Map prepared by U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center 2007 Map not approved for release by Director USGS DATA SOURCES EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMIC HAZARD USGS, National Earthquake Information Center NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center IASPEI, Centennial Catalog (1900 - 1999) and extensions (Engdahl and Villaseñor, 2002) HDF (unpublished earthquake catalog) (Engdahl, 2003) Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program PLATE TECTONICS PB2003 (Bird, 2003) VOLCANOES Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcano Program BASE MAP NIMA and ESRI, Digital Chart of the World USGS, EROS Data Center EARTHQUAKE SUMMARY MAP XXX U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DISCLAIMER Base map data, such as place names and political boundaries, are the best available but may not be current or may contain inaccuracies and therefore should not be regarded as having official significance. M7.5 Molucca Sea Earthquake of 21 January 2007 REFERENCES Bird, P., 2003, An updated digital model of plate boundaries: Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., v. 4, no. 3, pp. 1027- 80. Engdahl, E.R. and Villaseñor, A., 2002, Global Seismicity: 1900 - 1999, chap. 41 of Lee, W.H.K., and others,eds., International Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Part A: New York, N.Y., Elsevier Academeic Press, 932 p. Engdahl, E.R., Van der Hilst, R.D., and Buland, R.P., 1998, Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved trav- el times and procedures for depth determination: Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer., v. 88, p. 722-743. Hamilton, W., 1979, Tectonics of the Indonesian region: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1078. MOLUCCA SEA SERAM SEA SULAWESI I N D O N E S I A Makassar Strait Buru Seram Waigeo Halmahera Misoöl North Banda Basin CE R A M TR O U G H Kepulauan Sula Obi Bird's Head Taliabu A' B' CELEBES SEA Minahassa Peninsula Kepulauan Talaud Kepulauan Sangir A A' 2001 2000 1950 1965 1998 1938 1939 1932 1996 1907 1905 1990 1991 1968 1986 1972 1936 1913 1910 119° 119° 120° 120° 121° 121° 122° 122° 123° 123° 124° 124° 125° 125° 126° 126° 127° 127° 128° 128° 129° 129° 130° 130° 131° 131° 4° 4° 3° 3° 2° 2° 1° 1° 0° 0° 1° 1° 2° 2° 3° 3° 4° 4° I N D O N E S I A M A L A Y S I A THAILAND BRUNEI AUSTRALIA PAPUA NEW GUINEA PHILIPPINES PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN BANDA SEA ARAFURA SEA PHILIPPINE SEA CELEBES SEA SOUTH CHINA SEA JAVA SEA Sumatra Borneo Java Sulawesi (Celebes) New Guinea Timor TIMOR L'ESTE Mindanao Irian Jaya Kalimantan Jakarta Singapore Kuala Lumpur SINGAPORE AUSTRALIA PLATE BANDA SEA PLATE TIMOR PLATE PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE MOLUCCA SEA PLATE BIRD'S HEAD PLATE MAOKE PLATE CAROLINE PLATE S U N D A T R E N CH BURMA PLATE 69 mm/yr SUNDA PLATE DETAILED MAP 95° 95° 100° 100° 105° 105° 110° 110° 115° 115° 120° 120° 125° 125° 130° 130° 135° 135° 140° 140° 10° 10° 5° 5° 0° 0° 5° 5° 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 100 Kilometers SCALE 1:22,000.000 at the Equator Mercator Projection 0 100 200 300 400 50 Kilometers SCALE 1:5,500,000 at the Equator Mercator Projection MOLUUCA SEA, INDONESIA 21 January 2007 11:27:42 UTC 1.244° N., 126.400° E. Depth 22 km Mw = 7.5 (USGS) A major earthquake occurred 130 km (80 miles) WNW of Ternate, Moluccas, Indonesia 165 km (100 miles) E of Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia at 5:27 AM MDT, Jan 21, 2007 (6:54 PM local time in Molucca Sea). The magnitude and location may be revised when additional data and further analysis results are available. One person died from a heart attack, 3 others killed, 4 others injured and minor damage to some buildings at Mandano, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Felt (VI) at Bitung and Tondano; (V) at Kotamobagu; (IV) at Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Also felt (VI) on Ternate and (IV) in southern Halmahera, Indonesia. I N D O N E S I A M A L A Y S I A THAILAND BRUNEI AUSTRALIA PAPUA NEW GUINEA PHILIPPINES PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN BANDA SEA ARAFURA SEA PHILIPPINE SEA CELEBES SEA SOUTH CHINA SEA JAVA SEA Sumatra Borneo Java Sulawesi (Celebes) New Guinea Timor TIMOR L'ESTE Mindanao Irian Jaya Kalimantan Jakarta Singapore Kuala Lumpur SINGAPORE S U N D A T R E N CH BURMA PLATE DETAILED MAP 95° 95° 100° 100° 105° 105° 110° 110° 115° 115° 120° 120° 125° 125° 130° 130° 135° 135° 140° 140° 10° 10° 5° 5° 0° 0° 5° 5° EXPLANATION Seismic Hazard 0.0 - 0.2 m/sec² 0.2 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.8 0.8 - 1.6 1.6 - 3.2 3.2 - 4.3 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 100 Kilometers SCALE 1:22,000.000 at the Equator Mercator Projection I N D O N E S I A M A L A Y S I A THAILAND BRUNEI AUSTRALIA PAPUA NEW GUINEA PHILIPPINES PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN BANDA SEA ARAFURA SEA PHILIPPINE SEA CELEBES SEA SOUTH CHINA SEA JAVA SEA Sumatra Borneo Java Sulawesi (Celebes) New Guinea Timor TIMOR L'ESTE Mindanao Irian Jaya Kalimantan Jakarta Singapore Kuala Lumpur SINGAPORE S U N D A T R E N CH BURMA PLATE DETAILED MAP 95° 95° 100° 100° 105° 105° 110° 110° 115° 115° 120° 120° 125° 125° 130° 130° 135° 135° 140° 140° 10° 10° 5° 5° 0° 0° 5° 5° 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 100 Kilometers SCALE 1:22,000.000 at the Equator Mercator Projection EXPLANATION Main Shock 21 January 2007 Aftershocks Earthquakes 1964 - 2002 0 - 69 km 70 - 299 300 - 700 Magnitude Classes 3.50 - 4.99 5.00 - 5.99 6.00 - 6.99 7.00 - 7.99 8.00 - 9.00 Volcanoes LARGEST EARTHQUAKES M ≥ 7.5 1900-2007 EPICENTRAL AREA YR MO DY LAT LON DEPTH MAG 1905 1 22 1.000 123.000 90 7.80 1907 6 25 1.000 127.000 200 7.50 1910 12 16 4.500 126.500 0 7.60 1913 3 14 4.500 126.500 0 7.90 1932 5 14 0.258 126.169 35 8.10 1936 4 1 4.165 126.521 35 7.70 1939 12 21 -0.208 122.565 35 7.80 1950 10 8 -3.750 128.250 0 7.50 1965 1 24 -2.455 125.965 28 8.20 1968 8 10 1.422 126.260 20 7.60 1972 6 11 3.864 124.234 331 7.80 1986 8 14 1.805 126.485 31 7.50 1990 4 18 1.195 122.816 39 7.60 1991 6 20 1.206 122.773 31 7.50 1998 11 29 -1.938 124.818 16 7.70 2000 5 4 -1.105 123.573 26 7.60 2001 10 19 -4.102 123.907 33 7.50 2007 01 21 1.244 126.400 22 7.50 Seismic hazard is expressed as peak ground acceleration (PGA) on firm rock, in meters/sec², expected to be exceeded in a 50-yr period with a probability of 10 percent. Tectonic Setting Epicentral Area DISCUSSION Eastern Indonesia, forming the southeastern extremity of the Southeast Asian lithospheric plate, crushed between the northward-moving Indo- Australian and the westward-moving Pacific plates, is certainly the most complex active tectonic zone on earth. The relative motion of Australia toward the interior of the Sunda plate, about 70 mm/yr, drives the motion of small plates that are situated between the Australia plate and the interior of the Sunda plate. Frequent volcanic eruptions and frequent earthquake shocks testify to the active tectonic processes which are currently in progress in response to the continued movement of these major plates. The distribution of small ocean basins, continental fragments, remnants of ancient magmatic arcs and numerous subduction complexes which make up the Indonesian region indicate that the past history of the region was equally tectonically active. For more information, see the NEIC website on Indonesia tectonics, at http://earthquakes.usgs.gov/regional/world.php?region=Indonesia Seismicity of Indonesia and Vicinity Generalized Seismic Hazard EXPLANATION Main Shock 27 January 2006 Magnitude Classes 6.00 - 6.99 7.00 - 7.99 8.00 - 9.00 Earthquakes 1900 - 2006 0 - 69 km 70 - 299 300 - 700 Plate Boundaries All Others Subduction Volcanoes Depth Profile -550 -550 -500 -500 -450 -450 -400 -400 -350 -350 -300 -300 -250 -250 -200 -200 -150 -150 -100 -100 -50 -50 0 0 50 50 100 100 150 150 200 200 250 250 300 300 350 350 400 400 -650 -650 -600 -600 -550 -550 -500 -500 -450 -450 -400 -400 -350 -350 -300 -300 -250 -250 -200 -200 -150 -150 -100 -100 -50 -50 0 0 A A' RELATIVE PLATE MOTIONS The relative motion of adjacent tectonic plates is depicted on the map by a short vector located at a selected point on the plate boundary. In this presentation, the vector therefore represents the direction of the moving plate relative to the adjacent reference plate. The rate of relative motion is labelled next to the vector. The components of the vector perpendicular and parallel to the plate margin approximate convergent/divergent and transverse direction of motion between the plates, respectively. As viewed from the reference plate, an inward directed component suggests convergence at and near the plate boundary that may be expressed as crustal folding, uplift, thrust faulting, or plate subduction. Similarly, an outward directed component suggests plate divergence such as would be expected at a zone of crustal spreading. Transcurrent or transform faulting would be expected when the predominant vector component is parallel to the plate margin. In the example shown on the map, the Australian plate is moving N 8° E relative to the Sunda reference plate.
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Map prepared by U.S. Geological SurveyNational Earthquake Information Center2007Map not approved for release by Director USGS
DATA SOURCESEARTHQUAKES AND SEISMIC HAZARD USGS, National Earthquake Information Center NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center IASPEI, Centennial Catalog (1900 - 1999) and extensions (Engdahl and Villaseñor, 2002) HDF (unpublished earthquake catalog) (Engdahl, 2003) Global Seismic Hazard Assessment ProgramPLATE TECTONICS PB2003 (Bird, 2003)VOLCANOES Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcano ProgramBASE MAP NIMA and ESRI, Digital Chart of the World USGS, EROS Data Center
EARTHQUAKE SUMMARY MAP XXXU.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
DISCLAIMERBase map data, such as place names and politicalboundaries, are the best available but may not be current or may contain inaccuracies and thereforeshould not be regarded as having official significance.
M7.5 Molucca Sea Earthquake of 21 January 2007
REFERENCESBird, P., 2003, An updated digital model of plate boundaries: Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., v. 4, no. 3, pp. 1027- 80.Engdahl, E.R. and Villaseñor, A., 2002, Global Seismicity: 1900 - 1999, chap. 41 of Lee, W.H.K., and others,eds., International Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Part A: New York, N.Y., Elsevier Academeic Press, 932 p.Engdahl, E.R., Van der Hilst, R.D., and Buland, R.P., 1998, Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved trav- el times and procedures for depth determination: Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer., v. 88, p. 722-743.Hamilton, W., 1979, Tectonics of the Indonesian region: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1078.
M O L U C C A S E A
S E R A M S E AS U L A W E S I
I N D O N E S I A
Ma k
a ss a
r S t r
a it
BuruSeram
WaigeoHalmahera
Misoöl
N o r t hB a n d aB a s i n
C E R A M T R O U G H
Kepulauan Sula
Obi Bird's HeadTaliabu
A' B'
C E L E B E S S E A
M i n a h a s s a P e n i n s u l a
KepulauanTalaud
KepulauanSangirA
A'
2001
2000
1950
1965
1998
1938 1939
19321996
1907190519901991 1968
1986
1972193619131910
119°
119°
120°
120°
121°
121°
122°
122°
123°
123°
124°
124°
125°
125°
126°
126°
127°
127°
128°
128°
129°
129°
130°
130°
131°
131°
4° 4°
3° 3°
2° 2°
1° 1°
0° 0°
1° 1°
2° 2°
3° 3°
4° 4°
I N D O N E S I A
M A L A Y S I A
T H A I L A N D
B R U N E I
A U S T R A L I A
PA
PU
A N
EW
GU
INEA
P H I L I P P I N E S
P A C I F I CO C E A N
I N D I A NO C E A N
B A N D AS E A
A R A F U R A S E A
P H I L I P P I N ES E A
C E L E B E SS E A
S O U T HC H I N A
S E A
J A V A S E A
S u m a t r a
Borneo
Java
Sulawesi(Celebes)
New Guinea
Timor
T I M O R L ' E S T E
Mindanao
Irian Jaya
Kalimantan
Jakarta
SingaporeKuala Lumpur
SINGAPORE
AUSTRALIA PLATE
BANDA SEA PLATE
TIMOR PLATE
PHILIPPINESEA
PLATE
MOLUCCASEA
PLATEBIRD'S HEAD
PLATEMAOKE PLATE
CAROLINE PLATE
S U N D A T R E N C H
BURMAPLATE
69 mm/yr
SUNDA PLATE
DETAILED MAP
95°
95°
100°
100°
105°
105°
110°
110°
115°
115°
120°
120°
125°
125°
130°
130°
135°
135°
140°
140°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200100Kilometers
SCALE 1:22,000.000 at the EquatorMercator Projection
0 100 200 300 40050Kilometers
SCALE 1:5,500,000 at the EquatorMercator Projection
MOLUUCA SEA, INDONESIA21 January 2007 11:27:42 UTC1.244° N., 126.400° E.Depth 22 kmMw = 7.5 (USGS)A major earthquake occurred 130 km (80 miles) WNW of Ternate, Moluccas, Indonesia 165 km (100 miles) E of Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia at 5:27 AM MDT, Jan 21, 2007 (6:54 PM local time in Molucca Sea). The magnitude and location may be revised when additional data and further analysis results are available. One person died from a heart attack, 3 others killed, 4 others injured and minor damage to some buildings at Mandano, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Felt (VI) at Bitung and Tondano; (V) at Kotamobagu; (IV) at Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Also felt (VI) on Ternate and (IV) in southern Halmahera, Indonesia.
I N D O N E S I A
M A L A Y S I A
T H A I L A N D
B R U N E I
A U S T R A L I A
PA
PU
A N
EW
GU
INEA
P H I L I P P I N E S
P A C I F I CO C E A N
I N D I A NO C E A N
B A N D AS E A
A R A F U R A S E A
P H I L I P P I N ES E A
C E L E B E SS E A
S O U T HC H I N A
S E A
J A V A S E A
S u m a t r a
Borneo
Java
Sulawesi(Celebes)
New Guinea
Timor
T I M O R L ' E S T E
Mindanao
Irian Jaya
Kalimantan
Jakarta
SingaporeKuala Lumpur
SINGAPORE
S U N D A T R E N C H
BURMAPLATE
DETAILED MAP
95°
95°
100°
100°
105°
105°
110°
110°
115°
115°
120°
120°
125°
125°
130°
130°
135°
135°
140°
140°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
EXPLANATIONSeismic Hazard
0.0 - 0.2 m/sec²0.2 - 0.40.4 - 0.80.8 - 1.61.6 - 3.23.2 - 4.3
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200100Kilometers
SCALE 1:22,000.000 at the EquatorMercator Projection
I N D O N E S I A
M A L A Y S I A
T H A I L A N D
B R U N E I
A U S T R A L I A
PA
PU
A N
EW
GU
INEA
P H I L I P P I N E S
P A C I F I CO C E A N
I N D I A NO C E A N
B A N D AS E A
A R A F U R A S E A
P H I L I P P I N ES E A
C E L E B E SS E A
S O U T HC H I N A
S E A
J A V A S E A
S u m a t r a
Borneo
Java
Sulawesi(Celebes)
New Guinea
Timor
T I M O R L ' E S T E
Mindanao
Irian Jaya
Kalimantan
Jakarta
SingaporeKuala Lumpur
SINGAPORE
S U N D A T R E N C H
BURMAPLATE
DETAILED MAP
95°
95°
100°
100°
105°
105°
110°
110°
115°
115°
120°
120°
125°
125°
130°
130°
135°
135°
140°
140°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200100Kilometers
SCALE 1:22,000.000 at the EquatorMercator Projection
EXPLANATIONMain Shock
21 January 2007
AftershocksEarthquakes 1964 - 2002
0 - 69 km70 - 299300 - 700
Magnitude Classes3.50 - 4.995.00 - 5.996.00 - 6.997.00 - 7.998.00 - 9.00Volcanoes
LARGEST EARTHQUAKES M ≥ 7.5 1900-2007 EPICENTRAL AREA
YR MO DY LAT LON DEPTH MAG
1905 1 22 1.000 123.000 90 7.80 1907 6 25 1.000 127.000 200 7.50 1910 12 16 4.500 126.500 0 7.60 1913 3 14 4.500 126.500 0 7.90 1932 5 14 0.258 126.169 35 8.10 1936 4 1 4.165 126.521 35 7.70 1939 12 21 -0.208 122.565 35 7.80 1950 10 8 -3.750 128.250 0 7.50 1965 1 24 -2.455 125.965 28 8.20 1968 8 10 1.422 126.260 20 7.60 1972 6 11 3.864 124.234 331 7.80 1986 8 14 1.805 126.485 31 7.50 1990 4 18 1.195 122.816 39 7.60 1991 6 20 1.206 122.773 31 7.50 1998 11 29 -1.938 124.818 16 7.70 2000 5 4 -1.105 123.573 26 7.60 2001 10 19 -4.102 123.907 33 7.50 2007 01 21 1.244 126.400 22 7.50
Seismic hazard is expressed as peak ground acceleration (PGA) on firm rock,in meters/sec², expected to be exceededin a 50-yr period with a probability of 10 percent.
Tectonic SettingEpicentral Area
DISCUSSIONEastern Indonesia, forming the southeastern extremity of the SoutheastAsian lithospheric plate, crushed between the northward-moving Indo-Australian and the westward-moving Pacific plates, is certainly themost complex active tectonic zone on earth. The relative motion ofAustralia toward the interior of the Sunda plate, about 70 mm/yr, drivesthe motion of small plates that are situated between the Australia plateand the interior of the Sunda plate.Frequent volcanic eruptions and frequent earthquake shocks testify tothe active tectonic processes which are currently in progress in responseto the continued movement of these major plates. The distribution ofsmall ocean basins, continental fragments, remnants of ancientmagmatic arcs and numerous subduction complexes which make up theIndonesian region indicate that the past history of the region wasequally tectonically active.For more information, see the NEIC website on Indonesia tectonics, athttp://earthquakes.usgs.gov/regional/world.php?region=Indonesia
Seismicity of Indonesia and Vicinity
Generalized Seismic Hazard
EXPLANATIONMain Shock
27 January 2006
Magnitude Classes6.00 - 6.997.00 - 7.998.00 - 9.00
Earthquakes 1900 - 20060 - 69 km70 - 299300 - 700
Plate BoundariesAll OthersSubductionVolcanoes
Depth Profile-550
-550
-500
-500
-450
-450
-400
-400
-350
-350
-300
-300
-250
-250
-200
-200
-150
-150
-100
-100
-50
-50
0
0
50
50
100
100
150
150
200
200
250
250
300
300
350
350
400
400-650 -650
-600 -600
-550 -550
-500 -500
-450 -450
-400 -400
-350 -350
-300 -300
-250 -250
-200 -200
-150 -150
-100 -100
-50 -50
0 0
A A'
RELATIVE PLATE MOTIONSThe relative motion of adjacent tectonic plates is depicted on the map by ashort vector located at a selected point on the plate boundary. In thispresentation, the vector therefore represents the direction of the movingplate relative to the adjacent reference plate. The rate of relative motion islabelled next to the vector.The components of the vector perpendicular and parallel to the platemargin approximate convergent/divergent and transverse direction ofmotion between the plates, respectively. As viewed from the referenceplate, an inward directed component suggests convergence at and near theplate boundary that may be expressed as crustal folding, uplift, thrustfaulting, or plate subduction. Similarly, an outward directed componentsuggests plate divergence such as would be expected at a zone of crustalspreading. Transcurrent or transform faulting would be expected when thepredominant vector component is parallel to the plate margin.In the example shown on the map, the Australian plate is moving N 8° Erelative to the Sunda reference plate.
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