U.S. Expansionism (1865-1905) Key Events: Purchase of Alaska Annexation of Hawaii Spanish-American War Panama Canal.

U.S. Expansionism (1865-1905)

Key Events:Purchase of Alaska

Annexation of HawaiiSpanish-American War

Panama Canal

Driving Forces Behind Expansion

Manifest Destiny God-ordained right to expand U.S.

Social Darwinism during Industrial Revolution Originally applied to contiguous 48 states

“Sea to shining sea” expansion Closing of the Frontier

Expanded to Western Hemisphere Industrial Revolution

Manufactured Products Military Power Increasing

American Foreign Policy

Isolationism Definition – Policy that stresses national

self-sufficiency and freedom from foreign alliances

President Washington’s Farewell Address Policy toward Europe

Civil War Undemocratic and untrustworthy

Never applied to rest of the world Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine Foreign policy statement issued in

1823 U.S. would not tolerate European

interference in the Western Hemisphere Originally no means to back it up Involved matters of trade with Latin America Became important statement once U.S.

developed naval strength after Civil War Led to U.S. domination of the affairs of

the Western Hemisphere

Imperialism

Definition: 1) Practice of establishing and controlling colonies; 2) domination by one country of the political, economic, cultural affairs of another country

Imperialism (cont.) Reasons (selfish):

Access to raw materials and resources Markets for manufactured products Increased national pride

Reasons (justification): Christianize savage people Civilize savage people Protect and bring technology to savage

people

Purchase of Alaska Purchased from Russia in 1867

$7.2 Million for 600,000 square miles Two cents/acre for area more 2X Texas

Seward’s Folly William H. Seward, Secretary of State Block of ice

Bargain Rich in natural resources (lumber, copper, gold, oil

and natural gas

Alaska and the United States

Hawaii First contact with Hawaii by New

England whalers and traders in late 1700s

Christian Missionaries arrive in the 1800s

In 1840, King Kamehameha models constitution after that of the U.S.

Importance of Sugar

By 1865, missionary families dominated sugar production

Most of the sugar was sold to the U.S. 1875 Treaty

Hawaiians sugar enters U.S. tariff-free Hawaii will give no territory or special privileges in

the islands to any other country Sugar producers est. plantations using Japanese

laborers McKinley Tariff (1890)

Removed Hawaiian sugar tariff-free status Led to depression in Hawaii

Annexation of Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani becomes ruler in 1893

“Hawaii for the Hawaiians” Absolute Monarch

Americans organize revolution Marines ordered ashore from warship in Honolulu harbor Queen Liluokalani “persuaded” not to resist Revolution successful; American flag raised Revolutionary government headed by Sanford Dole

Debate over annexation President Cleveland withdrew annexation treaty from Senate Cleveland wants control returned to “Queen Lil” Dole refuses and declares Hawaii a republic on July 4, 1894

Annexation of Hawaii (cont.)

Impact of Spanish-American War Hawaii strategically located as war is

fought in the Philippines Hawaii is annexed by the U.S. in1898

Hawaii becomes a territory of in 1902

Hawaii becomes 50th state in 1959

U.S. Territorial Expansion since 1803

Spanish-American War Guerilla War between Spain and Cuba begins in

1895 Cuban patriots sought independence Burned sugar cane fields, blocked RR, ambushed, etc.. Led by Jose Marti

Marti’s writings win tremendous sympathy in U.S.

Cuba is Spain’s last important imperial possession in the Western Hemisphere

Cubans herded into concentration camps U.S. Presidents Cleveland and McKinley urging

Spain to give Cubans more say in the government

Explosion of the Maine In 1898, McKinley sends U.S.S. Maine to Havana

harbor Protect U.S. citizens due to rioting in Havana

Maine explodes killing 266 sailors – February 15, 1898

Spain exploded it with underwater mine Faulty wiring caused Maine’s ammo to explode Cuban rebels exploded it knowing Spain would be

blamed U.S. exploded it so there would be reason to go to war

War Fever in the U.S. – Remember the Maine!!!

Declaration of War McKinley did not want war

Civil War veteran who knew the cost of war Spanish government

Could not surrender Cuba Congress wanted war

McKinley asks for declaration on April 11, 1898

Teller Amendment Spain breaks off relations = war

Role of Yellow Journalism Definition: Sensationalized journalism with the

goal of calling attention to wrongdoing and selling newspapers

Yellow Journalism in Spanish-American War Concentration camp conditions and the Maine Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Influence in leading U.S. to war?

Latin America Cont.

Roosevelt Corollary Expanded the Monroe Doctrine the Monroe Doctrine would now

consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region, along with its original stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from the hemisphere

Panama Canal

Prime example of Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” foreign policy

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft The U.S. wanted to further its

foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power.

Missionary Diplomacy

President Wilson Wilson felt morality should guide

all conduct America's mission was to foster

peace, human rights, and social progress in the world.