US History Chapter 9

Chapter 9

The Jefferson Era

CH 9: Questions to Consider

• How was the election of 1800 resolved?• What was one major factor in creating interest

in exploring the continent?• Why did the Embargo Act of 1807 prove

disastrous?• How did the British seize Washington, D.C.?

What caused it?

THE REPUBLICANS TAKE POWERSection 9.1

The Election of 1800

• Politicians did not campaign like today• Deadlock, tie in electoral college• 12th Amendment: separate ballots for voting

for president and VP (1803)• Jefferson’s Inauguration (March 4, 1801)– Supported states’ rights (Democratic-Republican)– Laissez-faire government

Jefferson’s Policies

• “All men are created equal”– He owned slaves, but was

a proponent for abolition

• Supported small farmers– He owned an estate

(Monticello, VA)

• Alien and Sedition Acts expire

• Repeal of Naturalization Act

Jefferson’s Policies

• National debt was $83M– Cut the army by 1/3 and

reduced navy to 7 ships– Customs duties only

taxes (tax on foreign goods and sale of land)

• Entire federal government consisted of only a few hundred people, some part time

Jefferson and the Courts

• Judiciary Act of 1801– Adams set up and appointed judges– Federalists controlled the court

• “Midnight Judges”– Commissions had to be delivered before Mar. 4 when

Jefferson took office• Marbury v. Madison – Chief Justice Marshall used judicial review– Marbury lost case, would not be given commission– Judicial review established constitutionality of branches

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASESection 9.2

Western Territory

• In 1800, land west of Mississippi to the Rockies belonged to Spain

• Spanish allowed access to Mississippi River

Western Territory

• In 1802, Spanish suddenly deny use of Mississippi– Spain secretly transfers Louisiana Territory to France

• The French Threat– Napoleon Bonaparte: empires in Europe and

America• Revolt in Santo Domingo (Haiti/Dominican

Republic)– French lose; Revolt lead by Toussiant-Louverture

The Nation Expands

• France sells Louisiana Territory for $15 million

• U.S. doubled in size• Exploration of new land

booms

The Louisiana Purchase

Lewis and Clark

• Purpose: explore western lands and find route to Pacific

• Corps of Discovery• St Louis, starting point

(1804)• Reached the Pacific

(4,000 miles); returned to St. Louis in 1806

Pike’s Expedition

• Explored area now known as Colorado between 1805-1807

• Discovered Grand Peak, now known as Pike’s Peak Colorado

Federalists Plan to Secede

• Opposed Louisiana Purchase– Felt it gave too much influence to Republican

party• Federalists in MA plotted to leave the Union• New England would become a “Northern

Confederacy”• Federalists recruit Aaron Burr to run for

governor of New York

Federalists Plan to Secede

• Burr loses election, blames Hamilton

• The Duel: Hamilton-Burr Feud

• Burr kills Hamilton and flees

A TIME OF CONFLICTSection 9.3

Americans in Foreign Seas

• During 1790’s, shipping profits grow

• Barbary pirates (N. Africa) demand tribute for safe passage in Mediterranean

• War with Tripoli

Freedom of the Seas

• US maintained their neutral rights with France and England

• Giving US the right to sail freely

• Chesapeake attacked (1807); Americans call for war with England

President Bans Trade

• Embargo Act (1807): No trade with all foreign nations– Loud opposition put pressure on Republicans

• Jefferson leaves after 2 terms (1808)– Madison replaces and wins (122 electoral votes)

• Congress repeals Embargo Act (1809)• Nonintercourse Act: no trade with England or

France

War Fever

• James Madison: 3rd US President

• Napoleon continues to threaten US interests

• England or France• Which threat larger?

Frontier Conflicts

• External problems with France/England

• Internal problems grew, too

• Settlers moving into lands guaranteed for Native Americans

• Tecumseh forms confederacy

War HawksTecumseh Confederation Aligns with British

War Hawks Push for War with England

Leaders are Henry Clay and John Calhoun

War Hawks Increase Military Spending

War With England is Declared

THE WAR OF 1812Section 9.4

The Canadian Campaign

• Americans not prepared• Detroit surrendered by

American forces• Lake Erie targeted, take

n by Perry• Battle of Thames and

Toronto show American victories on land

Naval Battles

• The Constitution, fastest warship (frigate)

• Privateers used• British blockade to

divide American focus

Setbacks for Native Americans

• Tecumseh’s death ruins hopes for Indian confederacy

• Andrew Jackson attacks and defeats Creeks (1814)

The British Offensive

• 1814 British attack Washington, DC– Capitol and Whitehouse

burned down

• Baltimore held; bombardment from Fort McHenry– Francis Scott Key: “The

Star-Spangled Banner”

• Battle of Plattsburg, NY, decisive victory

The War Ends

• Treaty of Ghent, Belgium: Negotiates end of war in December, 1814

• Battle of New Orleans (December, 1814)– Andrew Jackson leads impressive victory

• Federalists disgraced; War Hawks victorious• New sense of nationalism surges

CH 9: Questions to Consider

• How was the election of 1800 resolved?• What was one major factor in creating interest

in exploring the continent?• Why did the Embargo Act of 1807 prove

disastrous?• How did the British seize Washington, D.C.?

What caused it?