U.s. history Chapter One.

Dissent and Independence1600 - 1776

Roots of the American Revolution.

Why did Europeans want to colonize the world?

Mercantilism: Export more than import. This leads to wealth.

Colonies provide raw materials to Mother country.

Colonies provide CLOSED markets for exports.

MercantilismSpain

Sought Gold and Silver from North America.

Imported other raw materials.

Used Missions to spread Catholic faith AND organize native peoples to provide labor.

Fair relations with native peoples.

Only loyal Spaniards allowed to go to colonies.

France

Imported raw materials from the Miss. Basin.

Spread the Catholic faith.

Also limited the number of colonists.

Good relations with native peoples.

Only loyal Frenchmen allowed into Colonies.

Mercantilism - English

First settlements-Early 1600’s.

Colonies used as a way to get rid of unwanted English subjects.

“Sturdy beggars.”

Criminals. Georgia.

Outcasts.

Victims of the “Enclosure” movement.

Religious outcasts-Puritans.

Those looking for riches. Jamestown or Roanoke.

Salutary or Benign Neglect. Colonies developed World wide trading network.

No taxes.

World Wide Colonial Trade

The Enlightenment Time Bomb

By the 1400’s Europe started to come out of the Dark Ages.

Europeans began to rediscover math, science, art, and geography.

Logic and reason began to replace church doctrine.

Many in the English colonies, future American leaders, became students of this Enlightenment.

Enlightenment philosophy would fuel our revolution and creation of our country.

Philosophers of the Enlightenment.

Political/Economic:

Montesquieu. Separation of Powers.

Rousseau. Popular Sovereignty.

Voltaire. Free Speech.

Adam Smith. Free Markets.

Descartes. Question Everything. “ I think therefor I am.

John Locke. Social Contract.

Social Contract: Two Visions.Thomas Hobbs 1588-

1679The King must provide social services.

He must protect his people from foreign invasion.

He must protect his peoples life and property.

SUBJECTS must obey and serve the King no matter what.

This is the Social Contract.

John Locke 1632-1704

Locke matches Hobbs Social Contract, EXCEPT:

Locke said you MUST overthrow a bad King.

This theory will appeal to American Revolutionaries. Why?

Locke had to flee to the Netherlands.

England Tries to Regain Control.

Navigation Acts of 1660: Tries to reroute all colonial trade through England.

Colonial ship then pay taxes.

Colonial products then shipped out on non Colonial English ships

This started Colonial smuggling.

French-Indian War 1754-1763. A.K.A as the

Seven Year War in Europe.

English Colonial pop. 2.5 million.

French pop. 100,000.

Albany Congress 1754. First time all thirteen colonies ever met.

Model for future struggle during revolution.

England wins war.

Proclamation Act of 1763.

England creates AND enforces taxes on Colonials.

This the beginning of the end.

Seven Years War.

New TaxesSugar tax 1764

Placed NEW taxes on sugar, silk, wine, coffee, and indigo.

Quartering Act 1765 placed troops in their home to enforce tax!

Stamp Act 1765

This placed a tax on most printed material.

Stamp Act Congress.

Boycott of all English imports and exports.

England backed down.

Committees of Correspondence

This group wrote essays and reports about British actions towards the colonists.

This information was quickly disseminated through out the Colonies.

This information was NOT unbiased.

“Boston Massacre” Five killed. 1770.

Boston Tea Party 1774.The Party.

The Tea Act gave a BRITISH tea co. a monopoly to import tea.

150 Colonials dressed as Native Americans dumped several million dollars worth of tea into bay.

The Results.

Intolerable Acts:

Closed Boston Harbor.

Demanded repayment.

Revoked Mass. Charter.

Taxes.....

Armed Rebellion Begins 1774

British troops march to Concord to seize arms.

“Minutemen” troops head them off at Lexington.

Shots are fired.

British troops are forced back from Concord.

While retreating Minutemen shoot at them from cover/forest all the way back to Boston.

Lexington and Concord

Over two hundred British troops killed.

Blood has been spilled!

Second Continental Congress declares independence.

Thomas Jefferson writes The Declaration of Independence. 1776.

Concord and Lexington

.

2. Creating the D.O.I.

Social Contract-Locke-Jefferson

1. Jefferson paraphrased a lot of Locke’s work for the D.O.I.

2. Most of rebels were students of the Enlightenment.

3. Locke said that people had an obligation to over throw a bad King.

Hobbs and Hobbs

Locke’s Fingerprints:

Declaration of Independence

Three key parts:

1. What is an ideal government?

2. List of grievances.

3. Declared freedom.

D.O.I. is Like a Divorce

1. What is an ideal marriage?

2. List of complaints against spouse.

3. Marriage is over.

Revolution 1775-1783

Rebels finally defeat British at Yorktown. 1781.

Treaty of Paris signed in 1783.

The Colonist get all the land east to the Mississippi River.

America is now one of the largest countries, geographically, in the world.

Origins of American GovernmentColonial Period

Written Constitutions-Colonies

1. Mayflower Compact-1620.

2. Great Fundamentals-1629. System of laws. Puritans Mass. Bay.

3. Fundamentals Orders of Connecticut-1639. Plan for government.

Mayflower Compact

Plymouth Colony

English Political Heritage

Limited government:

1. Magna Charta-1215. Limited the power of King John.

2. Petition of Rights-1625. Gave power to Parliament.

3. English Bill of Rights-1688. This bill combined elements of the Magna Carta and Petition of Rights.

Magna Carta

Representative Government:

1. House of Lords/Commons.

New Political Ideas-Enlightenment:

1. Thomas Hobbs.

2. John Locke

3. Voltaire.

4. Rousseau.

5. Montesquieu.

Hobbs

Enlightenment Continued

1. Montesquieu: Separation of powers.

2. Voltaire: Free speech.

3. Rousseau: Democracy.

Enlightenment

Governments in the Colonies

Shared government practices in all the Colonies:

1. Written constitutions.

2. Elected legislatures.

3. Separation of powers.

Articles of Confederation

1. Fighting a war is a lot easier than running a government.

2. Those who created the A.O.C. designed it to be weaker that the states. Why?

What did the A.O.C. Look Like?

1. No executive branch.

2. No national court system.

3. No power to tax.

4. Could not regulate trade.

5. No one had to obey its laws.

6. Unicameral House.

Achievements of A.O.C.

Land Ordinance Act-1787

1. Provided free western land to help finance the public school system.

Northwest Ordinance Act-1787

2. Created a pathway to equal statehood for all territories.

Reasons the A.O.C. Failed

Economic Turmoil

1. America suffered a severe depression after the war.

2. Many Americans lost their farms and businesses.

3. The A.O.C. had no power to help.

Shay’s Rebellion

1. A.O.C. became very unpopular.

2. Capt. Daniel Shay organized farmers to resist foreclosure with arms.

3. A.O.C. had no power to stop the armed farmers.

A.O.C.

Shay Almost Topples Government!

1. Mass. had to call in local militia to put down rebellion.

2. National leaders had to cross their fingers and hope for the best.

3. Why is this bad?

4. Everyone realizes now that the A.O.C. is a failure.

Constitutional Convention Begins-

17871. All states, except R.I., sent reps to Philadelphia to fix the A.O.C.

2. The reps soon realized that the A.O.C. was fatally flawed.

3. In SECRET the reps decided to create a totally new government.

Key Agreements From the Start

1. Limited Government.

2. Representative Government.

3. Three branches of government or checks & balances.

4. Stronger national government.

5. Popular Sovereignty.

Decisions and Compromise

1. The three most important developments of the convention?

2. Compromise, compromise, and more compromise.

Virginia Plan

1. Virginia showed up with a plan.

2. The three principles were:

National legislature-Bicameral.

Strong president-Chosen by legislature.

National judiciary-Chosen by the legislature.

Virginia Plan

Which branch of government would have the most power?

New Jersey Plan

1. Unicameral Legislature.

2. One vote per state.

3. Congress would have power to tax and regulate trade.

4. Weak executive branch with more than one president.

5. Limited national judiciary.

Connecticut Compromise

1. Bi cameral House.

2. House of Reps based on population.

3. Senate has two reps, regardless of population.

How does this solve the big state v small state conflict?

Three-Fifth Compromise

1. Southern states wanted to count their slaves for representation in the House of Reps.

2. North Carolina had a bigger slave population than free.

3. Why did the North oppose this idea?

Commerce Compromise

1. The South wanted no tax on exported goods.

2. Why was this so important to the South?

Compromise on Slave Trade

1. South wanted a ban on any discussion of the slave trade until 1808.

2. Congress gained the power to regulate interstate and all foreign trade.

Slavery Issue

The question of slavery was left out of the constitution EXCEPT for a clause that stated runaway slaves had to be returned by Northern States.

“Fire bell in the night.” Thomas Jefferson.

Other Compromises

1. Electoral College.

2. Four year term for the President.

Ratification Difficulties

1. It took nine of the thirteen states to ratify the new Constitution.

2. Rejection by any of the four biggest states would doom ratification process. Mass., New York, Pennsylvania, or Virginia.

3. Anti Federalists were afraid of a strong central government and suspicious of the Federalists.

Federalist v. Anti-Federalists

Federalists-Hamilton

1. They wanted a strong. Central government.

2. They wanted the Federal government to be stronger than the states.

3. Federal laws to be supreme.

Anti Federalists-Jefferson

1. They felt that this new Federal government was too strong.

2. Suspicious of the “secret” convention.

3. Jefferson called the convention “extralegal.”

Federalist Papers

1. Essays published to explain the Constitution and answer criticisms by Anti-Federalists.

2. It promoted the idea that a stronger government was a must.

3. They also promised that it would not trample on civil liberties.

The Last BIG Compromise!1. Anti-Federalists wanted a list of iron clad guarantees to protect civil rights.

2. Federalists felt it was unnecessary, BUT agreed.

3. What is the list called today?

4. Who was right about the need for a B.O.R?

The Constitution

Chapter Three U.S. Constitution

Structure and Principles

Seven articles and preamble:

Preamble-Why the constitution was written.

1. Article one-Est. the legislative branch. Lots of details.

2. Est. the executive branch. Vague.

Articles Continued…

3. Article three-Est. the Federal court system. Vague.

4. Article four-Explains the relationship between the states and Federal government. Federalism.

5. Article five-Amendment process.

Articles Continued…

6. Article six-Supremacy Clause.

7. Article seven-Ratification process.

8. The Amendments.

Informal Changes to the Constitution

1. Changes through the passing of laws.

2. Changes through government practices. William H. Harrison. V.P? Two hour inaugural address during rain storm. Pneumonia!

3. Commerce Clause is a good example.

Changes Through Custom and Usage

The constitution does not mention:

1. Political parties. Picks electors.

2. Presidential succession.

3. Executive agreements.

4. Impeachable offenses.

5. Privacy from the gov’t.

First AmendmentFive freedoms:

1. Speech.

2. Religion.

3. Press.

4. Assembly.

5. Petition.

Freedom Within LimitsLibel

This is when there are lies or wrong information that damages a persons reputation in writing.

Absences of malice excepted.

SlanderThis false speech that damages a persons reputation.

Also, a person can’t yell fire in a crowded theater when NO fire exists.

Amendment TwoRight to bare arms.

Amendment ThreeNo quartering of soldiers in private homes.

Fourth AmendmentProtection of privacy from the government & zones of privacy:

1. Probable cause.

2. Search Warrants.

3. Surveillance.

4. Arrest warrant.

Fifth Amendment

1. Double Jeopardy.

2. “I plead the fifth.”

3. Due process of law.

4. Eminent domain.

Sixth Amendment

Speedy trial.

Jury.

Confront witnesses.

Right to compel witnesses.

Right of council.

Seventh Amendment

The right to a jury trail concerning amounts over $20.00.

Eighth Amendment

Ninth Amendment

“Rights reserved by the People.”

There are NO loop holes concerning our civil rights.

Even IF a right is not written in the constitution, it doesn’t mean we don’t have that right!

“Zones of privacy.”

Tenth Amendment

“Rights retained by the states.”

1. IF there is NO Federal law concerning a subject, then the state can have a law. National speed limit?

2. Marriage licenses, health dept., state parks, and public education. No Child Left Behind?

Jefferson’s Most Important Amendment?

He said that with this ONE amendment you would regain all the other civil rights.

First Amendment!

Other AmendmentsEleventh-1795

1. Citizens from one state can’t sue another state.

2. If NV passed a law, a resident/citizen of CA can’t sue NV over it.

Twelfth-1804 1. President/Vice president run as a team.

2. Before Amend. 12 the top two vote getters became Pres./V.P.

3. Pres. Adams and V.P. Jefferson were of different political parties. Not good.

Civil War Amendments1. Thirteenth Amendment. 1865. Outlawed slavery.

2. Fourteenth Amendment. 1868. Prohibits a state from depriving a person of “Life, liberty, or property.” Equal protection under the law. Start “Incorporation.”

3. Fifteenth Amendment. 1870. Right for ALL males to vote.

Later Amendments

1. Sixteenth Amendment. 1913. Federal income taxes.

2. Seventeenth Amendment. 1913. Direct vote of U.S. Senators.

3. Eighteenth Amendment. 1919. Prohibition.

Later Amendments Continued…

1. Nineteenth Amendment. 1920. Universal suffrage.

2. Twentieth Amendment. 1933. New dates for Congress/Pres.

3. Twenty-First Amendment. 1933. Repeals 18th. Only one repealed!

Later Amendments…

1. Twenty-Second Amendment. 1951. Limits Pres. to two terms.

2. Twenty-Third Amendment. 1961. Allows D.C. citizens to vote for Pres.

3. Twenty-Fourth Amendment. 1964. Prohibits Poll tax.

Later Amendments Continued…

1. Twenty-Fifth Amendment.1967. Presidential succession/disability. L.B.J?

2. Twenty-Six Amendment. Lowers voting age to 18.

3. Twenty-Seventh Amendment. 1992. No pay raise during CURRENT Congressional session.