway
slavesSupported by Henry Clay5 laws to maintain stabilityNew Mexico
was established by the border of TexasNew Mexican voters could vote
on slavery issueCali was freeReturn runaway slaves a mustSlave
trade abolished in DCKansas-Nebraska ActA law enacted in 1850 that
established the territories of Kansas and NebraskaEnacted the idea
of popular sovereigntyPeople voted on whether or not the state
would allow slaveryRepealed the Missouri Compromise90% of congress
voted for the bill but the entire congress debated whether or not
to pass itEnacted in 1854Popular SovereigntyA system in which
residents of an area vote to decide an issueAppealed to both the
north and the southSeemed like the most fair way to organize new
state governmentsCaused mass migration to new statesWas not
successful in Kansas and Nebraska
Dred Scott DecisionAttempted to gain his freedom through the
court systemoutcome was against Scott because he was viewed as
property and not a citizenPopular sovereignty was
unconstitutionalCourt decision said that slaves were not citizens
and could not bring cases to courtHe had no claim to freedomFormer
slave from MissouriHearing was in 1857John BrownAttacked people in
Kansas and killed 5 peopleBelieved God sent him to fight against
slaverySecretly obtained financial backing from several prominent
northern abolitionistsWanted a full slave revolt to spread
throughout the United StatesHarpers Ferry: Oct. 16,
1859AbolitionistAbraham LincolnMain political force in ending
slaveryRepublicanMain goal was to preserve the Union and stop
slavery from spreadingEventually changed goal to abolish
slaveryIssued the Emancipation ProclamationWanted the south to fire
the first shot16th presidentAssassinated by John Wilkes Boothe at
Fords TheatreGettysburg address 2 minutesSouth Carolina seceded
when he was elected
Habeas CorpusCourt order requiring authorities to bring a
prisoner before a judge to determine if he/she is being held
legallyLincoln suspended this so they could hold southern
sympathizers without justificationMore than 13,000 suspected
confederate sympathizers were held without a trialConstitution
allows president to suspend in times of National emergency
Emancipation ProclamationOutlawed slavery in the confederate
statesDid not expect slave owners to follow itExpected slaves would
hear of it and run away on their ownMilitary action aimed at states
in rebellionJanuary 1, 1863Hurt the war effort of the southDid not
free slaves in Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland,
Delaware
Jefferson DavisConfederate PresidentFrom MississippiBelieved
that the south was not here to make compromises with the
UnionWanted south to be taken seriously as a nationBorn in
1808-died 1889President from 1861-1865Graduated from West
PointElected to US senate in 1846 and 1856Ulysses S. GrantGeneral
for the UnionGained control of the Mississippi River in the siege
of VicksburgGraduated from West PointSuccessful general, bad
everything else18th president of the USFebruary 1862 invaded west
TennesseeAccepted the surrender of General LeeCaptured 2
confederate forts in 11 days15th amendment added during
presidencyRobert E. LeeGeneral for the ConfederacySurrendered at
AppomattoxAsked to join the Union but declined and joined the
Confederacy because he loved VirginiaGraduated from West PointHated
slavery but loved his state moreLed the standoff at AntietamOpposed
successionDefeated at GettysburgChancellor at West Point
William Tecumseh ShermanLed the march through Georgia and burned
everything in his pathAfter capturing Savannah, went north to help
Grant wipe out LeeGraduated from West PointGave Savannah to Lincoln
as a Christmas presentFirst example of TOTAL WARThomas Stonewall
JacksonConfederate GeneralWon the first Battle of Bull RunCaused
Washington to retreat at the 1st Battle of Bull RunGraduated West
PointDied during battleLost his right armOn Stone Mountain
Battle of AntietamDeadliest/bloodiest one day battle of the
Civil War26,000 casualties (as many as the entire War of 1812)Two
sides fought to a standoffRobert E. Lee led the southMcClellan led
the northCould have ended the civil war if McClellan had followed
when the south retreatedFought on September 17, 1862The south lost
of its menBattle of GettysburgDeadliest battle of the war (over
three days)Turning point of the Civil WarGeneral Lee decided not to
invade the North again after thisStarted July 3, 1863Gettysburg
address issued 4 months laterNational cemetery dedicationThe south
lostSiege of VicksburgIn combination with Gettysburg, this was the
turning point for the warMississippi, one of last Confederate
holdouts preventing the Union from taking control of the
Mississippi RiverMay-July 1863Grant was the Union leader and
wonBattle of AtlantaSherman burned the city to the groundAtlanta
was a major manufacturing and railroad hub for the
ConfederacyJuly-September of 1864TOTAL WARSherman marched to the
coast (Savannah) after burning the cityDestroyed everything in his
pathGettysburg AddressIssued by Abraham Lincoln at the dedication
of the national cemetery at the site of the Battle of
GettysburgGary Willis, It remade AmericaNovember of 18632 minutes
Edward Everett spoke for 2 hours preceding Lincolns addressRaised
spirits of the US so it would be one indivisible nationLincolns
Second Inaugural AddressExpressed sorrow that differences between
north and south could not be settled peacefullyExpressed slavery as
such an evil that the north was justified in going to warOutlined
plans for reconstructionRe-elected in 1864Emphasized NOT wanting to
punish the southDropped the republican name and used National Union
Party to gain the support of democrats
Presidential ReconstructionPlan to rebuild the south quickly and
readmit them to the UnionLincoln believed that it was the
individuals and not the states that rebelledDid not want the Union
to punish the individuals so he pardoned their actionsVery lenient
towards the southJohnson followed in Lincolns footstepsRadical
Republican ReconstructionPlan to readmit the southern states to the
Union only after they had met many strict requirementsMeant to
punish the many confederate power holdersHated moderate
reconstruction planLed by Thaddeus StevensOnly wanted to allow
readmission after ratification of 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendmentsWanted Congress to be in charge of reconstruction
13th AmendmentAbolished slavery and involuntary servitude in all
statesThe five states that were loyal to the Union now had to free
their slaves1865Ratified by 27 states8 were from the south
14th AmendmentStated that all people born in the US were
citizens regardless of raceExtended the protection in the Bill of
Rights to ALL peopleStarted with the 1866 Civil Rights ActsEnacted
over presidential vetoPassed in 1868
15th AmendmentNo one could be kept from voting based on race,
color, or previous condition of servitudeReduced the amount of
racism within the Congressional lawsPassed in 1870Grant was
PresidentCaused Jim Crow laws to be passed in the southLed to the
Enforcement Act of 1870Southern whites did not want to follow 14th
and 15th amendmentsMorehouse CollegeCollege for African
AmericansSamuel L Jackson : AlumniFirst Historically Black
CollegeFocus was on education and ministry1867 established as the
Augusta InstituteFounded by two ministers and a former slave
Freedmens BureauEstablished to help out former slaves after the
Civil WarDistributed food and clothing to poor whites and former
slavesEstablished at the end of the warCongress voted to continue
in 1866SOME freed slaves were given land that was not reclaimed
after the warVetoed by Johnson
Andrew Johnsons ImpeachmentThe Congress believed he was not
following the laws laid out in the Constitution when it came to
reconstructionRemoved military officers who attempted to enforce
the reconstruction actsImpeached by Radical Republicans in
congressNot removed from office by one vote
Black codesReinstated almost all of the same restrictions as
slaveryNo carrying weaponsServing on juriesMarrying
whitesTestifying against whitesStarted in Mississippi and SC used
to prevent blacks from moving up in societySegregated all public
facilitiesJim Crow laws
Ku Klux KlanSecret organization that used terrorist tactics to
restore white supremacy in the south after the Civil WarStarted in
Tennessee in 1866Killed African Americans and white
sympathizersEstablished by veterans of the Confederate militaryKept
African Americans from voting after the Civil WarUsed intimidation
like burning crosses, murder, etc.Backed off so that the federal
troops would leave the southRailroad industryExpanded during the
late 1800s Provided transportation for settlers going westHired
Chinese workers and paid low wagesMade the steel industry grow
exponentiallyFirst Trans-continental railroad completed in
1869Western areas were settled by farmersHomestead ActMore
railroads in the east than westTripled in size by 1890Led to the
creation of time zonesBonanza farms
Transcontinental RailroadLinked the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts
of the United States First - Completed in 1869Led to the creation
of time zonesTravel from coast to coast shortened to one week4 by
1900
Chinese LaborersCheap labor for the RR industryWorked in
extremely dangerous conditionsSo many that the US had to pass the
Chinese Immigration ActWages were minimalChinese : $35/month and no
foodWhites : $60/month and supplied foodLed to the Chinese
Exclusion ActMaintained their own culture and traditions
Steel IndustryBenefited from the mass expansion of the RRUsed
the Bessemer processTechnique involved by injecting air into molten
iron to remove carbon and other impuritiesProduction became more
efficient and lower costFirst monopoly was in the steel industry
Created by Andrew CarnegieUsed vertical and horizontal
integration
Big BusinessJohn D. Rockefeller OilSocial DarwinismPhilosophy
taken on by the prospering businessesPullman Railway
CompanyCarnegie SteelLed to the creation of Labor Unions
John D. RockefellerStandard Oil CompanyMonopoly1870 company
processed 2-3% of oil and after a decade controlled 90% of the
industryUsed trusts to gain market shareLed to the Sherman
Anti-Trust ActCompanies/the government could not use tactics that
interfered with free trade
Standard Oil CompanyControlled 90% of the Oil IndustryBelieved
in using trust agreements to gain market shareJohn D.
RockefellerBought out competitors (horizontal integration)Known as
a Robber Barron
TrustsBusiness alliancesJohn D. Rockefeller used to gain 90%of
oil industryAgreed on pricesLead to monopoliesSherman Anti-trust
actMade illegal trusts that interfered with free
tradeMonopoliesWhen one company controls an industryCurrently
IllegalCan set prices artificially highUsed by Rockefeller and
CarnegiePrevent competition in the marketplace
Thomas EdisonLight bulbElectric systemMotion
picturesPhonographPower grid to distribute/transport
electricityDeveloped the concept of industrial research centersHe
added innovations that made electricity safer and less
expensiveElectric Light bulbThomas EdisonReplace oil burning
lampsIncreased demand for electrical linesPatented in 1880Led to a
system for producing and distributing electrical powerMenlo Park,
NJAllowed automation in factories
PhonographThomas EdisonCommunication and entertainmentAttempted
to record and play back sound from a telegraphLed to the
development of the telephoneDeveloped in 1877Motion PicturesThomas
EdisonEntertainment changed societyMore jobs for peopleDeveloped in
1895Sitting BullNative American SiouxRefused to sign the Treaty of
Fort LaramieCaptured and killed by US forcesFollowers fled to South
DakotaWounded KneeLast battle with Native AmericansBetween 250
and300 died some were innocentRevived the 7th cavalry of George A.
CusterNo one knows where first shot came fromDecember of 1890Most
think it was a slaughterEllis IslandImmigrantsNew YorkMany people
could not pass throughAttempt to prevent entrance to people with
diseaseWeeded out the poor and degenerateGave literacy
testsWelcomed the wealthyAmerican Federation of LaborInfluenced
labor lawsSamuel GompersShortened the work day to 8 hours from
12Focused on collective bargainingUsed strikes as a method of
negotiatingStrikes led to the alliance between big business and
governmentSamuel GompersAFLStrikesPresident of AFL from 1886-1894
and 1895-1924Wanted higher wagesShorter work daysSafer working
conditionsEfforts led to farmers being subsidized Led the cigar
makers international labor union to join with other craft unions in
1886Pullman StrikeIllinoisGovernment sent in troops to stop the
violenceStopped all rail traffic west of ChicagoAll rail workers
refused to work any line associated with the Pullman companyAnother
display of the alliance between big business and governmentThe town
was built around the company