U.S. History Chapter 11 Notes The Civil War In the bloody Civil War, Union forces devastate the South and defeat the Confederacy. President Lincoln narrowly.

U.S. History Chapter 11 U.S. History Chapter 11 NotesNotes

The Civil WarThe Civil War

In the bloody Civil War, Union forces In the bloody Civil War, Union forces devastate the South and defeat the devastate the South and defeat the

Confederacy. President Lincoln Confederacy. President Lincoln narrowly wins reelection, but is narrowly wins reelection, but is

assassinated as the assassinated as the war ends.war ends.

Section 1Section 1The Civil War BeginsThe Civil War Begins

..

The secession of Southern The secession of Southern states cause the North and states cause the North and the South to take up armsthe South to take up arms

Northern Response to Northern Response to Southern SuccessionSouthern Succession

March 1861 – Abraham March 1861 – Abraham Lincoln took office as Lincoln took office as President of the United President of the United StatesStates

North said that the Union North said that the Union was older than the states it was older than the states it had created themhad created them

Believed the Union had to Believed the Union had to be preservedbe preserved

South believed that South believed that majority rule was a threat majority rule was a threat to their libertyto their liberty

North believed south was North believed south was pouting because they lost pouting because they lost the electionthe election

The Failure to The Failure to CompromiseCompromise

Lincoln said that the national Lincoln said that the national government would not abandon its government would not abandon its property in the southproperty in the south

Said that the Union wouldn't use Said that the Union wouldn't use force in the southforce in the south

Crisis at Fort SumterCrisis at Fort Sumter

Confederate soldiers take Confederate soldiers take over government, military over government, military installationsinstallations

Fort SumterFort Sumter—Union —Union outpost in Charleston outpost in Charleston harbor harbor

Confederates demanded Confederates demanded surrender of Fort Sumtersurrender of Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter and Fort Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens needed suppliesPickens needed supplies- supply ships had been - supply ships had been forced to turn back after forced to turn back after being fired on by South being fired on by South Carolina gunnersCarolina gunners

Crisis at Fort SumterCrisis at Fort Sumter

Lincoln faced tough Lincoln faced tough decision concerning decision concerning the fortsthe forts- Withdrawing the - Withdrawing the troops would be troops would be recognizing the recognizing the ConfederacyConfederacy- Sending supplies - Sending supplies meant risking warmeant risking war- Reinforcing the fort - Reinforcing the fort with force would also with force would also lead rest of slave lead rest of slave states to secedestates to secede

Crisis at Fort SumterCrisis at Fort Sumter

April 1861 - Lincoln April 1861 - Lincoln announced that he was announced that he was sending relief sending relief expeditions to the fortsexpeditions to the forts Meant he would Meant he would

fight if necessaryfight if necessary For South, no action For South, no action

would damage would damage sovereignty of sovereignty of ConfederacyConfederacy

Jefferson Davis chose Jefferson Davis chose to turn peaceful to turn peaceful secession into warsecession into war

Other States SecedeOther States Secede

Lincoln called out the Lincoln called out the militia (northern states militia (northern states responded)responded)

Fall of Fort Sumter unites Fall of Fort Sumter unites North; volunteers rush to North; volunteers rush to enlistenlist

Angered southern statesAngered southern states Virginia, North Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina,

Tennessee, and Arkansas Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacyjoined the Confederacy

Robert E. Lee became Robert E. Lee became leader of the Confederate leader of the Confederate armyarmy

Choosing SidesChoosing Sides

Border states were the key Border states were the key to the warto the war

North had to have Maryland North had to have Maryland to keep contact with to keep contact with Washington D.C.Washington D.C.- Lincoln ordered the arrest - Lincoln ordered the arrest of lawmakers who had of lawmakers who had supported the southsupported the south- Federal troops helped a - Federal troops helped a group of western counties group of western counties break away from Virginia break away from Virginia (West Virginia)(West Virginia)

War caused many families War caused many families in the border states to spilt in the border states to spilt

Expecting a Short WarExpecting a Short War

That war came as no surpriseThat war came as no surprise Both sides had been arguing for Both sides had been arguing for

yearsyears Everyone thought the war would be Everyone thought the war would be

shortshort Everyone was excitedEveryone was excited

Both Sides StrengthsBoth Sides Strengths

NorthNorth- Had more people - Had more people - Had most of the - Had most of the natural resources natural resources (iron, coal, copper)(iron, coal, copper)- 86% of the nation’s - 86% of the nation’s factories in the northfactories in the north- Union kept almost - Union kept almost every ship in the navyevery ship in the navy- More extensive - More extensive railroad systemrailroad system- Lincoln’s leadership- Lincoln’s leadership

SouthSouth- Had better generals- Had better generals- cotton profits- cotton profits- Fighting a defensive - Fighting a defensive war (more of a will to war (more of a will to fight)fight)

StrategyStrategy

NorthNorth- Aimed to conquer south - Aimed to conquer south and bring it back into the and bring it back into the UnionUnion- Didn’t have a strong - Didn’t have a strong enough army to invade the enough army to invade the south a the beginningsouth a the beginning- Anaconda plan- Anaconda plan:: Union Union strategy to conquer Southstrategy to conquer South- blockade Southern ports - blockade Southern ports - divide Confederacy in two - divide Confederacy in two in westin west- capture Richmond, - capture Richmond, Confederate capitalConfederate capital

SouthSouth- Only wanted to stay - Only wanted to stay independent independent - Wanted to avoid major - Wanted to avoid major battles (hoped the north battles (hoped the north would get tired of fighting)would get tired of fighting)- Invade North if - Invade North if opportunity aroseopportunity arose- Beginning of the war - Beginning of the war south withheld cotton from south withheld cotton from Europe (hoped Europe Europe (hoped Europe would help south due to would help south due to their need for cotton (BIG their need for cotton (BIG MISTAKE)MISTAKE)- Europe found other places - Europe found other places to get cottonto get cotton

The Two ArmiesThe Two Armies

1861 – Union was 1861 – Union was unprepared to fightunprepared to fight- Many soldiers were city - Many soldiers were city residentsresidents

Southern army had Southern army had organized before the battle organized before the battle of Fort Sumterof Fort Sumter

Southerners were used to Southerners were used to shooting guns shooting guns

Neither army had uniforms Neither army had uniforms (created confusion)(created confusion)- Union wore blue- Union wore blue- Confederates wore grey - Confederates wore grey

The Two ArmiesThe Two Armies

Didn’t have Didn’t have antiseptics – germ antiseptics – germ killing drugskilling drugs

Didn’t have Didn’t have anesthetics – pain anesthetics – pain killing drugskilling drugs

- Soldiers had to - Soldiers had to bite bullets when bite bullets when being operated onbeing operated on

First Battle of Bull RunFirst Battle of Bull Run

Union army was marching Union army was marching to Manassasto Manassas

Sightseers and picnickers Sightseers and picnickers followed to watch the followed to watch the battlebattle

Thomas J. JacksonThomas J. Jackson earned nickname earned nickname “Stonewall” for firm stand “Stonewall” for firm stand in battlein battle

Confederates forced the Confederates forced the Union to retreatUnion to retreat- Union army got tangled - Union army got tangled up with the sightseersup with the sightseers

Union Armies in the WestUnion Armies in the West

Protecting Protecting Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

After Bull Run, After Bull Run, Lincoln called for 1 Lincoln called for 1 million additional million additional soldierssoldiers

Appointed General Appointed General George McClellanGeorge McClellan to lead the Union to lead the Union army army

Union Victories in the Union Victories in the WestWest

Union captured New Union captured New Orleans Orleans

Feb. 1862 - General Feb. 1862 - General Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant captured Confederate captured Confederate Forts Henry & Forts Henry & DonelsonDonelson

Both held strategic Both held strategic locations on the locations on the Tennessee & Tennessee & Cumberland Rivers Cumberland Rivers

Union Victories in the Union Victories in the WestWest

Battle of ShilohBattle of Shiloh March1862, Confederate March1862, Confederate

troops surprised Union troops surprised Union soldiers at soldiers at ShilohShiloh

Grant counterattacked & Grant counterattacked & forced Confederates retreat forced Confederates retreat - Fiercest fighting of the war - Fiercest fighting of the war to that pointto that point- Both sides suffered heavy - Both sides suffered heavy casualtiescasualties

Shiloh taught that preparation Shiloh taught that preparation was needed, (Scouts, was needed, (Scouts, trenches & fortifications trenches & fortifications

Showed that Confederacy Showed that Confederacy was vulnerable in Westwas vulnerable in West

Union Victories in the Union Victories in the WestWest

April 1862April 1862 - David G. - David G. FarragutFarragut commanded fleet commanded fleet that took New Orleans, that took New Orleans, Baton Rouge, NatchezBaton Rouge, Natchez

Capturing all of the major Capturing all of the major cities along the lower cities along the lower Mississippi would cut Texas, Mississippi would cut Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, & Louisiana, Arkansas, & Tennessee would be cutoffTennessee would be cutoff

Only Port Hudson, Louisiana Only Port Hudson, Louisiana & Vicksburg Mississippi & Vicksburg Mississippi stood in the way stood in the way

A Revolution in WarfareA Revolution in Warfare

New ironclad ships New ironclad ships instrumental in victories instrumental in victories of Grant, Farragut of Grant, Farragut - Ironclads splinter - Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burningcannon, resist burning

March 1862, North’s March 1862, North’s Monitor,Monitor, South’s South’s MerrimackMerrimack fought to a fought to a drawdraw- 1- 1stst ever battle between ever battle between two ironclad warshipstwo ironclad warships- The new ships were not - The new ships were not a decisive factor in the a decisive factor in the warwar

A Revolution in WarfareA Revolution in Warfare

New WeaponsNew Weapons- Rifles more accurate, - Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more faster loading, fire more rounds than musketsrounds than muskets- - Minié ballMinié ball (more (more destructive bullet), destructive bullet), grenades, land mines were grenades, land mines were usedused- Fighting from trenches, - Fighting from trenches, barricades new advantage barricades new advantage in infantry attacksin infantry attacks

The War for the CapitalsThe War for the Capitals

3rd part of Anaconda plan 3rd part of Anaconda plan called for the capture of called for the capture of Richmond Richmond

McClellan waited to attack McClellan waited to attack Richmond (Too cautious) Richmond (Too cautious)

- Drilled troops for 5 months - Drilled troops for 5 months Spring 1862 - Spring 1862 - Robert E. Robert E.

LeeLee took command of took command of Southern armySouthern army- Excellent general who had - Excellent general who had declined an offer to head declined an offer to head the union army at the the union army at the beginning of the war beginning of the war

Seven Days BattlesSeven Days Battles

June 25 to July 1, 1862 - Lee & McClellan fought June 25 to July 1, 1862 - Lee & McClellan fought series of battles known collectively as the Seven series of battles known collectively as the Seven Days’ BattleDays’ Battle- South lost more men but forced north to retreat- South lost more men but forced north to retreat

Lee’ determination and unorthodox tactics Lee’ determination and unorthodox tactics caused McClellan leave Richmond caused McClellan leave Richmond

Lee decided to invade the northLee decided to invade the north- Hoped a victory in the north would convince - Hoped a victory in the north would convince Lincoln to talk peaceLincoln to talk peace- Hoped a victory would also persuade Europe to - Hoped a victory would also persuade Europe to side with the south side with the south

Second Battle of Bull RunSecond Battle of Bull Run

August 29 & 30 1862 August 29 & 30 1862 - Lee won Second - Lee won Second Battle of Bull Run & Battle of Bull Run & marched into marched into MarylandMaryland

- Put Washington - Put Washington D.C. in dangerD.C. in danger

- Union troops had to - Union troops had to withdraw to protect withdraw to protect itit

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam

Union army found a copy of Union army found a copy of Lee’s battle plansLee’s battle plans

Bloodiest single-day battle of Bloodiest single-day battle of the warthe war- 23,000 men died (more than - 23,000 men died (more than the war of 1812 & war with the war of 1812 & war with Mexico combined)Mexico combined)

Ended in a drawEnded in a draw- Confederates retreat - Confederates retreat - McClellan does not pursue- McClellan does not pursue- Lincoln fired McClellan- Lincoln fired McClellan

Considered a political victory Considered a political victory for the northfor the north- Caused Europe to delay plans - Caused Europe to delay plans to help the southto help the south

Section 2Section 2The Politics of WarThe Politics of War

By issuing the Emancipation By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln Proclamation, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the makes slavery the focus of the

warwar

Britain Remains NeutralBritain Remains Neutral

Britain didn’t need the South Britain didn’t need the South had cotton inventory & new sourceshad cotton inventory & new sources Britain needed Northern wheat & Britain needed Northern wheat &

corn (replaced cotton as the corn (replaced cotton as the essential import)essential import)

Britain Chose neutralityBritain Chose neutrality

The Trent AffairThe Trent Affair

South made a 2nd South made a 2nd attempt to gain attempt to gain English & French English & French support support

Confederate diplomats Confederate diplomats traveled abroad a traveled abroad a British merchant ship British merchant ship ((Trent)Trent)

James Mason & John James Mason & John Sidell Sidell

U.S. Navy arrests U.S. Navy arrests them (Capt. Charles them (Capt. Charles Wilkes)Wilkes)

The Trent AffairThe Trent Affair

England threatened England threatened war against the union war against the union mobilized 8,000 troops mobilized 8,000 troops to Canadato Canada

Lincoln freed the Lincoln freed the prisoners and publicly prisoners and publicly claimed the Wilkes claimed the Wilkes acted without ordersacted without orders

Averted war with Averted war with Britain (Both sides Britain (Both sides relieved)relieved)

Proclaiming Proclaiming EmancipationEmancipation

Lincoln’s didn’t believe the Federal Lincoln’s didn’t believe the Federal government had no power to abolish slavery government had no power to abolish slavery where it existedwhere it existed

Lincoln decided army could emancipate Lincoln decided army could emancipate slaves who labored for Confederacy slaves who labored for Confederacy ( Seizing supplies)( Seizing supplies)

Emancipation discouraged Britain from Emancipation discouraged Britain from supporting the South supporting the South

Abolitionist movement was strong in EnglandAbolitionist movement was strong in England

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

January 1, 1863 January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued the Lincoln issued the Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation Proclamation - President Lincoln’s - President Lincoln’s announcement that he announcement that he would free the slaves would free the slaves in the rebelling states in the rebelling states (military strategy)(military strategy)

Proclamation had Proclamation had symbolic value by symbolic value by giving the war a high giving the war a high moral purpose moral purpose (Slavery)(Slavery)

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Northern Democrats Northern Democrats claimed it would claimed it would antagonize South & antagonize South & prolong warprolong war

Changed the Changed the character of the war character of the war (The Old South was to (The Old South was to be destroyed)be destroyed)- Confederacy became - Confederacy became more determined to more determined to preserve way of lifepreserve way of life- Compromise was no - Compromise was no longer possiblelonger possible

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Didn’t free he slaves in the Didn’t free he slaves in the loyal border statesloyal border states- Didn’t have the power - Didn’t have the power under the constitutionunder the constitution

Also declared that African Also declared that African Americans could enter the Americans could enter the armyarmy- Free blacks welcome - Free blacks welcome ability to fight against ability to fight against slaveryslavery- 54th regiment gained - 54th regiment gained fame attacking Fort fame attacking Fort Wagner in South CarolinaWagner in South Carolina

Both Sides Face Political Both Sides Face Political ProblemsProblems

Neither side was Neither side was completely unifiedcompletely unified

Both sides had Both sides had sympathizers sympathizers

Lincoln suspended Lincoln suspended habeas corpushabeas corpus::- order to bring - order to bring accused to court & accused to court & name chargesname charges

Seized telegraph Seized telegraph offices to prevent offices to prevent them from being used them from being used for subversionfor subversion

Both Sides Face Political Both Sides Face Political ProblemsProblems

CopperheadsCopperheads - - Northern Northern Democrats advocating Democrats advocating peace were among those peace were among those arrestedarrested

Lincoln ignored Supreme Lincoln ignored Supreme court ruling that stated he court ruling that stated he had overstepped his had overstepped his constitutional boundaries constitutional boundaries

Davis denounced Lincoln, Davis denounced Lincoln, then suspended habeas then suspended habeas corpus in Southcorpus in South

Lincoln expands Lincoln expands presidential powers & sets presidential powers & sets precedent (War time)precedent (War time)

ConscriptionConscription

Both sides relied on volunteers in the Both sides relied on volunteers in the beginning beginning

Casualties & desertions led to Casualties & desertions led to conscriptionconscription - - draft to serve in armydraft to serve in army

Both armies allowed draftees to hire Both armies allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve for themsubstitutes to serve for them

Planters with more than 20 slaves were Planters with more than 20 slaves were exempted “Rich mans war poor mans fight”exempted “Rich mans war poor mans fight”

90% eligible Southerners served 90% eligible Southerners served 92% of the Northern soldiers were volunteers92% of the Northern soldiers were volunteers

Draft RiotsDraft Riots

Poor white workers thought Poor white workers thought it was unfair they should it was unfair they should have to fight a war to free have to fight a war to free slaves slaves

- Lived in disease ridden - Lived in disease ridden slumsslums

White workers feared White workers feared Southern blacks would move Southern blacks would move North & compete for jobsNorth & compete for jobs

1863 - Mobs rampaged 1863 - Mobs rampaged through New York City after through New York City after they began being drafted they began being drafted

Section 3Section 3

The Civil War brings about The Civil War brings about dramatic social and economic dramatic social and economic changes in American society.changes in American society.

African Americans Fight for African Americans Fight for FreedomFreedom

African-American SoldiersAfrican-American Soldiers African Americans 1% of African Americans 1% of

North’s populationNorth’s population Made up 10% of army by the Made up 10% of army by the

end of the warend of the war Received lower pay than Received lower pay than

white troops for most of war& white troops for most of war& limited on military ranklimited on military rank

Suffered high mortality from Suffered high mortality from diseasedisease

POWs were killed or returned POWs were killed or returned to slaveryto slavery

Fort PillowFort Pillow, TN - , TN - Confederates massacred over Confederates massacred over 200 African-American POWs200 African-American POWs

Slave Resistance in the Slave Resistance in the ConfederacyConfederacy

Slaves sought freedom behind Union Slaves sought freedom behind Union army linesarmy lines

On plantations - They destroyed On plantations - They destroyed property & refused to go with fleeing property & refused to go with fleeing ownersowners

Southern ShortagesSouthern Shortages

South experienced food shortages from lost South experienced food shortages from lost manpower, Union occupation& loss of manpower, Union occupation& loss of slavesslaves

Caused inflation Caused inflation 1861 - $6.65 for food per month1861 - $6.65 for food per month 1865 $68 for food per month if available 1865 $68 for food per month if available Blockade created other shortages (salt, Blockade created other shortages (salt,

sugar, coffee, nails needles, & medicine)sugar, coffee, nails needles, & medicine) Some Confederates traded with enemySome Confederates traded with enemy Smuggled cotton into the north in exchange Smuggled cotton into the north in exchange

for food, gold or other goods for food, gold or other goods

Northern Economic Northern Economic GrowthGrowth

Industries that supplied army boomed Industries that supplied army boomed Contractors made huge profits Contractors made huge profits Many workers’ standard of living dropped Many workers’ standard of living dropped Wages do not keep up with pricesWages do not keep up with prices Women replaced men on farms, city jobs Women replaced men on farms, city jobs

& government jobs& government jobs Congress established first Congress established first income taxincome tax

on earnings to pay for waron earnings to pay for war

Soldiers Suffer on Both Soldiers Suffer on Both SidesSides

Lack of sanitation, personal Lack of sanitation, personal hygiene lead to disease in hygiene lead to disease in camp (Body lice & diarrhea)camp (Body lice & diarrhea)

Diets were unvaried, limited, Diets were unvaried, limited, unappealing unappealing

North ate beans, bacon and North ate beans, bacon and hard square biscuitshard square biscuits

South ate a stew of small South ate a stew of small cubes of beef, crumbled cubes of beef, crumbled cornbread mixed with bacon cornbread mixed with bacon grease grease

South had to use substitutes South had to use substitutes for coffee (peanuts, dried for coffee (peanuts, dried apples, & corn)apples, & corn)

Civil War MedicineCivil War Medicine

U.S. Sanitary Commission U.S. Sanitary Commission worked to improve hygiene in worked to improve hygiene in army campsarmy camps

It hired & trained nursesIt hired & trained nurses Dorothea DixDorothea Dix served served

superintendent of women superintendent of women nursesnurses

Only hired women over 30 Only hired women over 30 years old to avoid romance years old to avoid romance - Union death rate drops- Union death rate drops

Surgeon general ordered at Surgeon general ordered at least 1/3 of Union nurses be least 1/3 of Union nurses be womenwomen

Union nurse Union nurse Clara BartonClara Barton served on front linesserved on front lines

Southern women also Southern women also volunteered as Confederate volunteered as Confederate nursesnurses

PrisonsPrisons

Living conditions in prisons Living conditions in prisons worse than in army campsworse than in army camps

AndersonvilleAndersonville - worst - worst Confederate prison, in Confederate prison, in GeorgiaGeorgia Had no shelter or Had no shelter or

sanitation (men drank sanitation (men drank from same stream that from same stream that served as sewer)served as sewer)

Housed 33,000 prisoners Housed 33,000 prisoners on 26 acres (34 sq. ft. on 26 acres (34 sq. ft. per man)per man)

1/3 of prisoners died1/3 of prisoners died Camp commander Camp commander Henry Henry

WitzWitz was executed for was executed for war crimes after warwar crimes after war

PrisonsPrisons

Northern prisons were only a little Northern prisons were only a little better better

Had more space , food & shelter than Had more space , food & shelter than SouthernSouthern

Prisoners were housed with little or no Prisoners were housed with little or no heat (died of pneumonia)heat (died of pneumonia)

12% of Confederate prisoners & 15% 12% of Confederate prisoners & 15% of Union prisoners diedof Union prisoners died

Section 4Section 4 The North Takes Charge The North Takes Charge

Key victories at Vicksburg and Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg help the Union wear Gettysburg help the Union wear

down the Confederacydown the Confederacy

Road to GettysburgRoad to Gettysburg

Both sides were tired of the warBoth sides were tired of the war Blockade was killing the south’s economy ($1 to Blockade was killing the south’s economy ($1 to

$7 )$7 ) Northerners angry over the draftNortherners angry over the draft May 1863 - South defeated North at May 1863 - South defeated North at

ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville- Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own - Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troopstroops- Died 8 days later of pneumonia- Died 8 days later of pneumonia

Lee led his army north to get supplies Lee led his army north to get supplies Also hoped for a peace settlement Also hoped for a peace settlement

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg

Neither General intended to fightNeither General intended to fight- Troops ran into each other (Confederates go to - Troops ran into each other (Confederates go to find shoes; meet Union cavalry)find shoes; meet Union cavalry)

July 1, 1863 - Confederates drove Union back,& July 1, 1863 - Confederates drove Union back,& took towntook town

The Second DayThe Second Day- South attacked Union army - South attacked Union army - Union army was Led by - Union army was Led by General George MeadeGeneral George Meade on Cemetery Ridgeon Cemetery Ridge- North repulsed repeated attacks on Little Round - North repulsed repeated attacks on Little Round TopTop- Many exhausted Confederates surrendered & - Many exhausted Confederates surrendered & Union line heldUnion line held

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg

The Third DayThe Third Day- Armies exchange vicious artillery fire- Armies exchange vicious artillery fire- Lee orders attack on Union lines - Lee orders attack on Union lines (Pickett’s Charge)(Pickett’s Charge)- North cut down Confederates- North cut down Confederates- Meade didn’t counterattack- Meade didn’t counterattack -Lee retreated to Virginia-Lee retreated to Virginia

Both sides suffered staggering lossesBoth sides suffered staggering losses Considered the single greatest battle of the warConsidered the single greatest battle of the war Three-day battle at Three-day battle at GettysburgGettysburg crippled the South crippled the South Battle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point of warBattle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point of war General Lee wouldn’t never again have sufficient forces to General Lee wouldn’t never again have sufficient forces to

invade the Northinvade the North

Battle of VicksburgBattle of Vicksburg

Confederate Confederate VicksburgVicksburg prevents Union from prevents Union from controlling Mississippicontrolling Mississippi

Spring 1863 - Union destroyed Spring 1863 - Union destroyed MS rail lines & sacked JacksonMS rail lines & sacked Jackson

May 1863 - Grant’s began May 1863 - Grant’s began siege on Vicksburgsiege on Vicksburg

July 4, 1863 - Starving July 4, 1863 - Starving Confederates surrendered Confederates surrendered (same day as Pickett’s charge)(same day as Pickett’s charge)

Port Hudson, LA fells 5 days Port Hudson, LA fells 5 days laterlater

Grant’s seizing Vicksburg gave Grant’s seizing Vicksburg gave the Union control of the the Union control of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

Cut the Confederacy in halfCut the Confederacy in half

The Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address

November 1863 - November 1863 - ceremony held to dedicate ceremony held to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburgcemetery in Gettysburg

Edward EverettEdward Everett, noted , noted speaker, gave flowery two-speaker, gave flowery two-hour speechhour speech

Lincoln’s two-minute Lincoln’s two-minute Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address asserted unity of U.S.asserted unity of U.S.- honored dead soldiers- honored dead soldiers- called for living to - called for living to dedicate themselves to dedicate themselves to preserve Union & freedompreserve Union & freedom

The Confederacy Wears The Confederacy Wears DownDown

Defeats at Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost Defeats at Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost the south much of its limited fighting the south much of its limited fighting power power

South was no longer able to unable attackSouth was no longer able to unable attack Only hoped to hang on and destroy Only hoped to hang on and destroy

North’s morale to get armisticeNorth’s morale to get armistice Civilian morale plummeted & public called Civilian morale plummeted & public called

for peacefor peace Discord in government prevented Davis Discord in government prevented Davis

from governing effectivelyfrom governing effectively

Grant Appoints ShermanGrant Appoints Sherman

Lincoln wanted someone Lincoln wanted someone who would attack General who would attack General LeeLee

March 1864 - Lincoln March 1864 - Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Grant commander of all Union armiesUnion armies

Lincoln liked Grant Lincoln liked Grant because he could get because he could get things donethings done

Grant appointed Grant appointed William William Tecumseh ShermanTecumseh Sherman commander of the military commander of the military division of the Mississippi division of the Mississippi

Grant Appoints ShermanGrant Appoints Sherman

Grant planned to attack Grant planned to attack the south on all frontsthe south on all fronts- He would pursue Lee- He would pursue Lee- - Admiral FarragutAdmiral Farragut would would attack Mobileattack Mobile- - William Tecumseh William Tecumseh ShermanSherman would lead an would lead an army southeast from army southeast from Chattanooga to AtlantaChattanooga to Atlanta

Grant & Sherman believed Grant & Sherman believed in in total wartotal war to destroy to destroy South’s will to fightSouth’s will to fight

Grant and Lee in VirginiaGrant and Lee in Virginia

Grant’s strategy was to immobilize Lee in Grant’s strategy was to immobilize Lee in VA while Sherman raided GeorgiaVA while Sherman raided Georgia

May 1864–April 1865 - Grant and Lee May 1864–April 1865 - Grant and Lee fought many battlesfought many battles

Both sides suffered heavy losses Both sides suffered heavy losses North 60,000North 60,000 South 32,000South 32,000 North could replace soldiers but South North could replace soldiers but South

couldn’tcouldn’t

Sherman’s MarchSherman’s March

September 1864 - September 1864 - Sherman took Atlanta Sherman took Atlanta

South tried to cut South tried to cut supply lines supply lines (railroads)(railroads)

Sherman changed Sherman changed strategies strategies (Abandoned supply (Abandoned supply lines & burned lines & burned Atlanta)Atlanta)

Sherman’s MarchSherman’s March

Sherman cut a wide path Sherman cut a wide path of destruction in Georgia & of destruction in Georgia & lived off the landlived off the land

11stst general to wage total general to wage total warwar- Destroyed everything in - Destroyed everything in his pathhis path

Made no apologies for his Made no apologies for his actionsactions- Said “We are not only - Said “We are not only fighting hostile armies, but fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard and poor, feel the hard hand of war”hand of war”

Sherman’s MarchSherman’s March

December 1864 – Sherman reached SavannahDecember 1864 – Sherman reached Savannah Turned north to help Grant fight LeeTurned north to help Grant fight Lee

Inflicted even more destruction in South Inflicted even more destruction in South Carolina (1st state to secede)Carolina (1st state to secede)

Followed by 25, 00 former slaves who were Followed by 25, 00 former slaves who were eager for freedom eager for freedom

Burned almost every house in his pathBurned almost every house in his path Stopped destroying private homes when he Stopped destroying private homes when he

reached North Carolina (last state to secede)reached North Carolina (last state to secede) Began handing out food & supplies (realized Began handing out food & supplies (realized

the war was almost over)the war was almost over)

Atlanta Before & After Atlanta Before & After

The Election of 1864The Election of 1864

Lincoln faced heavy opposition in Lincoln faced heavy opposition in the election the election

Democrats wanted immediate Democrats wanted immediate armisticearmistice- Nominated - Nominated George McClellanGeorge McClellan

Radical Republicans- wanted Radical Republicans- wanted harsh conditions for readmission harsh conditions for readmission to Unionto Union

Nominated Nominated John C. Fremont John C. Fremont Republicans changed name to Republicans changed name to

National Union Party National Union Party Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson was chosen as was chosen as

Lincoln’s running mate (pro-Union Lincoln’s running mate (pro-Union Democrat)Democrat)

Lincoln was pessimistic about his Lincoln was pessimistic about his chances chances

Northern victories & troops’ votes Northern victories & troops’ votes gave him the wingave him the win

The Surrender at The Surrender at AppomatoxAppomatox

March 1865 – Clear March 1865 – Clear that the south was that the south was going to lose going to lose

Union forces were Union forces were closing in on closing in on RichmondRichmond

Grants forces defeated Grants forces defeated Lee’s at Petersburg Lee’s at Petersburg

April 2 1865 - Davis’s April 2 1865 - Davis’s government left government left Richmond, set it afireRichmond, set it afire

The Surrender at The Surrender at AppomatoxAppomatox

April 9, 1865 – Lee April 9, 1865 – Lee and Grant work out and Grant work out the terms of surrender the terms of surrender at at Appomattox Appomattox Court HouseCourt House

Lee’s soldiers paroled Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms on generous terms (Lincoln’s request)(Lincoln’s request)- Were given them - Were given them food food - allowed to return to - allowed to return to their homes and keep their homes and keep their horsestheir horses

Section 5Section 5The Legacy of the WarThe Legacy of the War

The Civil War settles long-The Civil War settles long-standing disputes over states’ standing disputes over states’

rights and slavery.rights and slavery.

Political Changes caused by Political Changes caused by the Warthe War

War ended threat of secession& increases power of federal War ended threat of secession& increases power of federal governmentgovernment

Ended SlaveryEnded Slavery Changed the way Americans thought about their nationChanged the way Americans thought about their nation

- People accepted that the Union was more important than - People accepted that the Union was more important than individual statesindividual states

Helped the Federal Government ExpandHelped the Federal Government Expand- Placed new demands on the Gov.- Placed new demands on the Gov.- 1861 – establish the 1- 1861 – establish the 1stst income tax to pay for the war income tax to pay for the war- Funded transcontinental railroad and gave land to settlers- Funded transcontinental railroad and gave land to settlers

1865 - 1865 - Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in all abolished slavery in all statesstates

Economic Changes Caused Economic Changes Caused by the Warby the War

National Bank ActNational Bank Act of 1863of 1863 - Established federal system - Established federal system of chartered banksof chartered banks- Set requirements for loans & called banks to be inspected - Set requirements for loans & called banks to be inspected

Spurred industrySpurred industry- Aided the growth of several postwar industries such as - Aided the growth of several postwar industries such as petroleum, steel, food and processingpetroleum, steel, food and processing- Government subsidized the construction of a national - Government subsidized the construction of a national railroad system railroad system

Gap between North and South widenedGap between North and South widened- North: industry booms; commercial agriculture takes hold- North: industry booms; commercial agriculture takes hold- South: industry, farms destroyed- South: industry, farms destroyed

The war was a disaster for the SouthThe war was a disaster for the South- Nation was faced with job of rebuilding the South- Nation was faced with job of rebuilding the South

Costs of the WarCosts of the War

Hundreds of Hundreds of thousands dead, thousands dead, wounded; lives wounded; lives disrupteddisrupted

- 620,000 men died - 620,000 men died in the warin the war

Financially, war costs Financially, war costs the government the government estimated $3.3 billionestimated $3.3 billion

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CivilWar

AllotherU.S.

Wars

NorthSouthTotal Casualties

Civilians Follow New Civilians Follow New PathsPaths

Some soldiers stayed in army others Some soldiers stayed in army others become civilians, many went westbecome civilians, many went west

Robert E. Lee lost his home at ArlingtonRobert E. Lee lost his home at Arlington

- Became president of Washington College - Became president of Washington College in Virginia in Virginia

- His citizenship wasn’t restored until 1975 - His citizenship wasn’t restored until 1975

Clara Barton helped found American Clara Barton helped found American Red Red CrossCross in 1881 in 1881

The Assassination of The Assassination of LincolnLincoln

April 14, 1865 - Shot by John April 14, 1865 - Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Wilkes Booth at Ford’s TheatreTheatre

11stst president to be president to be assassinatedassassinated

Assassin Assassin John Wilkes John Wilkes BoothBooth escaped but was escaped but was trapped by Union cavalry 12 trapped by Union cavalry 12 days later & shot in Virginia days later & shot in Virginia

7 million people paid 7 million people paid respects to Lincoln’s funeral respects to Lincoln’s funeral train (almost 1/3 of train (almost 1/3 of populationpopulation