U.S. History Chapter 13 Notes Changes on the Western Frontier. The culture of the Plains Indians declines as white settlers transform the Great Plains.

U.S. History Chapter 13 U.S. History Chapter 13 NotesNotes

Changes on the Western Changes on the Western FrontierFrontier

..The culture of the Plains Indians The culture of the Plains Indians

declines as white settlers transform the declines as white settlers transform the Great Plains. Meanwhile, farmers form Great Plains. Meanwhile, farmers form the Populist movement to address their the Populist movement to address their

economic concernseconomic concerns

Section 1Section 1Cultures Clash Cultures Clash on the Prairieon the Prairie

The cattle industry booms in the The cattle industry booms in the late 1800s, late 1800s,

as the culture of the Plains Indians as the culture of the Plains Indians declinesdeclines

Geography of the WestGeography of the West

► Area between the Area between the Mississippi Valley and Mississippi Valley and the Pacific Mountains the Pacific Mountains

► Areas where settlers Areas where settlers and Indians livedand Indians lived

► By 1900 Indians had By 1900 Indians had been forced off their been forced off their landslands- - Transcontinental Transcontinental RailroadRailroad opened up opened up the west for settlement the west for settlement a. carried materials and a. carried materials and peoplepeople

Minors in the WestMinors in the West

► 1859 - Gold found in 1859 - Gold found in the Rocky Mountains the Rocky Mountains (Clear Creek near Pikes (Clear Creek near Pikes Peak)Peak)- 1- 1stst found by found by George George JacksonJackson

► 1959 - Gold found in 1959 - Gold found in NevadaNevada- Lode produced 100s - Lode produced 100s of millions of dollars of millions of dollars worth of gold and silverworth of gold and silver - - LodeLode - a deposit of a - a deposit of a valuable mineral buried valuable mineral buried between layers of rockbetween layers of rock

Mining LifeMining Life

►Boom townsBoom towns sprang sprang upup

- They were rough - They were rough townstowns

►Women worked in the Women worked in the mining towns mining towns

- Cooked- Cooked

- Laundry- Laundry

- Dance halls- Dance halls

- Boarding towns - Boarding towns

The Business of MiningThe Business of Mining

► Few prospectors Few prospectors became richbecame rich

► Lack of technology Lack of technology prevented most prevented most people from people from becoming richbecoming rich- Most were - Most were placer placer miningmining - where - where people wash the people wash the sand and gravel sand and gravel from a streamfrom a stream

The Business of MiningThe Business of Mining► More efficient methods More efficient methods

developed in the 1870' sdeveloped in the 1870' s - Water cannons were used - Water cannons were used to strip the dirt off the hillsideto strip the dirt off the hillside

- Exposed gold- Exposed gold - Very harmful to the - Very harmful to the environment environment

► Only companies had the Only companies had the money to use water cannons money to use water cannons

► Working conditions were Working conditions were brutalbrutal- 100 degrees fairenhight in - 100 degrees fairenhight in some cavessome caves

- Workers wore thick boots to - Workers wore thick boots to protect against hot waterprotect against hot water

- Accidents such as cave-ins - Accidents such as cave-ins and dynamite explosions were and dynamite explosions were commoncommon

Mining Boom EndsMining Boom Ends

►Most of the mining Most of the mining towns became towns became ghost townsghost towns

►Gold rush changed Gold rush changed the geography of the geography of the United Statesthe United States

Mining Boom EndsMining Boom Ends

► The population grew The population grew so much in some so much in some areas that they were areas that they were able to become states able to become states

- 1864 - Nevada- 1864 - Nevada

- 1876 - Colorado- 1876 - Colorado

- 1889 - North Dakota, - 1889 - North Dakota, South Dakota, and South Dakota, and MontanaMontana

-1890 - Idaho-1890 - Idaho

Lumber IndustryLumber Industry

► Logging became a big Logging became a big business in the westbusiness in the west

► Pacific Northwest had Pacific Northwest had an abundance of an abundance of treestrees

-Redwoods-Redwoods

- Douglas fur- Douglas fur► Settlers needed Settlers needed

lumber for homes lumber for homes and mine timbersand mine timbers

AlaskaAlaska► 1867 - 1867 - William SewardWilliam Seward

arranged for the purchase of arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Alaska from Russia

► U.S. Senators didn't want to U.S. Senators didn't want to buy itbuy it- Called it - Called it "Seward's Folly""Seward's Folly"

► Gamble paid offGamble paid off - Russia lost foothold in - Russia lost foothold in North AmericaNorth America

► Alaska was rich in natural Alaska was rich in natural resourcesresources - Gold- Gold

- Copper- Copper - Oil- Oil -Timber-Timber

Government policyGovernment policy► Early 1800's Plains Indians lived and hunted between Early 1800's Plains Indians lived and hunted between

the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountainsthe Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains- 1840' s - Whites begin to settle the west coast- 1840' s - Whites begin to settle the west coast

- U.S. Gov. ask Indians to let settlers pass safely- U.S. Gov. ask Indians to let settlers pass safely- Asked the Indians to limit their hunting to certain are- Asked the Indians to limit their hunting to certain are

- Indians had to move with buffalo- Indians had to move with buffalo► Mid 1800's - U.S. Gov changes policyMid 1800's - U.S. Gov changes policy

- Established - Established reservationsreservations - - special areas used by a special areas used by a specific groupspecific group

- Indians agreed to live on reservations based on the - Indians agreed to live on reservations based on the promise that the land would be theirs forever (signed promise that the land would be theirs forever (signed Treaties with the U.S. Gov.)Treaties with the U.S. Gov.)

- They were also promised food, money and other - They were also promised food, money and other helphelp

Clash of cultureClash of culture

► Indians and settlers looked at the world Indians and settlers looked at the world differentlydifferently

►Settlers felt that the resources were their Settlers felt that the resources were their to be usedto be used- Large scale hunting, mining, and - Large scale hunting, mining, and farmingfarming

►Plains Indians used only the resources Plains Indians used only the resources they needed for their actual needsthey needed for their actual needs - They saw the white settlers as being - They saw the white settlers as being greedy and destructive greedy and destructive

Fighting beginsFighting begins► By 1860's - Treaties were By 1860's - Treaties were

being broken by both sidesbeing broken by both sides► Settlers continued to pass Settlers continued to pass

through areas where they through areas where they were not allowedwere not allowed

► Groups of Indians raided white Groups of Indians raided white settlements and wagon trainssettlements and wagon trains

► 1864 - 1864 - Sand Creek Sand Creek MassacreMassacre- Colorado militia attacked - Colorado militia attacked Cheyenne and Arapaho at Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand CreekSand Creek - Indians thought they were - Indians thought they were under the protection of a under the protection of a nearby government outpost nearby government outpost - Over 100 Indians were - Over 100 Indians were slaughtered (including women slaughtered (including women and children)and children)

Fighting beginsFighting begins

► 1866 - Chief Red 1866 - Chief Red Cloud (Sioux:) Cloud (Sioux:) defeated Captain defeated Captain W.J. Fetterman and W.J. Fetterman and 80 U.S. army 80 U.S. army soldierssoldiers Led them into a Led them into a

trap and killed trap and killed themthem

Fighting beginsFighting begins► Little BighornLittle Bighorn (most famous (most famous

battle of the Indian wars)battle of the Indian wars)► The Black Hills of South Dakota The Black Hills of South Dakota

had been set aside for the had been set aside for the Sioux and Northern CheyenneSioux and Northern Cheyenne

► 1874 - U.S. Army exploring 1874 - U.S. Army exploring party found goldparty found gold- Settlers went looking for gold- Settlers went looking for gold

- Gov. tried to buy the Black - Gov. tried to buy the Black Hills (Sioux considered land Hills (Sioux considered land sacred)sacred) - 1875 and 1876 - Sioux - 1875 and 1876 - Sioux warrior left their reservations warrior left their reservations and united under the and united under the leadership of two Sioux chiefs leadership of two Sioux chiefs (Sitting Bull and Crazy (Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse)Horse)

Fighting beginsFighting begins► June 25, 1876 - June 25, 1876 - George George

Armstrong CusterArmstrong Custer and several and several hundred army soldiers found a hundred army soldiers found a Sioux camp near the Little Sioux camp near the Little Bighorn RiverBighorn River- Custer gained fame fighting in - Custer gained fame fighting in Civil WarCivil War - Admirers considered him a - Admirers considered him a daring brilliant officerdaring brilliant officer - Critics considered him a - Critics considered him a dangerous showoffdangerous showoff

► Custer had orders to attack any Custer had orders to attack any Indians he came into contact Indians he came into contact withwith

► When he attacked he was When he attacked he was actually stepping into a trapactually stepping into a trap

► Custer and all of his men were Custer and all of his men were killedkilled - Became known as - Became known as "Custer's "Custer's Last Stand"Last Stand"

Fighting beginsFighting begins

► People in the East were shocked by the news of the People in the East were shocked by the news of the Battle of Little BighornBattle of Little Bighorn- U.S. Gov. sent 1000's of troops to fight the Indians- U.S. Gov. sent 1000's of troops to fight the Indians

► The Battle of Little Bighorn was the last Indian The Battle of Little Bighorn was the last Indian Victory in the Indian Wars Victory in the Indian Wars

- 1876 - U.S. Army defeated the Sioux- 1876 - U.S. Army defeated the Sioux - Sitting Bull and his followers escaped to Canada- Sitting Bull and his followers escaped to Canada

► Crazy HorseCrazy Horse was arrested was arrested - He was fatally stabbed as he was being arrested- He was fatally stabbed as he was being arrested - Not sure if guard or another Indian stabbed him- Not sure if guard or another Indian stabbed him

Chief JosephChief Joseph► Led the Nez Perce peopleLed the Nez Perce people► Nez Perce lived in northwest Nez Perce lived in northwest

(Oregon and Idaho)(Oregon and Idaho) - Fished for salmon, gathered - Fished for salmon, gathered food, and huntedfood, and hunted

► Chief JosephChief Joseph refused to sell refused to sell land to governmentland to government

► 1877 - Gov. ordered the Nez 1877 - Gov. ordered the Nez Perce people to move to a Perce people to move to a reservationreservation - They fled and tried to evade - They fled and tried to evade the armythe army

► Captured about 40 miles south Captured about 40 miles south of Canadaof Canada - Chief Joseph made speech- Chief Joseph made speech - Said that he would fight no - Said that he would fight no moremore

Southwest IndiansSouthwest Indians► Navajo were forced to move to Navajo were forced to move to

reservations in the eastreservations in the east - March called - March called "The Long "The Long

Walk"Walk"► Reservation was a failureReservation was a failure - Navajo allowed to return home- Navajo allowed to return home► Mid 1870's - Mid 1870's - ApacheApache were were

forced to move away from their forced to move away from their traditional territorytraditional territory

- - GeronimoGeronimo - led his people off - led his people off the reservation the reservation

- Evaded the army many times - Evaded the army many times due to their knowledge of due to their knowledge of southern Arizonasouthern Arizona- 1886 - Geronimo captured and - 1886 - Geronimo captured and forced to live far away from his forced to live far away from his peoplepeople

Indians way of life Indians way of life destroyeddestroyed

► Whites killed buffaloWhites killed buffalo► Indians depended on buffaloIndians depended on buffalo► Indians were unable to survive Indians were unable to survive

without the buffalowithout the buffalo► Many Indians turned to the Many Indians turned to the

Ghost Dance ReligionGhost Dance Religion- It taught that the spirits of the - It taught that the spirits of the dead Indians would return to dead Indians would return to help the Indians reclaim their help the Indians reclaim their landland

► Many whites were fearful of Many whites were fearful of this movementthis movement- Asked the army for help- Asked the army for help

- Cavalry rounded up Sioux men - Cavalry rounded up Sioux men on the Pine Ridge Reservationon the Pine Ridge Reservation- Place called wounded knee- Place called wounded knee

Indians way of life Indians way of life destroyeddestroyed

►Wounded Knee Wounded Knee MassacreMassacre

- 300 men, women, - 300 men, women, and children Sioux and children Sioux were killedwere killed

- Considered to be - Considered to be the last battle of the the last battle of the Indian WarsIndian Wars

AssimilationAssimilation

►Conditions grew worse as more Indians Conditions grew worse as more Indians were forced on to reservationswere forced on to reservations

►Reformers began calling for changesReformers began calling for changes►Many white though that only solution Many white though that only solution

was to make the Indians become more was to make the Indians become more like the whiteslike the whites

- - Assimilation Assimilation - to adopt the culture - to adopt the culture of the people around youof the people around you

AssimilationAssimilation► Dawes Act (1887)Dawes Act (1887) - intended to make Indians give up their - intended to make Indians give up their

traditions and accept White customstraditions and accept White customs- Reservation lands were divided up in farm plots for families and - Reservation lands were divided up in farm plots for families and individuals (40 to 160 acres)individuals (40 to 160 acres)- Any remaining land was sold to white settlers- Any remaining land was sold to white settlers

- Profits used to pay for Indian schools- Profits used to pay for Indian schools- Indians who accepted the plots of land could become citizens for - Indians who accepted the plots of land could become citizens for the 1st timethe 1st time

► Dawes ActDawes Act failed failed- Many western Indians didn't want to settle down as farmers- Many western Indians didn't want to settle down as farmers

- Lacked tools and training - Lacked tools and training - Many sold their plots to white settlers cheap- Many sold their plots to white settlers cheap► End 1800's - situation of the American Indians was tragicEnd 1800's - situation of the American Indians was tragic

- Lost land, people, and culture- Lost land, people, and culture- 20th century U.S. government finally realizes importance of Indian - 20th century U.S. government finally realizes importance of Indian way of lifeway of life

CowboysCowboys

► 1/6 were Mexican 1/6 were Mexican AmericanAmerican

► Some were blackSome were black

- - Nat LoveNat Love - born in - born in a slave cabina slave cabin

- Moved west when - Moved west when he was a teenager he was a teenager

- Became famous - Became famous performing in rodeosperforming in rodeos

Birth of the Cattle Birth of the Cattle IndustryIndustry

► Cowboys' roots were in Cowboys' roots were in TexasTexas

► Small herds - (only sold Small herds - (only sold cattle locally)cattle locally)

► Joseph McCoyJoseph McCoy organized organized 1st cattle drive1st cattle drive

- Drove cattle to Abilene - Drove cattle to Abilene Kansas (Railroad)Kansas (Railroad)

- Cattle sold for $40 per - Cattle sold for $40 per head in the east ($3 per head in the east ($3 per head in Texas) head in Texas)

► Dodge city also becomes a Dodge city also becomes a cattle towncattle town

Long drivesLong drives

► Cowboys herded cattle Cowboys herded cattle over the open plains to over the open plains to cattle towns cattle towns

► 12 cowboys 3000 head12 cowboys 3000 head► Made sure that cattle Made sure that cattle

had plenty of grass to had plenty of grass to eat along the way eat along the way

► Drives were toughDrives were tough

- Had to keep cattle - Had to keep cattle togethertogether

- Watch for thieves- Watch for thieves

Wild WestWild West► Cowboys ended drives in cattle Cowboys ended drives in cattle

townstowns- Were dirty and nasty- Were dirty and nasty- Weren't always law abiding- Weren't always law abiding- Had money to spend- Had money to spend

► Large spaces with little Large spaces with little settlement made it hard to settlement made it hard to catch outlaws catch outlaws - - Frank and Jesse JamesFrank and Jesse James became legendary bank robbersbecame legendary bank robbers- - Belle StarrBelle Starr became famous became famous cattle thiefcattle thief

► Westerners formed vigilante Westerners formed vigilante groupsgroups- Groups that took the law into - Groups that took the law into their own handstheir own hands

The End of the Open The End of the Open RangeRange

► Late 1800's -long drives Late 1800's -long drives endend

► Overgrazing, bad weather Overgrazing, bad weather from 1883 to 1887 from 1883 to 1887 destroyed whole herdsdestroyed whole herds

► Ranchers began keeping Ranchers began keeping smaller herds that yielded smaller herds that yielded more meat per animalmore meat per animal

► Tick fever caused land Tick fever caused land owners to cutoff land owners to cutoff land from the long drives from the long drives

► Fence land with Fence land with barbed barbed wire wire & turn open range & turn open range into separate ranchesinto separate ranches

Section 2Section 2

Settling on Settling on the Great Plainsthe Great Plains

Settlers on the Great Plains Settlers on the Great Plains transform the land despite great transform the land despite great

hardships.hardships.

Farming the PlainFarming the Plain

► Gov. encouraged Gov. encouraged western settlementwestern settlement

► (1862) (1862) Homestead Homestead ActAct - Gov. offered 160 - Gov. offered 160 acres to head of acres to head of family over age 21 in family over age 21 in return for living on return for living on the land 5 years and the land 5 years and improving itimproving it- 1862 to 1900 – - 1862 to 1900 – 6000,000 families 6000,000 families settled in the west settled in the west

Farming the PlainFarming the Plain

► ExodustersExodusters - Southern - Southern African-American African-American settlers in Kansassettlers in Kansas

► Gov. created Gov. created Department of Department of agricultureagriculture Introduced new crops Introduced new crops

(Russian wheat) that (Russian wheat) that could survive harsh could survive harsh winterswinters

Morrill Act of 1862, 1890 Morrill Act of 1862, 1890 financed agricultural financed agricultural collegescolleges

Life on the farming Life on the farming frontierfrontier

► Lumber was scarceLumber was scarce► Many settlers dug homes Many settlers dug homes

into sides of ravines or hillsinto sides of ravines or hills► Made Made soddysoddy or sod home or sod home

by stacking blocks of turfby stacking blocks of turf - Snakes & bugs sometimes - Snakes & bugs sometimes crawled into crackscrawled into cracks - Burned cow chips for fuel- Burned cow chips for fuel

► Grew cash crops (wheat and Grew cash crops (wheat and com)com)

► Had to fight year around Had to fight year around battle against weather battle against weather (blizzards and extreme (blizzards and extreme heat)heat)

Life on the farming Life on the farming frontierfrontier

► Homesteaders were Homesteaders were virtually alone (Had to virtually alone (Had to be self-sufficient)be self-sufficient)

► Women did men’s work Women did men’s work (plowing, harvesting, (plowing, harvesting, shearing sheep)shearing sheep)- Also did traditional - Also did traditional work (carding wool, work (carding wool, making soap, canning making soap, canning vegetables)vegetables)

- Some worked for - Some worked for communities (sponsor communities (sponsor schools, churches)schools, churches)

Farmers in DebtFarmers in Debt

►Railroads, investors created bonanza Railroads, investors created bonanza farms (huge, single-crop spreads)farms (huge, single-crop spreads)

►1885 to1890 - droughts bankrupted 1885 to1890 - droughts bankrupted single-crop operationssingle-crop operations

►Rising cost of shipping grain pushed Rising cost of shipping grain pushed farmers into debtfarmers into debt

Closing the FrontierClosing the Frontier► 1872, 1872, Yellowstone Yellowstone

National ParkNational Park created to created to protect some wildernessprotect some wilderness

► 1890s - No frontier left1890s - No frontier left - miners, ranchers, and - miners, ranchers, and

farmers had swelled the farmers had swelled the populationpopulation

► April 22, 1889 - Governemt April 22, 1889 - Governemt gave signal for settlers to gave signal for settlers to settle the Oklahoma territory settle the Oklahoma territory

- It was laid out within the - It was laid out within the dayday- 60,000 people lived there - 60,000 people lived there by the end of the yearby the end of the year

► Sooners Sooners - some people - some people snuck into Oklahoma before snuck into Oklahoma before the Gov. gave the signalthe Gov. gave the signal

Section 3Section 3

Farmers and the Farmers and the Populist MovementPopulist Movement

Farmers unite to address their Farmers unite to address their economic problems, giving rise to economic problems, giving rise to

the Populist movement.the Populist movement.

Unrest in Rural AmericaUnrest in Rural America

►The growth of urban America made The growth of urban America made possible because farmers were so possible because farmers were so productiveproductive

►Farmers felt poor compared to city Farmers felt poor compared to city peoplepeople

►Farm life seemed boring compared to Farm life seemed boring compared to the exciting opportunities of the citythe exciting opportunities of the city

Hard Times for FarmersHard Times for Farmers► 1867 - 1867 - Oliver H. KelleyOliver H. Kelley started started

the the Patrons of HusbandryPatrons of Husbandry (Grange)(Grange)- Hoped to fight the loneliness of - Hoped to fight the loneliness of farm life and farming methodsfarm life and farming methods

- Open to both men and women- Open to both men and women► Meetings were held at local Meetings were held at local

schoolsschools - Both social and educational- Both social and educational

► Late 1800's - most farmers Late 1800's - most farmers weren't self sufficientweren't self sufficient

- Grew cash crops- Grew cash crops► Most were in debtMost were in debt - Western farmers owed banks - Western farmers owed banks

money for their land and money for their land and equipment equipment

- Southern farmers had taken on - Southern farmers had taken on debt to rebuild farms destroyed debt to rebuild farms destroyed in the Civil Warin the Civil War

Low Prices and High CostLow Prices and High Cost

► Farmer's lives were hardFarmer's lives were hard - droughts, floods, insects, and animal diseases- droughts, floods, insects, and animal diseases► 1870's - faced another problem1870's - faced another problem - Low prices for their crops- Low prices for their crops - Sank farther into debt- Sank farther into debt► Caused by overproductionCaused by overproduction - More people became farmers- More people became farmers - Farming methods improved- Farming methods improved► Became more expensive to operate a farmBecame more expensive to operate a farm - Tariffs on imported farm equipment- Tariffs on imported farm equipment - Railroads raised prices- Railroads raised prices

The Granger MovementThe Granger Movement► Turned their attention to economic and political issuesTurned their attention to economic and political issues► Economic goal - avoid using middlemenEconomic goal - avoid using middlemen - People who made a living storing, transporting and selling - People who made a living storing, transporting and selling

product product - Cut into farmers’ profits and added to cost for buyer- Cut into farmers’ profits and added to cost for buyer► GrangersGrangers created cooperatives created cooperatives - An organization owned and operated by those who use its - An organization owned and operated by those who use its

servicesservices - They shared crops in some places- They shared crops in some places - Allowed them to set their prices- Allowed them to set their prices► Politically - they elected legislatures that put limits on railroad Politically - they elected legislatures that put limits on railroad

and storage pricesand storage prices - Called - Called Granger lawsGranger laws

The Populist PartyThe Populist Party

► 1880's - Several political parties combined 1880's - Several political parties combined ► Populism - movement of the peoplePopulism - movement of the people► Populist Party wants reformsPopulist Party wants reforms► Economic: increase money supply, graduated Economic: increase money supply, graduated

income tax, & federal loansincome tax, & federal loans► Political: Senate elected by popular vote, Political: Senate elected by popular vote,

secret ballot & 8-hour daysecret ballot & 8-hour day► 1892 - Populist candidates elected at 1892 - Populist candidates elected at

different levels of governmentdifferent levels of government►Democratic Party eventually adopted platformDemocratic Party eventually adopted platform

Debate Over Money Debate Over Money PolicyPolicy

► Pitted debtors against creditorsPitted debtors against creditors► Debtors wanted more money to be put into circulationDebtors wanted more money to be put into circulation► Wanted the government to coin more silver (bimetallism)Wanted the government to coin more silver (bimetallism)► BimetallismBimetallism - system using both silver and gold to back - system using both silver and gold to back

currencycurrency► SilveritesSilverites - would create more money, stimulate economy - would create more money, stimulate economy► Creditors wanted to limit the amount of moneyCreditors wanted to limit the amount of money - Favored gold standard- Favored gold standard► Gold standardGold standard - backing currency with gold only - backing currency with gold only► Paper money considered worthless if cannot be exchanged for Paper money considered worthless if cannot be exchanged for

metalmetal► Gold bugsGold bugs - gold only would create more stable if expensive - gold only would create more stable if expensive

currencycurrency

Election of 1892Election of 1892 ► 1892 - Populist nominate 1892 - Populist nominate

James B. WeaverJames B. Weaver for for president president

► He had the following proposalsHe had the following proposals - Wanted Gov. to control and - Wanted Gov. to control and

operate railroads, telegraph operate railroads, telegraph and telephone systemsand telephone systems

- Wanted secret ballot in - Wanted secret ballot in electionselections

- Wanted graduated income - Wanted graduated income taxtax

- Wanted U.S. senators to be - Wanted U.S. senators to be elected directly by the people elected directly by the people rather than state legislaturesrather than state legislatures

- Demanded shorter working - Demanded shorter working hours for laborhours for labor

► Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland won 1892 won 1892 election election

The Panic of 1893The Panic of 1893

► Railroads expanded Railroads expanded faster than marketsfaster than markets

- Some went bankrupt- Some went bankrupt► Government’s gold Government’s gold

supply became supply became depleteddepleted

- Led to rush on banks- Led to rush on banks

- Businesses, banks - Businesses, banks collapsecollapse

- Panic became - Panic became depressiondepression

Election of 1896Election of 1896 ► Money was the central Money was the central

issueissue► Republicans nominated Republicans nominated

William McKinleyWilliam McKinley - Supported big business - Supported big business

(gold standard)(gold standard)► Democrats nominated Democrats nominated

William Jennings William Jennings BryanBryan

- Supported silver- Supported silver► Populists endorsed Populists endorsed

Bryan & chose own VP Bryan & chose own VP to maintain party to maintain party identityidentity

Election of 1896Election of 1896

► Candidates ran different campaignsCandidates ran different campaigns - McKinley didn't go out and campaign- McKinley didn't go out and campaign - Considered undignified- Considered undignified - Accepted visitors at his home Bryan launched - Accepted visitors at his home Bryan launched

something like a modem campaignsomething like a modem campaign - Traveled by train made speeches- Traveled by train made speeches► Bryan carried the south and west (except Bryan carried the south and west (except

California)California)► McKinley carried northeast and CaliforniaMcKinley carried northeast and California - Won more electoral votes- Won more electoral votes► Urban America defeated rural AmericaUrban America defeated rural America

The End of PopulismThe End of Populism

► 1896 - McKinley 1896 - McKinley elected presidentelected president

► Populism collapsed Populism collapsed ► Left legacy: Left legacy: - Showed the - Showed the

powerless could powerless could organize & have organize & have political impactpolitical impact

- Agenda of reforms - Agenda of reforms enacted in 20enacted in 20thth centurycentury