U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Electrical Energy Storage Program Overview Alaska Rural Energy Conference Sept 27, 2011 Dr. Imre Gyuk – Program Manager Dr. Karen Waldrip– Deputy Program Manager at Sandia National Laboratories
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U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Electricity Delivery
and Energy Reliability
Electrical Energy Storage Program
Overview
Alaska Rural Energy Conference
Sept 27, 2011
Dr. Imre Gyuk – Program Manager
Dr. Karen Waldrip– Deputy Program Manager at Sandia National
Laboratories
Stakeholder Workshops
and OE Program Plan
OE Energy Storage Program Plan
Utility Requirements
With EERE-PV
Material Needs
With ARPA-E
Under the Auspices
of the Materials Society
$3.9 $2.9 $2.8 $2.1 $3.5
$13.6
$19.4
$40.0 Request
$57.0 Request
$20.0 House
$-
$10.0
$20.0
$30.0
$40.0
$50.0
$60.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Energy Storage Appropriations by Fiscal Year Dollars in Millions
Energy Storage Testing Program, SNL
Collaborative with Industry, Utilities and States
Testing in simulated PV cycle shows the
carbon enhanced “Ultra Batteries”
maintain capacity significantly better
than conventional VRLA batteries
* Hit temperature limit; current decreased for subsequent cycles
FY11: Begin testing on 12 Altairnano--
utility PSOC & hybrid pulse power
FY12: Issue reports on Ultra Battery &
International battery performance
Ongoing Battery Testing
Carbon Enhanced L/A Batteries - SNL CRADA with East Penn Manufacturing
PbO2 Pb + CSeparator
Schematic representation of a single cell
from a carbon-modified or “Advanced” VRLA battery
Select carbons added to the negative anode material in
lead-acid batteries:
• Increase cycle life >10X under high rate, partial
state-of-charge operation
• Increase capacity after cycling vs. new
• Mechanism of performance enhancement not understood
• If understood, could be applied to other batteries
Carbon Black Acetylene Black Activated Carbon Graphitic Carbon
FY10: Established CRADA
FY11: Received 64 batteries from EPM for testing, 4 carbons for analysis, compare
cycling results with carbon analysis to understand mechanism of improved performance
FY12: Issue detailed report of findings from dissection & analysis of batteries aged
(cycled) at selected intervals, up to failure (~300,000 cycles) and determine mechanism
Redox Couples for Flow Batteries, Sandia
Fundamentally new materials for flow batteries: 1. Multi-functional materials act as both electrolyte and
energy storage medium for high energy density 2. Low cost, inherently safe, and environmentally benign 3. Cost effective scale-up (single-step, pure synthesis)
FY10: 12 MetILs synthesized and tested:
•Flow battery applications require high ionic conductivity, low
viscosity, and electrochemical reversibility of MetILs
•Began to understand molecular structure-properties
relationships
•Key compound made that illuminated structure-properties:
Ce(NH2C2H4OH)8(CF3SO3)3
Iron-containing “MetIL”
Sandia has developed a new class of electroactive metal-
FY11: Investigate effects of over 30 tailored molecular structures on key
performance properties (listed above) by changing:
•Ligand size in cation– controls viscosity and ionic conductivity
•Size of anion– influences electrochemical reversibility
FY12: Test 5 MetILs for ionic conductivity and electrochemical
reversibility; test best candidates in benchtop flow battery prototype
To learn more about MetILs, see
Pratt, et al., Dalton Trans. 2011
Air Breathing N2/O2 Battery - Sandia • Enormous potential impact on stationary and mobile
energy storage in both energy storage density and in economic value
• Concept is to use O2 and N2 as the electrodes in a battery
• Novel because N2 is considered inert
• Our group routinely reacts N2 electrochemically
• Challenging but appears feasible based on preliminary experimental results
Zn/Air has the highest energy density of aqueous battery chemistries because the weight of the cathode is not included in the calculation. The energy density would increase greatly beyond Zn/Air if the anode material were also derived from
the air.
• FY10 accomplishments
• Demonstrated nitrogen oxidation/reduction in molten
salts
• Developed strategy for increasing oxygen and
potentially nitrogen solubility in alternative room
temperature electrolytes
• Performed extensive thermodynamic analysis of
reaction pathways and potential side reactions
• FY11 objectives
• Investigate Ga, Ni, and Fe as reversible N2 electrodes
• Initiate development of catalyzed cathode structure