U.S. Department Federal Railroad Systems: Implications for ...

U.S. Departm ent o f Transportation

Federal Railroad Administration

Office of Policy

Double Stack Container Systems: Implications for U.S. Railroads and Ports

U.S. Departm ent o f Transportation

MaritimeAdministration

Office of Port and Intermodal Development

Bibliography

FRA-RRP-90-3 June 1990 This document is availableMA-PORT-830-90010 for purchase from the National

Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161

T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t D o c u m e n t a t io n P a p e

1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No.- 3. R ec ip ien t ’ s Cata log No. *

■ F R A - R R P - 9 0 - 3 •: ' . -.M A - P O R T - 830 - 9 0 0 1 0

4. t i t l e ond Subti tle 5. Report Date

-Double S tack C o n t a i n e r Systems: I m p l i c a t i o n s , T n n p 1 9 9 0

for U.S. R a i l r o a d s and Ports

7. Author's)

D a n i e l S. Smith, pri n c i p a l author

6. Performing Organizat ion Code

8. Performing Organization Report No.

9. Performing Organization Nome and Address

M a n a l y t i c s , Inc.625 T h i r d S t r e e tSan Franc i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a 94107

10. Work Uni t No. (TRAIS)

1 1. Contract or Grant No.

’ D T F R 5 3 - 8 8 - C - O 00 2 0

12. Sponsoring Agency Nome ond Address

F e d e r a l R a i l r o a d A d m i n i s t r a t i o n M a r i t i m e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

,U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20590

13. Type o f Report ond Period Covered

Bibliography14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplementary Notes

Project Monitor(s)\

M a r i l y n Klein, F e d e r a l R a i l r o a d Admin. A n d r e w Reed, M a r i t i m e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 400 7th St., SW - Wa s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20590 16

16. Abs trac t '

This study assesses the potential for domestic double-stack . container transportation and the implications of expanded doublestack systems for railroads, ports, and ocean carriers. The study suggests that double-stack service can be fully competitive with trucks in dense traffic corridors of 725 miles or more.There are opportunities . to substantially increase double-stack service in existing corridors and to. introduce double-stack . t- service in secondary corridors, in>outlying areas near.major hubs, and for refrigerated commodities. To meet the challenge of providing and marketing a reliable, high quality, door-to-door service, railroads may have to take unaccustomed steps into

^marketing and customer service, or become strictly line-haul carriers. Ports must accommodate international double-stack growth, but they will be only indirectly affected by domestic containerization.- Intermodal affiliates of ocean carriers will retain their leadership role in domestic containerization, while the ocean carriers themselves concentrate on international movements and markets.The products available from this cqntract include the Executive .. Summary, the Final Report, and the Bibliography.

17. Key Words 18. D is tr ibu t ion Stotement D o c u m e n t is - ,- double stack c o n t a i n e r systems; j ava.i 1 ab 1 e to the p u b l i c t h r o u g h the

.National T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i p n - Se.rvice, S p r i n gfield, Vi.rginia'.2.216lj

railroads; ports; o c e a n carriers; intermodal. d o m e s t i c c o n t a i n e r s

19. Securi ty C ioss if . (o f this report) 20. Secur ity C ioss if . (o f tKi’s Doge^ 21 • No. of Pages 22. Price -1'“*'*1 u n c l a s s i f i e d u n c l a s s i f i e d 4 5

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8 -7 2 ) R e p r o d u c t io n o f c o m p le te d p a g e a u th o r iz e d

I n t r o d u c t io n l

T h is b ib l io g r a p h y was com piled under c o n t r a c t to th e Federa l R a i l ro a d

A d m in is t r a t io n and th e M a r i t im e A d m in is t r a t io n as p a r t o f a m a jo r s tu d y

e n t i t l e d "D o u b le -S ta c k C o n ta in e r Systems: I m p l ic a t io n s For U.S. R a i l ro a d s

And P o r t s . "

The dynamic n a tu re o f th e s u b je c t m a t te r p re v e n ts any a t te m p t to com p ile a

com plete l i s t i n g o f e v e ry a r t i c l e o r p u b l i c a t io n on d o u b le -s ta c k t r a i n s ,

in te rm o d a l is m , o r dom estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n . T h is b ib l io g r a p h y c o n c e n tra te s

in s te a d on lo c a t i n g and a n n o ta t in g m a jo r s t u d ie s , re se a rch r e p o r t s , and

u s e fu l o v e rv ie w s .

The c i t a t i o n s a re o rg a n iz e d by genera l t o p ic a re a s . Because o f th e n a tu re o f

in te rm o d a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i t s e l f , many p u b l i c a t io n s tend to c ro ss any

a r b i t r a r y b o u n d a r ie s . I t is th e r e fo r e a d v is a b le to c o n s u l t c i t a t i o n s under

r e la t e d c a te g o r ie s as w e l l as under th e main t o p i c o f i n t e r e s t .

Table o f C on ten ts

C ategory Page

In d u s t r y O verv iews 1

C o rp o ra te & P o r t D e s c r ip t io n s 12

R a il In te rm o d a l T e rm in a ls 18

In te rm o d a l M a rk e t in g 20

D o u b le -S ta ck T ra in s 23

Road R a i l e r , T r a i l e r T r a in , and Piggyback 30

Truck C o m p e t i t io n 32

O ther C o m p e t i to rs 33

M u lt im od a l ism and I n t e r n a t io n a l In te rm o d a l is m 34

In te rm o d a l H is to r y

In te rm o d a l Equipment 38

1. " A c t i v i t i e s in th e L in e r I n d u s t r y and t h e i r Im p o r t oh Double S tack T r a i n s . " D r. Henry Marcus. For th e ASSOCIATION OF THE AMERICAN RAILROADS, O c to b e r , 1 9 8 7 . ( P r o p r ie t a r y S tudy)

2. "Canadian R a i ls .H a n d le D e re g u la t io n w i th C a r e . F r a n c i s P h i l l i p s . CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v . 22, no. 5 , May 1988, pp. 67-71 .

E x p la in s Canadian r a i l r o a d s ' h e s i t a t i o n in th e in te rm o d a l in d u s t r y and how d e r e g u la t i o n ,has a f f e c t e d th e Canadian r a i l r o a d s . Tab le in c lu d e d summarizes r a i l and in te rm o d a l revenues and f a c i l i t i e s .

3. "The Case f o r On-Terminal O p e ra t io n s . " A sa f Ashar. WORLD WIDE SHIPPING/WORLD PORTS, v . 47 , n p V . l , February /M arch 1984, pp. 7 8 -J9 .

Compares U.S. and European responses to th e needs o f in te rm o d a l is m ( i n 1984). .Makes su g g e s t io n s f o r f u t u r e o n - te rm in a l in te rm o d a l c o n n e c t io n s . . . .

4 . , "C o n f id e n c e C o n t in u e s .;1 . PORT DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL, v,. 3 , np. 12, December 1987, p. 21. ‘ .

D e s p ite g r im p r o je c t io n s f o r th e U.S. economy in l a t e 1988, the in term pda.l in d u s t ry , pursues new deve lopm ents.

5. " C o n t a in e r i z a t io n and the T r a n s p o r ta t io n o f A g r i c u l t u r a l C om m od it ies ."B.. J . P r a t t . PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v 24,

• f no. 2 , 1983, pp. 492-494. , ., , . ..

Documents th e h i s t o r y and p re s e n t te c h n o lo g y o f c o n ta in e r s f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l com m odit ies . Sea-Land appears to be th e le a d e r in

-e x p e r im e n ta t io n i n - t h i s a re a , and a number o f i t s f i n d i n g s a re r e p o r te d .

6. "The C u r r e n t S urfa ce T ra n s p o r t I n t e r - R e la t io n s h ip s A f f e c t i n g In te rm o d a l G ro w th ." J e f f r e y Hudson and F o r r e s t Baker. PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM,., v . 26, no. 1, 1985, pp. 242-248.

T h is s tu d y a n a ly z e s . th e economic and i n s t i t u t i o n a l a t t r a c t i o n o f b o x c a rs , in te rm o d a l .motor c a r r i e r s , and new m a r i t im e c o n ta in e r te ch n o lo g y ." in te r v ie w s re ve a l, t h a t m a r i t im e .c o n ta in e r . t e c h n o lo g y w ou ld have .the g r e a te s t p o t e n t ia l im pact upon th e f u t u r e o f in te r m o d a l , s u r f a c e . t r a n s p o r t .

7. "D e c is io n Time.Down th e T ra c k . " PORT DEVELOPMENT IN T 1L . , v . 4> no. 4 , . A p r i l 1988, pp. 18-21.

The ways in which th e U.S. r a i l r o a d in d u s t r y i s r e a c t in g to the • c h a l le n g e s , o f . in te rm o d a l is m ,a re d is c u s s e d . V a r io u s f a c t o r s have

im proved s e rv ic e e f f i c i e n c y and le d to c o s t s a v in g s , b u t th e y have a ls o changed the in d u s t r y . Double s ta c k t r a i n s and dom estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n issu e s have a ls o "a d de d 'to th e c o m p le x i ty o f the s i t u a t i o n . [From U.S. MArA D 's MARI BASE]

INDUSTRY OVERVIEWS

- 1 - BIBLIO/12-88

NDUSTRY OVERVIEWS

8. "D om estic C o n ta in e r O p t io n s . " R ich a rd Knee. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 28, no. 6 , June 1986, pp. 56-60 .

A summary o f speeches g iv e n a t the 1986 In te rm o d a l T r a n s p o r ta t io n A s s o c ia t io n 's c o n fe re n c e in S e a t t le . C o o p e ra t io n among o p e ra to rs was th e main theme. Equipment o p t io n s and o p e r a to r s ' a d a p t io n s were a ls o d is c u s s e d .

9. "D om estic .C o n ta in e r iz a t io n " TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM PROCEEDINGS SUPPLEMENT, 1986 ANNUAL MEETING, S e a t t l e , W ash ington, September, 1986, pp, 37-40. .

Summary o f paper p r e s e n ta t io n s and speeches by D an ie l S m ith , M a n a ly t ic s , I n c . ; David J . DeBoer, G re e n b r ie r In te rm o d a l ; and P e te r M e t r ia , American P re s id e n t In te rm o d a l . To p ics covered in c lu d e the p o t e n t ia l f o r dom es tic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n and the , h i s t o r y and expansion o f d o u b le -s ta c k s e r v ic e .

10. "D om estic C o n ta in e r iz a t io n : How B ig Can I t Get?" D an ie l Sm ith .PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v . 27, no. 1, 1986, pp. 289-295.

Ana lyzes the p o t e n t i a l f o r dom estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n by d e f in in g ■ th e m arket in term s o f demand, s u p p ly , and c o m p e t i t io n . Concludes

t h a t th e c u r r e n t s u p p ly o f c o n ta in e r s c o u ld ade q ua te ly , se rve th e demand in the near' f u t u r e , b u t t h a t th e p o t e n t i a l demand is la r g e . The m arke t w i l l be h ig h l y c o m p e t i t i v e , and le a ds r a i l r o a d s to compete in th e p r i c e - s e n s i t i v e , r a t h e r than s e r v i c e - s e n s i t i v e

. , ; m a rke ts . .

11. ' DOMESTIC CONTAINERIZATION: A PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY. Boston:Temple, B arke r & S lo an e , In c . f o r The A s s o c ia t io n o f American R a i l ro a d s , February 1986, 200 p.

An o ve rv ie w o f th e is s u e s in v o lv e d in dom estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n : t e c h n ic a l , econom ic, and i n s t i t u t i o n a l . Draws th e c o n c lu s io n t h a t dom estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n o f f e r s p o t e n t ia l c o s t s a v in g s o ver o th e r in te rm o d a l sys tem s, and t h a t dom estic c o n ta in e r s can be s u c c e s s fu l ly in t e g r a t e d i n t o e x i s t i n g system s. The r e p o r t d e l in e a te s o b s ta c le s w h ich may s tand in th e way, and a ls o in c lu d e s a l a r g e ’ s e c t io n on s u g g e s t io n s f o r a d e t a i le d s tu d y . Tab les and c h a r ts d e p ic t c o s t summaries and m arke t t r e n d s , and p ic tu r e s i l l u s t r a t e th e equ ipm ent.

12. "D om estic C o n ta in e r iz a t io n : C ro ss in g th e V e rg e ." E l l i o t S c h r ie r ., .PACIFIC SHIPPER, v . 60 , no. 21, J u ly 15, 1985, pp. 3 6 -41 .

A n t i c ip a te s th e g ro w th o f dom estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n beyond the s h ip p in g l i n e n e tw o rk . Views s p e c i f i c s e r v ic e c o n t r a c t s as in t e g r a l f o r expand ing th e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . E x p la in s some o f the b a r r ie r s to growth in 1985.

2 BIBLIO/12-88

INDUSTRY OVERVIEWS

13. "D om estic C o n ta in e r iz a t io n : O verv iew o f T e rm ina l Design andO p e ra t in g Is s u e s . James Down 'and Dean Wise. W ash ington, D .C .: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATE OF THE ART REPORT 4 , 1986, pp. 116-122.

One o f th e key c h a l le n g e s in p u rs u in g d om estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n is th e a b i l i t y o f th e c u r r e n t system o f t r a i l e r - b a s e d in te rm o d a l te r m in a ls t o adapt to c o n ta in e r -b a s e d , system s. T h is paper p ro v id e s an o v e rv ie w o f te rm in a l des ign and o p e ra t in g is s u e s t h a t

. t r a i l e r - o n - f l a t c a r ' ( T O F C ) te r m in a l managers and d e s ig n e rs w i l l fa c e w i th a t r a n s i t i o n to d om estic c o n t a i n e r i z a t i o n . . The issu e s covered inc lude im anagem ent and c o n t r o l o f c h a s s is , t e r m in a l m e c h a n iza t io n re q u i re m e n ts , a l t e r n a t i v e highway and r a i l t r a n s f e r m ethods, la b o r re q u i re m e n ts , and re q u ire m e n ts f o r c o n ta in e r and c h a s s is s ta g in g

. and p a rk in g .- [From th e i n t r o d u c t i o n . ]

14. "D om estic C o n ta in e r iz a t io n S purred Bv L a te s t In te rm o d a l P o r t D e s ig n s ." David F i e l d . TRAFFIC WORLD, .v. 205, no. 11, March 17, 1986, pp. 79-81.

A T r a n s p o r ta t io n Research Board C onference r e p o r t d e s c r ib e s te r m in a l c o n ta in e r equ ipm ent. ' A n a ly s ts su gg e s t s o lu t i o n s f o r

\ v a r io u s equ ipm ent prob lem s: c h a s s is s to r a g e , m e ch a n iza t io nin v e s tm e n t , v e h ic le i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , e tc .

15. "D om estic C o n ta in e r iz a t io n v . I n t e r n a t i o n a l T ra d e . " S te w a r t Wade. FAIRPLAY, v . 298, no. 5362, J u ly 3 , 1986, pp. 21-25..

Suggets t h a t in t e r n a t io n a l s h ip p in g may sometimes be a t odds w i th , d o m e s t ic - c o n ta in e r i z a t io n .due to cargo c o n f ig u r a t io n s and space

re q u ire m e n ts . - One- o f f i c i a l s t re s s e s t h a t e d u c a t io n and in c e n t iv e s a re la c k in g in pack ing re q u ire m e n ts on th e d i f f e r e n t s iz e d c o n ta in e r s .

16. "D on ’ t S top th e B ox." Mark N o r th . CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, v . 15, no. 7 , J u ly 1988, p . 67.

Summarizes speeches made a t a 1988 W orldw ide S h ip p in g Conference w i th - th e - m a in t h r u s t be ing t h a t p o r t a u t h o r i t i e s need to co opera te w i t h i n th e " t r a n s p o r t a t io n c h a in . " S tre s s was p la ced on lo n g - te rm management approaches which would in c lu d e s o l i c i t i n g government s u p p o r t f o r p o r t ’f a c i 1i t y expa n s io n .

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INDUSTRY OVERVIEWS

17. " E f f e c t s o f Ocean C a r r i e r Double-^Stack C o n ta in e r T ra in S e rv ic e s on Domestic F r e ig h t S e rv ic e s : An O v e rv ie w ." S t a f f S tu d y . Cambridge, MA: U.S. D.O.T., T r a n s p o r ta t io n Systems C e n te r , June 1986. '

T h is s tu d y examines c u r r e n t in te rm o d a l developm ents in th e U n ite d S ta te s , w i th p a r t i c u l a r emphasis on ocean c a r r i e r d o u b le -s ta c k c o n ta in e r t r a i n s e r v ic e s . I t e v a lu a te s th e e f f e c t s o f new c o n ta in e r f r e i g h t s e r v ic e s on e x i s t i n g c o n v e n t io n a l r a i l / t r u c k ir i te rm o da l s e r v ic e s . An o v e rv ie w o f t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s , the c o m p e t i t iv e r e la t i o n s h ip s between m arine and in la n d c a r r i e r s and the im pacts o f th e emerg ing c o m p e t i t io n on s h ip p e rs a re p ro v id e d . R e ce n t ly p u b l is h e d s tu d ie s by o th e rs a re used to p ro v id e a p r e l im in a r y assessment o f the -econom ics o f v a r io u s in te rm o d a l t r a i n te c h n o lo g ie s and s e r v ic e s . . Cost e s t im a te s deve loped by the A s s o c ia t io n o f American R a i l ro a d s a re used to d e ve lo p c o s t in d ic e s f o r these economic co m p a r iso n s . [From th e e x e c u t iv e summary.]

18. ENERGY STUDY OF INTERMODAL FREIGHT. Robert G. C u i l l y . Menlo P a rk , CA: SRI I n t e r n a t io n a l f o r th e D ept, o f Energy, January 26, 1982, 32 p.

. Examines th e im pedim ents t o th e use o f TOFC ( f a c i l i t i e s , equ ipm en t, c a p i t a l c o s t , m o t iv a t io n a l f a c t o r s ) ; i d e n t i f i e s fe d e r a l agency programs having an e f f e c t o r p o s s ib le e f f e c t ; , recommends a c t io n s f o r p u b l ic o r p r i v a t e a genc ies to encourage in te rm o d a l movement.

19. "The F in a l Gap.'! Robert H ardw icke . AMERICAN SHIPPER, v . 27, no. 11, November 1985. pp. 66-78 .

In -d e p th assessment o f th e c u r r e n t l o g i s t i c s which ' s u p p o r t s h ip and t r a i n ' c o n t a i n e r t r a n s f e r s . S p e c i f i c f a c i l i t i e s and managers' p h i lo s o p h ie s are d e s c r ib e d .

20. "Freedom to Manage." PORT DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL, v . 3 , no. 12, December 1987, pp. 26-27 .

R a m if ic a t io n s o f Canada's N a t io n a l T r a n s p o r ta t io n A c t , which in c lu d e the p o t e n t i a l f o r U.S. r a i l r o a d s to " in v a d e . " The Canadian l i n e s re co g n ize t h a t improvements in t h e i r in te rm o d a l f a c i l i t i e s are needed, as w e l l as a c o o p e ra t iv e e f f o r t - w i t h th e U.S.

2 : . " F r e ig h t T e rm ina ls and th e Need f o r a Common Communications Code." F re d d ie J e f fe r s o n . W ash in g to n , D .C .: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATE OF THE ART REPORT A, 1986, pp. 130-133.

The ra p id growth o f c o n ta in e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n has b ro u g h t a t te n d a n t p rob lem s, n o t the l e a s t o f which is th e h a n d l in g , p ro c e s s in g , and exchange o f data t h a t e f f i c i e n t c o n t r o l r e q u i r e s . The p roposa l o u t l i n e d in t h i s paper a tte m p ts to s o lv e t h i s p roblem by p r o v id in g a s tan d ard com m unications code f o r use between o p e r a to r s , le a v in g each in d iv id u a l o p e r a to r f r e e to use th e in t e r n a l o p e ra t in g code o f i t s c h o ic e .

4 BIBL.T.0/12-88

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22. "From Coast to Coast: The B a t t le f o r Domestic C a rg o ." CONTAINER NEWS,v. 23 , no. 9 , September 1988, pp. 22-25.

D i f f e r e n t typ e s o f cargo s u i t a b le f o r dom estic c o n ta in e r s are d e s c r ib e d , as w e l l as s t a t i s t i c s f o r p la t fo rm s in use and in te rm o d a l f l e e t p la t f o r m - m i l e s . . I n d ic a te s K -L in e 's i n t e n t i o n to d ou b le i t s s ta c k c a r f l e e t , and in c lu d e s a few r e p r e s e n ta t iv e o p in io n s on dom estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n , t r e n d s .

23'. "The G re a te s t P o t e n t i a l . " Carl Weiselmann. MODERN RAILROADS, v . 41 , no. 7 , J u ly 1986, pp. 27-30.

iSummarizes th e f in d in g s o f. th e 1986 Temple^ P arke r & Sloane s tu d y on d o m e s t ic c o n t a in e r i z a t io n . The s tu d y concluded t h a t dom estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n i s bound to re p la c e th e c u r r e n t t r a i l e r - b a s e d sys tem , and t h a t d o u b le -s ta c k s a re th e most c o s t - e f f e c t i v e o f the new te c h n o lo g ie s .

24. "How Can M ic ro b r id g e Survive,?" Ro.ger S c h r e f f l e r . AMERICAN SHIPPER, ( i n f o u r p a r t s ) , v . 24, no. 5 , May 1982, pp. 38-46 .

F i r s t in a f o u r - p a r t s e r ie s , t h i s a r t i c l e a t te m p ts t o d e f in e ■ " m ic r o b r id g e " and i t s f u t u r e . P r e d ic ts t h a t th e r a i l r o a d s w i l l

h and le th e b u lk o f th e bus iness and d e lv e s i n t o some o f th e economic problems in o rg a n iz in g s e r v ic e s . E duca t ing th e s h ip p in g p u b l i c a bou t m ic ro b r id g e issu e s i s s t re s s e d . .-

25. "How to Buy In te rm o d a l S e r v ic e s . " M ichael Oskroba. INBOUND LOGISTICS,v . 8 , no . 2 , February 1988. ’

S t re s s e s th e im portance' and o b je c t iv e s o f re se a rch to assess company needs, and to f i n d th e c o r r e c t in te rm oda l, c a r r i e r .C o n ta in s a l i s t o f p e r t i n e n t q u e s t io n s f o r p r o s p e c t i v e . c a r r i e r s , as w e l l as l i s t i n g two sources f o r o b ta in in g in te rm o d a l in f o r m a t io n .

26. " Im p a c t o f T ra n s p o r ta t io n P o l ic y on In te rm o d a l C o m p e t i t io n . " M ichaelBabcock and H. Wade German." PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v . 27, no. 1, 1986, pp. 281-288. , ,

An a n a ly s is o f government p o l i c y on w a te r and t r u c k - r a i l c o m p e t i t io n . . Using a , t im e s e r ie s re g re s s io n m o d e l, . conc ludes t h a t th e M otor C a r r ie r A c t o f 1980 and th e S ur fa ce T r a n s p o r ta t io n A s s is ta n c e A c t o f 1982 w i l l c o n t in u e t o have a d e p re ss in g e f f e c t on th e r a i l m a rk e t , b u t the highway p o l i c y - i s b e n e f i c ia l to m otor c a r r i e r s , and w a te r c a r r i e r c o m p e t i t io n has improved as w e l l .

27. "The In te rm o d a l C h a l le n g e ." James W. Down and Dean H. Wise. TRAFFIC WORLD, v . 205, no. 11, March 17, 1986.

Two, Temple, B arke r & Sloane a s s o c ia te s .d e s c r ib e growth p r o je c t i o n s based on p a s t s t a t i s t i c s . C o n t in u in g p r o f i t a b i l i t y problems are d e f in e d and the c o n t r i b u t io n o f new te c h n o lo g y is d is c u s s e d .

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28.. " In te rm o d a l - New Concepts in T e c h n o lo g y ." A. Wurm. PROCEEDINGS OFCONTAINER EFFICIENCY AND SHIPPING CONFERENCE, Dec. 2 -4 , 1985, Amsterdam, pp. 155-161.

T h is paper p re se n ts a s u rve y on th e c u r r e n t s ta tu s o f some s e le c te d R&D p r o je c ts in th e f i e l d o f in te rm o d a l t r a n s p o r t , under way in the Federal R e p ub lic o f Germany o r wh ich have r e c e n t l y been f i n a l i z e d .

29. "The In te rm o d a l R e v o lu t io n . " In AMERICA'S RAILROADS - A BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE! G us,W elty , e d i t o r . Omaha, Nebraska: Simmons-Boardman books,1985, pp. 45-54.

Q u ic k ly d e s c r ib e s Santa F e 's , Chessie System 's and BN's in vo lve m e n t in in te rm o d a lis m a t th e t im e o f t h i s a r t i c l e (1 9 8 5 ) .

30. " In te rm o d a l T r a f f i c in th e U.S. - The Far Reaching E f fe c t s o f D e r e g u la t io n . " D .J . K e r r ig a n . PROCEEDINGS OF RO-RO, 1986, May 13-15,1986, G oteborg , Sweden, pp. 27-35 .

The a u th o r , p r e s id e n t o f A t l a n t i c C o n ta in e r L in e USA, d iscu sse s the p o s i t i v e aspects o f u t i l i z i n g Ro/Ro sh ip s f o r th e N orth American Trade and comments on th e s ta tu s o f in te rm o d a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n in th e c o n te x t o f d e r e g u la t io n o f th e U.S. r a i l r o a d system . [From U.S. MARAD's MARI BASE]

31. " In te rm o d a l is m : An E c le c t i c B i l l o f F a re . " Thomas L. T.anel. INBOUNDLOGISTICS, v . 8 , no. 2, F e brua ry 1988, pp. 18-21.

An o ve rv ie w o f in te rm o d a l is m w hich c r e d i t s d e r e g u la t io n f o r i t s upsurge. B r i e f l y d e s c r ib e s d i f f e r e n t movements, t h i r d p a r t i e s , te r m in a ls and e q u ip m e n t, as w e l l as reasons f o r i t s a p p e a l.

32. " In te rm o d a l is m : S e t t in g New C r i t e r i a f o r U.S. C o n ta in e r T e rm ina l Designand O p e ra t io n . " John V icke rm a n , PROCEEDINGS OF PANC, 1988, May 11-13, 1988. B a l t im o re , M a ry lan d , p. 13.

In an.age o f in te r m o d a l is m , th e c o n v e n t io n a l p la n n in g methods and c r i t e r i a p r e v io u s ly used to des ign c o n ta in e r te r m in a ls and in te rm o d a l f a c i l i t i e s in th e U n ite d S ta te s w i l l no lo n g e r be adequate. There w i l l be a re q u ire m e n t f o r c o n t in u a l te c h n o lo g ic a l and o p e ra t io n a l advances. These w i l l in c lu d e in c re a s e d vesse l and crane c a p a b i l i t i e s , coup le d w i th demands f o r th e j u s t - i n - t i m e a r r i v a l o f c o n ta in e r s a t r a i l t r a n s f e r f a c i l i t i e s and f o r the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o n ta in e r s by h ig h -spe e d d o u b le -s ta c k r a i l s e r v ic e . [From u :s . MARAD's MARIBASE]

33. "Making a Case f o r th e S tandard Domestic B o x ." PACIFIC SHIPPER, v . 61, June 2, 1986.

V in c e n t Grey, equ ipm ent c o n s u l t a n t , g iv e s h is reasons f o r the s ta n d a r d iz a t io n o f d o m e s t ic boxes. ANSI i s le a n in g tow ard a 4 8 - fo o t s ta n d a rd , and t h e i r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and j u s t i f i c a t i o n s are in c lu d e d .

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34. "Making, In te rm o d a l ism , P ay ." . Mark N o r th . CARGO SYSTEMS IN T 'L , v . , 15, no. 6 , June 1988, pp. 46-47 . .

E x c e rp ts from speeches made a t th e 1988 I n t e r n a t i o n a l In te rm o d a l Expo w h ich emphasized a " s in g le s y s te m " .o f in te rm o d a l is m . S h ip p in g c o n ta in e r s a re viewed as th e key t o . in te rm o d a l is m due to t h e i r f l e x i b i l i t y and in t e r n a t io n a l a p p e a l , b u t t h e i r use has been s tu n te d due to r a i l r o a d s 1 u n f a m i l i a r i t y w i th them, and th e si.ze r e s t r i c t i o n q u e s t io n . ; ; :/• v'

35. " M a r i t im e - R a i l I n t e r f a c e . " (A d dress) James O 'B r ie n . W ash ing ton , DC: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATE OF THE ART REPORT. 4 , 1986, pp.9 6 - 9 8 . ' ... v . , f " ; . . :

G ives a b r i e f h i s t o r y o f m a r i t i m e - r a i l i n t e r fa c e .a n d b r in g s up l o g i s t i c s q u e s t io n s f o r c u r r e n t and f u t u r e deve lopm ents. D o u b le -s ta c k te c h n o lo g y is d e s c r ib e d as an in t e g r a l p a r t o f t h i s in t e r f a c e , , and needs to be. addressed as such*. .

36. " M ic r o b r id g e : A M arg ina l O p e ra t io n f o r Many." Roger S c h r e f f l e r .. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v . 24, no,. 6 , June 1982, pp, 6 -1 2 .

Documents a few companies who w e re .n o t p leased w i th th e in te rm o d a l s e r v i c e . t h e y were ‘g e t t in g in 1982, as w e l l as a fe w f o r whom th e s e r v ic e works w e l l . . . . . .

37. "M ic ro .b r id g e : The Three A pproaches ." AMERICAN SHIPPER,, v . 24, no. 7 ,.J u ly 1982. pp: 22-30.

Documents th e in te rm o d a l developm ent o f th e l a r g e r s e r v ic e • s h ip p e r s , some o f th e s m a l le r l i n e s , and th e NVOs w h ic h - n e g o t ia te

, s e r v ic e packages f o r c l i e n t s , u t i l i z i n g a l l .modes,.. Domestic . c o o r d in a t io n .is emphasized as th e key f o r th e f u t u r e . ;

38. "M ic r o b r id g e ( I P I ) : The European E x p e r ie n c e ." AMERICAN SHIPPER, v . 24,no. 7 , August ,1982, pp. 28-30.

E x p la in s E urope 's system o f s h ip p e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and c o n t r o l o f in te rm o d a l t r a n s p o r t . Success i s a t t r i b u t e d , t o . t h e European g e o g ra p h ic a l la y o u t , and is n o t e a s i l y comparable to U.S. m in i - b r id g e . . • ,

39. "M u l t im o d a l T ra n s p o r t from A Canadian P e r s p e c t iv e . " Joseph Diamond. PROCEEDINGS Of,THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v . 27, no. 1, 1986,p p . 274-279. , .... . .. .;■// f ,

B r i e f l y documents m u lt im od a l g rowth in Canada, d is c u s s in g r e g u la t o r y anid l o g i s t i c s is s u e s . C harts i l l u s t r a t e c o s ts , revenues and c a p a c i t ie s o f v a r io u s modes.

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40. "No S topp ing in th e In te rm o d a l T r a c k . " PORT DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL, v . 3 , no. 12, December 1987, p. 19.

S h o r t o ve rv ie w o f th e newest in te rm o d a l developm ents in N orth Am erica . M ention o f in f o r m a t io n t ra n s m is s io n as an area needing S i g n i f i c a n t im provem ent.

41. "On-Dock T ra n s fe r : Fac ing th e I s s u e s . " D an ie l S m ith . PROCEEDINGS OFTHE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v 27, no. 1, 1986, pp. 354-359.

D e fin es on-^dock t r a n s f e r and t h e issu e s s u r ro u n d in g i t . ' Describes s p e c i f i c te r m in a ls and equ ipm ent u s e d . : Emphasis i s o r g a n i z a t i o n a l / i n s t i t u t i o n a l in n o v a t io n as opposed to te c h n o lo g ic a l .

42. " P la n n in g , Leasing and In te rm o d a l F a c i l i t y Qevelopmen.t: P e rs p e c t iv e o fthe E n g in e e r in g Departm ent o f Sea-Land C o r p o r a t io n . " E :L . DeMinna, W ash ington, D .C .: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATE OF THE ART REPORT 4 , .1986, pp. 83-86 .

The key to th e f u t u r e , f o r th e t h i r d g e n e ra t io n o f th e s h ip p in g i n d u s t r y , l i e s in e f f e c t i v e p la n n in g . The t r a d i t i o n a l v iew o f

. ' p la n n in g as synonymous w i th e n g in e e r in g d e s ig n and w i th a window o f Up to 5 ye a rs i n t o th e f u t u r e must be abandoned. In s te a d , p la n n in g must be seen as a p ro c e s s , a s e r ie s o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a t o ccu r in a l o g ic a l o rd e r o r sequence. The complex i n t e r a c t i v e n a tu re o f a l l

' o f th e e lem ents t h a t a re in v o lv e d in a m arine o r in te rm o d a lte rm in a l o p e ra t io n must be c o n s id e re d in d e v e lo p in g p la n s . [From th e i n t r o d u c t i o n ] .

43.. "The P o te n t ia l E f fe c t s o f Improved R a i l ro a d In te rm o d a l Techno logy W ith in ‘ a C o m p e t i t iv e E n v iro n m e n t . " John W i l l ia m s and J u d i th R o b e rts .

PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v . 26, no. 1, 1985,. pp. 242-248..

A f t e r u s in g a r a i l c o s t model to e v a lu a te in te rm o d a l te c h n o lo g y , the s tu d y suggests t h a t th e d o u b le -s ta c k and " t r u c k e q u iv a le n t " c o n t a in e r ' t r a i n s a re " s u b s t a n t ia l improvements i n o p e ra t io n a l e f f i c i e n c y . "

44. "P ro and Con: Domestic C o n t a in e r i z a t i o n . " R ich a rd Knee. AMERICANSHIPPER, v . 26, no. 12, December 1984, pp:. 18-22

A r e p o r t on th e 1984 In te rm o d a l T r a n s p o r ta t io n A s s o c ia t io n co n fe re n ce . Summarizes speeches by le a d e rs in th e in d u s t r y .

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45. " R a i l Versus T ru c k : Are R a il IntermodaT, S e rv ic e s a S e r io u s T h re a tto th e High S e rv ic e T ru c k e rs ? " A le x , Brown & 'Sons, I:nc. RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION GROUP, INDUSTRY COMMENT. J u ly 1987, 14 p.

C o n c lu d e s - . - th a t- ra i l in te rm o d a l s e r v ic e does n o t th r e a te n th e h ig h - se r .v ice t r u c k lo a d s e c to r because* i t ta p s o n ly .a sm all m a rk e t ; s e r v ic e re q u i re s h igh d e n s i t y , lo n g -h a u l f r e i g h t ’ c o r r i d o r s ; i t s c o s ts a re h ig h e r ; i t s s e rv ic e s a re n o t as t i m e l y , r e l i a b l e o r f l e x i b l e ; and i t s equipment a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d - q u a l i t y a re lo w e r . C o n ta in s -c o s t /s e rv ic e ? g ra p h s and c h a r t s ;

46. " R a i l r o a d In te rm o d a l C a p a c i ty Gets a L i f t from Domestic B oxes ." James A b b o t t . ■ TRAFFIC WORLD, v . 215, no. 10, September,' 1988.

An o v e rv ie w o f re c e n t trends- in. d o m e s t ic :c o n ta in e rs and p r o je c t i o n s . - f o r t h e * f u t u r e o f th e s e r v ic e . - The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t dom estics

c o u ld c u t i n t o i n t e r n a t io n a l backhau ls i s d is c u s s e d .

47. . " R e p o r t Q ue s t io n s H and ling V a lu e s ." V in c e n t Champion. CARGO SYSTEMSINTERNATIONAL, v . 14, no. 9 , September 1987, p . 53

- , A r e p o r t from the U n ite d N a t io n 's Economic Commission f o r L a t in Am erica and the Caribbean is re v ie w e d . - The. document, e n t i t l e d " S t r u c t u r a l Changes in O cea n -L in e r T r a n s p o r t , " d e a ls w i th f a c t o r s b e a r in g on l i n e r t ra d e s and on th e developm ent o f in te g r a te d in te rm o d a l- sys tem s.. I t a ls o ,c h a l le n g e s p r e v a i l i n g O p in io n oh th e most c o s t e f f i c i e n t . w a y to hand le c o n ta in e r s h ip s and p r e d ic t s t h a t U.S. d o u b le -s ta c k t r a f f i c c o u ld doub le bv 1989. [From U.S. MARAD's •MAR I BASE]- ■ . !

48. "The Role o f- P o r ts in D oub le-S tack T ra in S e r v ic e . " John Leeper. A le x a n d r ia , VA. P h i l l i p s C a r tn e r & C o . , I n c . ,- January 1986, p . 8.

I d e n t i f i e s the lo n g - ra n g e im pact t h a t d o u b le -s ta c k s e r v ic e w i l l have on p o r ts and in te rm o d a l s e r v ic e . Concludes t h a t tho se p o r ts t h a t a d a p t- 'th e q u ic k e s t to d o u b le -s ta c k s w i l 1 g a in t h e most a dva n ta g es . A ls o , d o u b le -s ta c k s w i l l lo w e r genera l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s ts and s t im u la te ' th e 'm o v e m e n t o f p r i c e - e l a s t i c goods and

■com m odit ies . In c lu d e d is a c h a r t ’ o n - " c u r r e n t " (1985) one-way . d o u b le -s ta c k t r a i n s e rv ic e . •

49. - "Rough Ride f o r U.S. R a i l ro a d s ? " PORT DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL.v . 4 , no. 4 , A p r i l 1988, pp. 15-18.

D e s p ite p r e v a le n t assurances about th e genera l h e a l th o f in te rm o d a l is m , th e economic perform ance and p r o f i t s o f . the U.S. r a i l r o a d in d u s t r y are be ing s e r io u s ly undermined by l e g i s l a t i o n , la b o r r e l a t i o n s and c o m p e t i t io n from t r u c k e r s . The d i f f i c u l t i e s in w hich th e in d u s t r y f in d s i t s e l f a re re v ie w e d . [From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE]

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50. "S ta c k T ra in In te rm o d a l is m : Who is Running The Show?" E l iz a b e th Canna.AMERICAN SHIPPER, v . 29 , no. 12, December 1987, p. 40.

A r t i c l e quotes a m a jo r s h ip p e r 's agent to th e e f f e c t t h a t a l th o u g h r a i l r o a d s now c o n t r o l s t a c k - t r a i n o p e r a t io n s , s h ip p e rs and ocean c a r r i e r s are becoming more a c t i v e in managing and m a rk e t in g d o u b le -s ta c k s e rv ic e s .

51. " T r a i l e r T ra in A n a ly s is o f S ta c k .C a r Demand." Ben C a r le y . AMERICAN SHIPPER, v . 29, no. 9 , September 1987, pp. 36-38 .

D o u b le -s ta ck t r a f f i c f rom the West Coast t o Chicago has been booming s in c e 1985, b u t a s tu d y by C h ica g o 's T r a i l e r T ra in suggests t h a t t h i s t re n d s h o u ld s low and t h a t t r a f f i c m ig h t perhaps even

. decrease in th e fa c e o f pending p r o t e c t i o n i s t measures in Congress.A uto p a r ts t r a f f i c f rom th e F a r ,E a s t i s e xpe c ted ..to d oub le by 1991.[From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE] ■

52. " T r a in F e ed e rs ." Suzanne M a r t i n u c c i . WORLD WIDE SHIPPING, v . 50, no.5 , J u ly /A u g u s t 1987, pp. 26-27 .

R e fe r r in g to th e in c re a s e d t i e s between s tea m sh ip l i n e s and ra i l r o a d s , , p o r t o f f i c i a l s g iv e p r o je c t i o n s f o r f u t u r e f a c i l i t y needs. .

53. "U .S i Domestic Boxes - Ready f o r Take O f f . " C h r is M un ford . CARGO■SYSTEMS, v . 15, no. 4 , A p r i l 1988, pp. 35-37 . >

Discusses the te c h n ic a l c h a l le n g e s be ing posed to th e c o n ta in e r i n d u s t r y , in c lu d in g c o n ta in e r w e ig h t , h e ig h t , and c a p a c i t y des ign c o n s id e r a t io n s . A ls o c i t e s th e f i r m s engaged in p ro d u c in g dom estic

. c o n ta in e r s .

54. "U .S . In te rm o d a l Developments: D oub le -S tack R a il Car S e r v ic e s . " DavidL. Anderson. PROCEEDINGS OF CONTAINER EFFICIENCY AND SHIPPING CONFERENCE, Dec. 2 -4 , 1985, Amsterdam, pp. 99-109.

The new d o u b le -s ta c k r a i l c a r in te rm o d a l s e rv ic e s are b e ing to u te d as a lo n g - te rm s o lu t i o n to th e c o s t and s e r v ic e t im e problems o f te n faced by i n t e r n a t i o n a l sh ip p e rs moving p ro d u c ts i n t o and o u t o f U.S. m a rke ts . The o b je c t i v e o f t h i s paper i s to examine c u r r e n t in te rm o d a l developm ents in th e U n ite d S ta te s , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r emphasis on th e im p a c t o f new c o n ta in e r f r e i g h t te c h n o lo g ie s on in t e r n a t io n a l l o g i s t i c s systems over th e n e x t few y e a rs .[From U.S.[MARAD's MARIBASE]

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55. " U .S .A . : Rushing to Be Second." D.C. C o le . PROCEEDINGS OF CONTAINERTECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, 6 th , December 305, 1 9 8 6 , 'Amsterdam, pp. 37-41 .

T h is paper t ra c e s th e e v o lu t io n o f in te rm o d a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n in the U n ited . Stages and p o in ts up a number o f ' issu e s fa c in g th e r a i l r o a d s in r e l a t i o n to t h i s co n ce p t. T o p ics covered in c lu d e : developm ento f Am erican P re s id e n t L ines d o u b le -s ta c k c a r system ; c o n fu s io n among r a i l roads .on w he the r to .a d o p t d om estic c o n t a in e r i z a t i o n ; l i m i t a t i o n s in th e p o t e n t ia l o f th e d o u b le -s ta c k c o n c e p t; c r i t e r i a f o r th e " i d e a l " dom estic c o n ta in e r ; e x p e r im e n ta t io n w i th e a r le s s te c h n o lo g y ; u n c e r t a in t y over th e ty p e o f equ ipm ent f o r in te rm o d a l o p e ra t io n s ; , and th e f u t u r e o f in te rm o d a l t r a f f i c . [From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE] ' ;

56. "W a i t in g f o r the, O f f . . . " F ra n c is P h i l l i p s , CONTAINERIZATIONINTERNATIONAL, v . ' 21, no. 4 , A p r i l 1987, pp. 53-57 . .

A m a jo r d o u b le -s ta c k su rvey concludes' t h a t U.S. r a i l r o a d s w i l l soon have to c o n ta in e r iz e dom estic f l o w s , a massive, new,m arket f o r th e box. In c lu d e d are ta b le s g iv in g s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta on schedu led t r a n s c o n t in e n t a l s ta c k t r a i n s , developm ent o f th e d o u b le -s ta c k r a i l c a r f l e e t , and s ta c k - c a r o w n e rs /o p e r a to rs . [From U.S. MARAD's MAR I BASE] '

57. "West Coast In te rm o d a l Y a rd s ." Thomas F. B a rn h a r t . PACIFIC MARITIME MAGAZINE., v . 3 , no. 12, June 1986, pp. 11-22.

D e f in e s i n t e r m o d a l i t y , i t s p a r t i c i p a n t s , and new te c h n o lo g y in th e W estern U.S. and Canada, An o ve rv ie w f o r a reader, u r fa m i l i a r w i th term s and is s u e s . '

58. "West Coast P o r ts Respond to In te rm o d a l Demands." R ichard Bond.INBOUND LOGISTICS, v . 8 , no. 8 , August 1988, pp. 20-23.

D e sc r ib e s in te rm o d a l f a c i l i t i e s implemented a t s i x West Coast p o r t s . M entions L . A . ' s la rg e s c a le '2020 p l a n ' , which w i l l accommodate the huge in c re a se in cargo expected by t h a t t im e .

1 1 BIBLI0/12-88

CORPORATE & PORT DESCRIPTIONS

1. "A labam a's In te rm o d a l I n n o v a t io n . " CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, In te rm o d a l Supplement, December 1986, pp. 45-47.'

E x p la in s th e te r m in a l p la n n in g p h i lo s o p h y b eh ind Alabama's H u n ts v i l l e - Madison in te rm o d a l ‘. te rm in a l, p r o j e c t y/hich i s f u l l y automated and accommodates a i r , r a i l , and m o to r c a r r i e r modes.

2. . "APL Jumps In t o Domestic T r a n s p o r t a t io n . " R ich a rd Knee. AMERICAN , SHIPPER, v . 27, no. 4 , A p r i l .1985, pp. 33-36 .

, American P re s id e n t Companies has p la ced i t 's in te rm o d a l o p e ra t io n s under & new s u b s i d i a r y , American P re s id e n t In te rm o d a l Company. AP In te rm o d a l w i l l be th e owner o f American P re s id e n t L in e s ' new l i g h t

. w e ig h t d o u b le - t ie r e d c o n ta in e r r a i l c a r s , and w i l l manage the r a i l r o a d and' t r u c k in g c o n t r a c ts f o r , t h e l i n e . . [From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE]

3 . "B a la n c in g A c t f o r New'.York?" PQRT 'DEVELOPMENT IN T 'L , v . 3 , no. 12, December 1987, pp. 3 0 -3 1 .

" C o n s o l id a t io n and m o d e rn iz a t io n " a re th e key words f o r im prov ing the c o n ta in e r h a n d l in g a c t i v i t y a t th e P o r t o f New York and New J e rs e y . In v e s tm e n t i s needed in an u n s ta b le p e r io d o f A t l a n t i c Coast t ra d e and a few o f th e se improvements in th e fa c e o f r i s k are d e s c r ib e d . ( _ ‘

4 . "B a l t im o re Cuts a Deal . W ith Chessie System ." R o b ert H ardw ick . AMERICANSHIPPER, v . 27, ho. 9 , September 1985, pp. .26 -27 . ' ;

D escribes, th e new " j o i n t m a rk e t in g program" between’ th e P o r t o f B a l t im o re (M ary lan d P o r t A d m in is t ra t io n . ) and Chessie, System which in c lu d e s d o u b le -s ta c k s e r v ic e between th e M idwest arid B a l t im o re .

5. " B u r l in g to n N o r th e rn 1 J o ir is th e . In te rm oda l B a t t l e . " John Chambers.INTERNATIONAL TRADE & TRANSPORT, A p r i l 1988, pp. 11-12.

' '/ '

D escr ibes BN's " i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e rv ic e packages" formed from i n t e r n a t io n a l t h i r d p a r t i e s . R e p re s e n ta t iv e s from th e in d u s t r y a t te m p t t o . l a b e l t h i s new le v e l o f s e r v ic e , wh ich i s b a s i c a l l y NVOCC. The EDI system is m entioned as c e n t r a l i z i n g custom er needs and c a r r i e r a v a i l a b i l i t y .

6 . " B u r l in g to n N o r th e r n 's S e a t t le D oub le -S tacks to Run D a i l y . " Bruce Johnson. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v . 27 , no. 4 , A p r i l 1985, pp. 36-38 .

T h is a r t i c l e . re p o r ts on th e emergence o f th e B u r l in g to n N orthern R a i l ro a d as th e p r o v id e r o f an a m b i t io u s , d o u b le -s ta c k c o n ta in e r t r a i n s e rv ic e between th e P o r t o f S e a t t le and Chicago. [From MARAD's MARI BASE]

1 2 - BIBLIO/12-88


7. "CN and CP Seek D i f f e r i n g In te rm o d a l S o l u t i o n s . " Jane R. C. Boyes. CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, V. 20, no. 4 , A p r i l 1986, pp . 66-71 .

D e ta i le d docum enta tion o f Canada's two t r a n s c o n t in e n ta l r a i lw a y s and approach to in te rm o d a l is m . E x p la in s th e d i f f e r e n t t a c t i c s o f each r a i l r o a d and th e "Freedom to Move" p h i lo s o p h y .

8. "CN R a i l R e f in e s I t s In te rm o d a l S t r a t e g y . " Frank Malone. RAILWAY AGE, v . 186, no. 5 , June 1985, pp. 59-61 .

E x p la in s th e e v o lu t io n , l o g i s t i c s , and economics o f CN's p lanned $200 .mi 11 io n in ve s tm e n t in in te rm o da li lsm by 1990. C o m p e t i t io n from t r u c k e r s ’ i s th e main in c e n t iv e to in v e s tm e n t . ;

9. "C SLI: A 6-Month R e p o r t . " E l iz a b e th Canna. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v . 30,no. 8 , pp. 51-52.

The p re c e d e n t o f CSX/Sea-Land In te rm o d a l (C S L I) re v e a ls th e accom plishm ents and goa ls o f t h i s 6-month o ld company. S tre sse s in te rm o d a l is m as in t e g r a l to th e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n in d u s t r y . i ■

10. "CSX/Sea-Land In te rm o d a l R o l ls O u t . " F ra n c is E. P h i l l i p s . CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL,, v . 22, no. 7 , J u ly 1988, pp. 48-49 .

• P o r t r a y a l o f CSX/Sea-Land In te rm o d a l in c lu d e s i t s s u b s i d i a r ie s , r o u te , f l e e t , and management.

IT . " C a l i f o r n i a P o r ts Rush f o r In te rm o d a l G o ld . " J a n e R . C. Boyes.' CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v . 21, no. 6 , June 1987, pp. 62-69 .

D e t a i l s th e P or ts o f Oakland and San F ra n c is c o 's p la ns f o r im p ro v in g box t r a f f i c . The reasons f o r LA/Long Beach 's success a re d e l in e a t e d ; Describes th e West Coast p o r t i n d u s t r y - i n g e n e r a l .

12. "D om estic Demand Augurs New Era f o r U.S. B u i l d e r s . " -CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v . 22, no. 10, O ct. 1988, pp. 69-71 . f '

A r e p o r t on the m a jo r c o n ta in e r m a n u fa c tu re rs : S to u g h to n ,F re u h a u f & Monon. An in c r e a s e ' in p ro d u c t io n is caused by th e r a i l r o a d s ' a d o p tio n o f th e p a r t p ig g y b a c k /p a r t c o n ta in e r p o l i c y . . S iz in g and des ign are d is c u s s e d . As ian in f lu e n c e s on th e m arke t a re m e n tioned.

13. "Dynamics o f West Coast C o n ta in e r P o r t C o m p e t i t io n " Robert H a n e l t and D an ie l Smith.- JOURNAL OF THE TRANSPORTATION. RESEARCH FORUM,'"v. 28, no. 1, 1987, pp. 82-91 . •

• R e p ort ana lyzes th e im pact o f in te rm o d a l s e r v ic e s ; ocean c a r r i e r s ' in c r e a s in g concern w i th land t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and o th e r m a r i t im e in d u s t r y developments o ver a te n - y e a r p e r io d . Charts show , c o n t a in e r iz a b le TEU shares-and t ra d e a c t i v i t y f o r West Coast p o r t s . Concludes t h a t " lo n g - te rm cargo f lo w s are m a in ly in f lu e n c e d by ■ f a c t o r s o u ts id e the c o n t r o l o f th e p o r t s . "

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14. "Florida Investment Fervor." PORT DEVELOPMENT. INT'L, v. 3, no. 12,December 1987, pp. 32-33. ...V ■

The container-handling expansion of the Ports of Miami and the , Everglades are discussed in the context of a national trend and the increase in Florida trade and population.

15. "Flourishing in South Atlantic." Kay Pinckney. WORLD WIDE SHIPPING, v. 50, no. 5, July/August 1987,pp. 24-25.

A short report on intermodal traffic in the.South Atlantic area.

16. "The Future According to Trailer Train." PORf DEVELOPMENT INT'L, v. 3, no. 12, December 1987, pp. 23-24.

As the leading supplier of intermodal equipment, Trailer Train was asked about its intermodal projections, taken in consideration with economic and .trade trends. Tables are included with equipment projection data.

17. "Hays Watkins Plans.for CSX and Sea-Land." Jane R.C. Boyes. . . CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 20* no. 11, November .1986, pp. 49-55.

This article discusses the plans of CSX Corp. .to acquire the Sea-Land Corp., pending.ICC approval. In this context, the author discusses the crucial role that Sea-Land could play in the efforts of the marketing and distribution division of CSX to develop a

. network of transcontinental double-stack services." [From U.S. MARAD's MARI BASE]

18. "ICTF Development Outlined." David McKenzie., CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, Intermodal Supplement. December. 1986, pp. 39-43.

. Surveys ICTF development in the three primary west coast port centers: Puget Sound, S;F. Bay Area, and L.A. Basin.' Equipmentand service,capacities are outlined.

19. "Intermodalism Comes of Age." Robert Selwitz.. INTERNATIONAL TRADE & r TRANSPORT, April 1987, pp. 24-28 ff.

Briefly describes various ports and terminals around the country, and their plans for existing and future intermodal facilities.

20. CSLI: A 6-Months Report." • Elizabeth Canna. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30,pp. 51-52.

The president of. CSX/Sea-Land Intermodal (CSLI).reveals the accomplishments. and goals of his 6-month old company. Stresses intermodalism as integral to the transportation industry.

14 - BIBL10/12-88


21. "Itel Moves into Transportation Forefront," _J. David Martin, CONTAINER NEWS, v. 23, no. 11, November, 1988, pp. 16-19.

- A short history of Itel and its subsidiaries is given. The presidents of Itel Transportation Services and Itel Container Corporation are interviewed, and future business strategies are discussed.

22. "Is I ntermodal.ism. Compatible with a Just-In-Time. System?" Richard Haupt. PRIVATE CARRIER, vol. 25, no. 7, July 1988, pp. 6-8.

Details the development of Fond Motor. Company's Just-In-Time operations which utilizes "tightly controlled" hub centers for its shipments. '

23. "L.A. Box Transfer Facility Records Solid Progress." Bel Mongelluzzo. JOURNAL.OF COMMERCE, October 20, 1988, p.- 2B.

Reports on the development.of the ICTF in L.A., as well as the politics involved in new development.

24. - "Montreal Boxes On." . PORT DEVELOPMENT INT'I, v. 3, no. 12, December1987, p. 29.

The new terrninal operating company, Termont, ..is: described, with .. intermodal.projections for the future.' A, chart of cargo traffic . for 1986 and 1987 is included.

25., "New England I ntermodal „ Case Study." R. Harder.- PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, V. 2.5, no. 1, 1984, pp. 122-126.

Analyzes Conrail's decision to modernize its New England Intermodal facilities and the results achieved. Attempts to apply Conrail's

■ . experience to different areas.

26. "NYK Line Expands American Operations." Bruce Vail. AMERICAN SHIPPER,v. 30, no. 8, August 1988, p.. 30. :

The reorganization of NYK encompasses three regional headquarters . dedicated to domestic" intermodal operations..-

27. "On-Dock vs. Off-Dock Intermodal Container Transfer Facility Debate Continues." Robert J.-Bowman. PACIFIC TRAFFIC, v. 34, no. -6, June

.■ 1987, pp. 6-7 ff. - - -

Describes the philosophies of various ports concerning intermodal i container transfer facilities, and; discretionary cargo. Industry

analysts offer their opinions on advantages and disadvantages of such facilities.

- 15 - BIBLIO/12-88


28. "Pacific Railheads." Richard Knee. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 29, no. 1, January 1987, pp. 25-27. , .

Describes intermodal facilities at Pacific ports and specifically the Los Angeles/Long Beach ICTF. Port' administrators discuss their problems and plans as well.

29. "Port of Tacoma: An Intermodal Trend Setter." Bruce Johnson.CONTAINER NEWS, y.' 88, no. 10, October 1988, pp. 24-26.•

Description of the Port of Tacoma's ICTF, which has two on-dock intermodal rail facilities within a 25-acre site.

30. "Ports Rise to Meet the Challenge." Mark North. CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, Intermodal Supplement. December 1985, p. 35-39.

Overview of the changes occurring in the West Coast ports as a result of increased intermodalism. Problems and developments

' within specific ports are discussed.

31. "Railroads Go Intermodal to Regain Business Lost to Truckers." Deborah H. Noxon. INTERNATIONAL TRADE &'TRANSPORT, April 1987, pp. 39-40 ff.

A manager of Norfolk Southern Corp. discusses her views of intermodalism and plans which include offering faster, flexible,

■ damage-free freight service. Mentions Road Railer as a helpful extension of NS rail service.

32. ' "Sea-Land Redefines its Intermodal Strateqy." Jance: R.C. Boyes,• CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 18, no. 12, December 1984, pp. 62-63.

- As part of its strategy for expanding its intermodal operations (scheduled for implementation through 1985-1986 and beyond), Sea-Land Service will provide its own double-stack cars, control its own rail container terminals, and eventually invest in a fleet of 45 ft. boxes. [From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE]

33. "Small is Beautiful." CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, Intermodal Supplement, December 1986, p. 9.

Description of Palmer, Massachusetts' inland seaport, which is part of a wider economic development plan for the area.

34. "South Atlantic Ports Key on Intermodal Services." CONTAINER NEWS, v. 23, no. 8, August 1988, pp. 32-37.

Reviews the impending improvements for the Sou+h Atlantic container ports, which are experiencing an increase in business: Wilmington,Charleston, Savannah, Jacksonville, Palm Beach, Port. Everglades, and Mi ami.

16 BIBLI0/12-S8


35. "Southern Pacific And The Growth Of Domestic And International Containerization." Denman K. McNear. Address to the INTERNATIONAL INTERMODAL EXPO. 1988, Atlanta, Georgia, Ap.ril 20, 1988.

Southern Pacific's view of an emerging network' including both international and domestic container movements. Topics include the importance of California in balancing traffic and the growing commonality of equipment among modes. i

36. "Technological Change and Multimodal Freight Competition." J. L.. Courtney. PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORIJM, v. 25, no. 1, 1984, pp. 116-121.

Multimodal structural changes in Newfoundland over the past 10 years are described and applied to the situation in the U.S. Domestic containerization is mentioned as a major factor in the transformation.

37. "U.S. Railroads Follow the Intermodal Line." Francis E. Phillips. CONTAINERIZATION;-,INTERNATIONAL, v. 18, no. 6, June 1984, pp. 73-77.

Documents the emerging intermodal industry in 1984. Includes charts of intermodal movements by various railroad lines. Emphasis is on the "new" hub centers.

38. "Vancouver to Double Capacity by 2000." Bruce Johnson. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30, ho. 11, November 1988, pp. 74-78.

Describes the proposed improvements in Vancouver's Port Corporation which will double its container capacity by the year 2000.

39. "West Coast Ports Develop ICTF Facilities." Michael D. White. PACIFIC TRAFFIC, v. 33, no. 9, September 1986, pp. 14-17 ff.

Describes the West Coast ICTFs and the justification for building facilities. Also enumerates■faci1ity capabilities.

40. "What VIP means to NS." RAILWAY AGE, v.189, no. 9, September 1988, pp. 51-53.

The impending opening and possibilities of the Virginia Inland Port are described. It will be a rail-truck intermodal terminal linked to Virginia Port Authority's Hampton Roads terminal by dedicated rail. It will cater to containerships unwilling or'unable to move up the Port of Baltimore, and provide competition for that port.

17 BIBLIO/12-88

RAIL INTERMODAL TERMINALS

1. "Chicago Yards Gear Up for Double-Stack Action." CONTAINERIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL, v. 20, no. .5, May 1986, pp. 60-65.

'Following visits to several Chicago rail yards that are handling .stack cars,, the author takes a look at the differing systems that • are emerging., [From U.S. MARAD1s MARIBASE]

2. "Design Considerations for Intermodal Container Transfer Facilities."Arthur Goodwin. Washington, D.C.: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATEOF THE ART REPORT 4, 1986, pp..48-51.

The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach were faced: with, the common problem of overcoming the distance and travel time between the

. mariine container terminals and the existing intermodal rail terminals. The solution was for the ports, to develop a major intermodal container transfer facility or several smaller facilities.-within or in close proximity to the harbor complex. Various studies including an engineering feasibility study were conducted to determine the most efficient rail terminal layout and operational characteristics. [From the introduction.]

3;. "Design Issues Related to the Intermodal Marine-Rail Interface." M.John Vickerman Jr., Washington,. D.C.: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARDSTATE OF THE ART REPORT 4, 1986, pp. 48-51.

A major modernization program currently,taking place;at the Port of San Francisco illustrates the considerations and constraints

: involved in planning a state-of-the-art intermodal marine facility.. Impediments to .designing mo,dern:intermodal marine-rail facilities

include problems such as lack of land for expansion of existing facilities and modification of existing facility .requirements to accommodate variations in equipment and operations.

4.;, "EDI Helps Speed Terminal Operations." MODERN RAILROADS, v. 43, no. 19, November 1988, pp. 26-27. ,. \

Describes the;role electronic data interchange wi.ll play in the impending Rail-Bridge terminal, a new inland double-stack terminal in Elizabeth,. New Jersey. .

,5. "Expansion and Development of Santa Fe's'Corwith Intermodal Facility."H. Hall. Washington, D.C.: . TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATE OF THE ART REPORT 4, 1986, pp.52-54.

The Corwith railroad terminal was established in 1888 as the eastern terminus for Santa Fe trains, was sufficient for the trains of 100 years ago but hardly adequate for mid-twentieth century trains. With the advent of piggybacking, it was necessary to purchase additional land for intermodal facilities. [From the Introduction]

- 18 - BIBLI0/12-88


35. "Southern Pacific And The Growth Of Domestic And International Containerization." Denman K. McNear. Address to the INTERNATIONAL INTERMODAL EXPO. 1988, Atlanta, Georgia, April 20, 1988.

Southern Pacific's view of an emerging network including both international and domestic container movements. Topics include the importance of California in balancing ‘traffic and the growing commonality of equipment among modes. ■

36. "Technological Change and Multimodal Freight Competition." J. L.Courtney. PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v. 25, no. 1, 1984, pp. 116-121. <

Multimodal structural changes in Newfoundland over the past .10 years are described.and applied to the situation in the U.S. •Domestic containerization ismentioned as a major factor in the transformation. ;

37. "U.S. Railroads Follow the Intermodal Line." Francis E. Phillips. CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 18, no-. 6, June 1984, pp. 73-77.

Documents the emerging intermodal industry in 1984. Includes: charts of intermodal movements by varfbus railroad lines. Emphasis is on the "new" hub centers. 5

38. "Vancouver to Double Capacity by 2000." Bruce Johnson. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30, no. 11, November 1988, pp. 74-78. : /

Describes thp proposed improvements in Vancouver's Port Corporation which will double its container, capacity-by the j/ear 2000.

39. "West Coast Ports-Develop ICTF Facilities." Michael D. White. PACIFIC TRAFFIC, v. 33, no. 9, September 1986, pp. 14-17 ff.

Describes the West Coast ICTFs and the justification for building facilities. Also enumerates facility capabilities.

40. "What VIP means-to NS." RAILWAY AGE, v. T89, no. 9, September 1988, pp.51-53. ■■ ' ■

The impending opening and possibilities of the Virginia Inland Port are described. It will be a rail-truck intermodal terminal-1 inked to Virginia Port Authority's Hampton Roads terminal by dedicated rail. It will cater to containerships unwilling or unable to move up the Port of Baltimore, and provide competition for that port.

- 17 BIBLIO/12-88


1. "Chicago Yards Gear Up for DoubleT.Stack Action.". CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 20, no. 5, May 1986, pp. 60-65..

Following visits to several Chicago rail yards that are handling stack cars, the author takes a look at the differing systems that are emerging., [From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE]

2. "Design Considerations for Intermodal Container Transfer Facilities."Arthur Goodwin. .Washington, D.C.: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATEOF THE ART REPORT- 4, 1986, pp, 48-51.

The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach were faced with the common problem of overcoming the distance and travel time between the

. : marine container terminals and the existing intermodal rail terminals. The solution was for the ports to develop a major intermodal container transfer facility or several smaller facilities within or in close proximity to the, harbor complex. Various studies including an engineering feasibility study were conducted to determine the most efficient rail terminal, layout and

, operational characteristics. [From the introduction.]

3; "Design, Issues Related to the Intermodal. Marine-Rai] Interface." M.John Vickerman Jr., Washington, D.C,: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARDSTATE OF THE ART,REPORT 4, 1986, pp. 48-51.

A major modernization program currently taking place at the Port of San Francisco illustrates the considerations and constraints involved in planning a state-of-the-art intermodal"marine facility. Impediments, to designing modern intermodal marine-rail facilities include problems such as lack of land for expansion of existing facilities and,modification of existing facility requirements to accommodate variations in equipment and operations.

f,4.. "EDI Helps Speed Terminal Operations." MODERN RAILROADS, v. 43, no. 19, November 1988, ,pp. 26-27. '

. Describes.the'role electronic data interchange will, play in the impending Rail-Bridge terminal, a new inland double-stack terminal in Elizabeth, New Jersey.

5.' "Expansion and Development of Santa-Fe's Corwith Intermodal Facility."H. Hall. Washington, D.C.: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATE OF THEART REPORT-4, 1986, pp.52-54. . . ........... .

The Corwith railroad terminal was established in 1888 as the eastern terminus for Santa Fe trains, was sufficient for the trains of 100 years ago but hardly adequate for mid-twentieth century trains. With the advent of piggybacking, it was necessary to purchase additional land for intermodal facilities. [From the Introduction]

18 - BIBLIO/12-88


6. "A Global First for CNW." Jane R.C. Boyes. CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 20, no. 12, December 1986; pp.- 55-57.

The author reports on her visit to Chicago and North Western's $36 million double-stack Chicago facility, scheduled to open in December 1986 as the first railroad terminal dedicated solely to dealing with double-stack trains. According to the author, the. yard could be handling up to 700,000 TEU's by the end of 1987.[From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE]

7. "Intermodal Rail Terminals: Trends in-Design and Operating Sytems."; . S.G. Howard. PROCEEDINGS OF RO-RO, 1986, May 13-15, 1986, Goteborg,

Sweden, pp. 246-253. ‘ ; ‘

Trends in design and operating systems for' intermodal rail terminals are examined. Discussion is focused on three main topics: terminal equipment and construction; computer applicationin terminal design; and rail movement options. [From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE]

8. "New Intermodal Concepts at the Port of Tacoma." R. L. MacLeod.Washington, D.C.: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATE OF-ART REPORT 4,

' 1986, pp. 55-61. '•

In 1985 the Port of Tacoma completed two new railroad intermodal facilities that embody a. whole series of features that are unique

1 in the port industry. About 80 percent of all imported container traffic coming into Tacoma is destined for‘U.S. markets in the Midwest and on the East Coast. This makes the port's intermodal rail connections a vital link in assuring'that container cargo coming'in through the port is moved rapidly to its final destination. [From the introduction]

9. "Santa Fe's System Approach to Intermodal Control." W. Spencer Seery.Washington, D.C,:' TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATE OF THE ART REPORT4. 1986, pp. 101-111.

The purpose of this paper is to show'how Santa Fe Railway used an integrated computer system to manage the physical operation of major intermodal ramps. The main benefit of this system is the ability to take information used predominantly to support one particular area of the operation and blend it with information gathered for other areas to support the entire intermodal facility.

10. "Southern California's TCTF is Up and Running." Jane. R.C. Boyes. -CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 21, no. 3, March 1987, pp. 59-61.

The intermodal container transfer facility (ICTF), jointly developed by Southern Pacific Transportation Company (SP) and the Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, was officially opened on January 15, 1987. It is expected that it will handle up to 280,000

, containers during its first full year of operations. [From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE]

19 - BIBLI0/12-88

INTERMODAL MARKETING

1. "BN Goes After LCL Imports." Bruce Johnson. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 29, no. 6, June 1987, p. 30.

Describes BN1s less^than-container-load service for international shipments moving through Pacific Northwest ports, using third parties for.the service rather than in-house expansion. The program is open to customs house brokers, freight forwarders, cargo consolidators, and NVOCC companies.

2. "BN's Extraordinary Expediters." F. K. Pious. RAILWAY AGE, v. 188, no. 11, November 1987, pp. 30-36 ff (48)..

Describes Burlington Northern's Expediter trains which are short, fast, frequent intermodal trains competing with trucks in the

. short-to-medium distance range. Discusses segmentation of the ■railroad's, services to accommodate different markets.

3. "Domestic Containerization: Creating New Markets." Steve Wilhelm.Marine Digest, Oct.. 4, 1986, pp. 11-15.

A summary of the 27th annual Transportation Research Forum where experts'discuss several aspects of domestic containerization, including the marketing of railroad services to meet the needs of the trade. Weight/size alternatives, cost simulations, and requirements for efficient containerization are discussed.

4. "For Retailers It's the Year of Living Dangerously." F.K. Pious, Jr. INTERMODAL AGE, v. 4, no. 5, September/October 1988, pp. 2-6.

Projections for third: party involvement in thie intermodal industry are given by intermodal marketers. Consolidation of third parties seems to be the emerging trend.

5. "Improving Intermodal Transit: The Motor Carrier's Side." WilliamWalsh. PACIFIC. SHIPPER, v. 63, no. 10, May 16, 1988, pp. 26-27.

A plea for third parties and railroads to act as a "unified network" by being more responsive during the dravage process. He gives tips on "completing the service cycle" effectively so the customer can receive the product on time.

6 . "Improving the Profitability of the Intermodal Industry." William E. Greenwood. INTERMODAL FORUM, Summer 1987, pp. 23-25.

Identifies three profitability variables: labor cost, terminalcost, and equipment cost. Also pinpoints market opportunities, equipment management, conversion of motor carriers to intermodal, and diversion of all-water international business to land bridges.

- 20 - BIBLI0/12-88


7. "Intermodal Networking." L. Stanley Crane. INTERMODAL FORUM, Summer1987, pp. 17-20. ’ : ^

Gives examples,of new services marketed by different rail lines. Encourages "product improvement," which' is a new concept to railroads.

8. "Intermodal Promise Springs Extension in Atlanta." Greg Borzo. MODERN RAILROADS, v. 43, no. 10, June 1988, pp. 35-39.

Summary of the International Intermodal Expo. Among topics . discussed: profitability margin, better, labor contracts, higherservice standards, increased containerization of bulk commodities.

,9. "Market Survey. Outlines Future Sources of Intermodal Rail Cargo." Don Cole. PACIFIC TRAFFIC, v. 33, no. 5, May 1986, pp. 10-12 ff.

Trailer Train conducted an intermodal market survey and concluded .that.it has "natural boundaries of segmentation,", based on size of container. Discusses issues regarding the Teamsters, third parties, and major intermodal customers. .

. • , . . . i _ '

10. "The Necessity for Domestic Containerization." Arnold B. McKinnon. INTERMODAL FORUM, Summer 1987, pp. 17-20.

.• A Norfolk Southern representative maintains that traffic1 imbalance , is the greatest obstacle to continued container growth and

consistent competitive price levels and believes in third parties and customized sservices.

11.. "The New ..Sea-Land Strategy. " PORT DEVELOPMENT, INT1 L, v. 3, no. 12, December 1987, p. 35.

A report on the development of Sea-Land's master plan, which includes an increase in intermodal activity, more efficient container handling, and new vessels.

12. "Projecting the Intermodal Image." Mark North. CARGO SYSTEMS, v. 14, no. 5, May 1987, pp. 83-85.

A summary of papers presented at the Intermodal Transportation Association Conference. Analysts felt that intermodal operators were losing business because of a lack of marketing techniques, or because they are not making their advantage known to the correct audience. Suggestions include marketing to banks and financiers, and to small shippers and clients with fragile merchandise. It was suggested that problems in image would be overcome by a positive marketing plan.

21 BIBLIO/12-88


13. "Santa Fe Grabs 4% of Intercity Market Share; Sets Goal of 1%." Matthew LaMourie. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30, no. 7, July 1988, pp. 58-61.

Describes how truck supercarriers are challenging the stack train market, which presently has the lowest cost structure.

14. "Railroads Create New Programs to Challenge Their Competitors." Joan Whiley. PACIFIC SHIPPER, v. 62, no. 12,. June 1, 1987, pp. 6-10.

Describes the newest developments undertaken by several railroads, and attempts to explain the innovative marketing strategies discussed by industry analysts and company representatives.

15. STOP, LOOK AND STUDY: HOW THE "PHANTOM FIVE FEET" ARE WRECKING THE, INTERMODAL BALANCE SHEET AND WHAT YOU CAN DO ABOUT IT. Harry J. Bruce. Atlanta, Georgia:; International Intermodal Expo, May 29, 1986.

A criticism;-of the railroad industry for not participating in ■ common marketing techniques in order to utilize present resources

more effectively. Maintains that the "phantom five feet" (5 feet added on to the 40 foot trailer) are causing profit loss due to underutilization by shippers. Offers some concrete suggestions for areas of study.

16. "Strengthened Profitability, Service Quality, and Infrastructure to- Trigger Intermodal Changes." William E; Greenwood. PRIVATE CARRIER, v.

:■ 25, no. 7, July 1988, pp. 9-10.

Author predicts large-scale changes in the intermodal field in the near future, and cites the role of. personnel'and information systems development in achieving equipment and terminal productivity increases. Such increases are required to overcome the marginal profitability of intermodal traffic.

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DOUBLE-STACK TRAINS

1. "American President Lines, Transway, SP and BN Begin Trailer Balancing Program." MODERN RAILROADS, v. 38, no. 8, August 1983, p. 61.

' ’ Announces the experimental stack trains (1983) of APL and Transway,in attempts to improve their economics, but not necessarily market share.

2. "Burgeoning Double-Stacks." Richard Knee. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 27, no. 8, August 1985, pp. 6-9.

Documents the development of double-stack trains at this time, and ■ . specifically USL and NYK. Chart includes services, operating for

'• 1985. •

3. "Burlington Container Decision - Domestic Piggyback to Go." Robert S.■ Ingram. CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, V; 22, no: 6, June 1988, pp.48-51. ’

Burlington Northern Railroad decides to introduce domestic containers and double-stack cars, largely displacing the conventional trailer on flatcar piggyback technology used in its domestic Expediter intermodal network. Ingram, the new vice president, discusses his plans for BN and the direction of domestic containerization.

4.. "The Challenge of Double-Stacks." David McKenzie.. CARGO SYSTEMS ' INTERNATIONAL, Intermodal Supplement, December 1986, pp. 54-54.

Discusses problems in double-stack operations, and suggests ■ solutions. Mentions Ship-railroad coordination,; terminal

: operations, car-loading, and container "blow offs." ,

5. ."Challenge Match: APL's Double-stack Linertrain." Mark Magnier.AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 26, no. 9, September 1984, pp'. 18-22.

Describes some of the initial successes and problems of APL's Linertrain, which had been running for 1-1/2 months at the time of this article. • ' .

5. "Common Use vs. Dedicated Stack Trains." Bruce Johnson. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 29, no. 8, August 1987, pp. 56-57.

Discusses the advantages of "block space" utilized on stack trains, as opposed to dedicated trains. Hanjin's use of BN1s "cooperative" service is'given as an example.

6. "Conraii Sees Domestic Double-Stack in Its Future." Robert Roberts. MODERN RAILROADS, v. 43, no. 7, April 1988, pp. 24-26 ff.

• , Predicts growth of domestic double-stack, decline of piggyback.Conraii is moving toward a double-stack service for larger containers competitive with trailers by the 1990s. Includes checklist for improving intermodal profitability.

23 BIBLIQ/12-88

DOUBLE-STACK TRAINS

7. "Counting the Cost of Double-Stacks." David Mackenzie. CARGO SYSTEMS INT'L, v. 13, no. 5, May 1986, pp. 65-66.

Examines the cost savings of double-stacks as compared to conventional TOFC/COFC cars. The estimated 40% savings must be combined with efficient backhaul operations and smaller crews in order to decrease labor costs.

8. "Dallas/Denver All-Box Service." Bruce Johnson. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30, no. 6, June 1988, p. 44.

Describes BN's new domestic stack service which will phase out its piggybacks on this 800-mile run. Centralization of pricing, marketing, and operations is the key factor. New asst, vice president views a mixture of intermodal equipment as favorable.

9. DOUBLE-STACK CONTAINER NETWORK POTENTIAL FOR NEW YORK STATE FREIGHTTRAFFIC. Greenwich, CT: Reebie Associates, February 28, 1986. 14+ p.

This, study documents the cost of handling freight via a double-stack network and its potential impact in New York State.•It established: 1) traffic database; 2) cost-service profiles oftransportation options; 3) comparison of competing modes on cost and delivery-time basis and an estimate of the potentially divertible traffic.

10. "Double-Stack Container Trains: Issues and Strategies for OceanCarriers." Henry Marcus and Carl Martland. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1088, 1986, pp. 18-20.

Double-stack container trains are studied from ,the perspective of an ocean'carrier. Use of double-stack container trains for ocean carriers involves such considerations as the origin and destination of the trains, the choice of. the party to manage the rail movement, and the size of the containers. In the final analysis, the ocean carrier must determine how these issues can be integrated into its overall corporate strategy.

11. "Double-Stack Container Trains May Cut Costs For Pacific Rim Exporters." USDA NEWS FEATURE, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. November 24, 1987.

The efficiencies of double-stack cars and low westbound backhaul rates may be of particular value to agricultural exporters.

12. "Double-Stack Container Trains: Potential For Agricultural Exports."TRANSPORTATION FACTS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Transportation, Washington, D.C. August 1987.

Overview of history of double-stack container services as of July 1987, with emphasis on the needs of agricultural exporters.Includes a list of double-stack trains and carrier contacts.

24 - BIBLIO/12-88

DOUBLE-STACK TRAINS

13. "Double-Stack Containers on Rail Cars: the APL View.." E. K; ’Pentimonti. Washington, D.C.: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD STATE OFTHE ART REPORT 4, 1986, pp. 48-51.

A brief overview is given of the development, economic benefits, operation, and terminal' facility requirements, of American President Lines' double-stack container rail car system.

14. "Double-Stacked Container Trains: Potential for Exports and Domesticv Perishables/" 0:5. D.O.T./F.R1.A. Internal Memorandum on U.S. ■ Dept, of

Agriculture - OUTLOOK ‘88 Session, December 2, 1987.

A report on this-US.D.A.-sponsored double-stack session, which 'included representatives from APL and CNW, who spoke of economics and new developments in double stack service.

•15/ "Double-Stack Design Develops." PORT OF DEVELOPMENT .INTERNATIONAL, v. 4, no. 4, April 1988, pp. 22-23.

Double-stack trains are1 a North American innovation made-possible by high-volume, long-distance container movements that are not subject to any height restrictions of the sort that apply in Europe. The design changes made by the two principal manufacturers of stack trains as a result of several years of experience are discussed. [From U.S. MARAD’s MARIBASE] j -

16. "Double-Stack Operators Poised for Domestic Push WORLD, April 20/ 1987, pp. 19-23.

Greg Borzo. TRAFFIC

Interviews .with several industry leaders and consultants reveal agreement on the- potential for further double-stack expansion and domestic containerization.

17. "Double-Stack Savings May Equal 20-25%." Robert Hardwicke. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 27, no. 8, August 1985, pp. 10-16.

Attempts to compare all-water and landbridge .costs and markets (includes chart). Concludes that the only survivors of all-water service maybe the large worldwide shippers,or those with very efficient truck transfer capabilities.

18. "Double-Stack Trains: Bringing the Box Back Home." Jon Jacobs.BRANDON'S SHIPPER & FORWARDER, January 20, 1986, pp. 6-10 ff.

HThe future-of double-stacks is discussed ae-cor-ding-to various - Company representatives. Infrastructure and terminal capabilities■ are mentioned as major obstacles.

25 - BIBLIO/12-88

DOUBLE-STACK TRAINS

T9. "Double-Stack Trains: Economic and Institutional Factors." Boston:Policy & Management Associates for U.S. Dept, of Transportation, June 1986, 35 p.

Examines economic factors and institutional viewpoints of the< double-stack industry. Includes hypothetical cost factors and

policy descriptions and suggestions.

20.. DOUBLE-STACK UNIT TRAIN CONTAINER SERVICE: ITS COMMERCIAL IMPACT ANDVALUE TO THE MILITARY SHIPPER. Karl-Heinz Bernhardt. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate Thesis, December 1986, 7P p.

The purpose of this thesis is to educate the military transporter on double-stack train developments. A very comprehensive overview which includes pictures and extensive descriptionof equipment and a list of sources. It also examines such issues as efficiency, future cooperation between modes, and impact on military shippers.

21. "Double-Stacking: A Maritime View." Maurice T. Hesterman. RAILWAYAGE, v. 186, no. 5, May 1985, pp. 46-48 ff.

The economic appeal of the double-stack is explained, as well as its relatively "late" development.

22. "Double Stacking, to Alaska." CARGO SYSTEMS INT'L, v. 14, no. 1, January1987., pp. 55-57; .

The Alaska Hydro-Train (AHT) which operates from Seattle and contains consumer goods construction materials, and oil-related commodities is capturing a high percentage of the Alaskan transportation market. Describes'AHT1s double-stack.

23. "Double Stacks Coast-to-Coast." Wayne Monger. CTC BOARD, July 1987, pp. 41-55.

In-depth analysis of the double-stack business from its beginning to present state. Describes the individual shipping and rail . companies involved, with specific information on routes and schedules. ■

24. "Double-Stacks for Big Stakes." Bruce Johnson. CONTAINER NEWS', v. 21, no. 11, November 1986, pp. 18-22.

Southwest gateway intermodal business developments are described. Los Angeles' Targe population/industrial base fills westbound Containers consistently and that city has the maximum clearance of any port area on the West Coast. Terminal developments and logistics are also discussed. 25

25. "Inland at the Double." Francis E. Phillips. CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 20, no. 1, January 1986, pp. 49-57.

Details the evolution of APL's and Sea-Land's stack car configurations. The stack services are compared to piggyback.

• - - 26 - BIBL10/12-88

DOUBLE-STACK TRAINS

26. "Linertrains Criss-Cross Country as New Shipping Trend Explodes." John LoDico. TRAFFIC WORLD, v. 202, no. 3, April 15, 1985, pp./19-21.

Describes the burgeoning of double-stacks in -1985 and the .profitability factor and pricing structures.

27. "More Carriers Offer Stack Trains.11 Robert Selwitz. INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND TRANSPORT, April 1987, pp..30-36 ff.

Anoverview of the double-stack trends at this time (April 1987) and locations that the different,rail lines serve. Analysts and rail and shipping representatives discuss their philosophies and

■ • projections for the industry.

28. Press Release, Santa Fe Southern Pacific Corporation, Los Angeles: Corporate-Communications Dept., July 14, 1986.

Announcement of SF's new domestic container service .between v Modesto, California and Chicago-Kansas City, which features double stacks both eastbound and westbound, designed to cater to wine and canned goods shippers of the San Joaquin Valley.

29. "Operating Characteristics of the Double-Stack Container Train.", Maurice Hesterman. MARAD, Great Lakes Region Report,-1985, 22 p.

Topics discussed include the following: the economic advantages ofmoving commodities in double-stacked containers; th,e design of double-stack,rail cars; and the operations of APL, Sea-Land and Burlington Northern Railroads double-stack trains. [From U.S.

- . MARAD's MARIBASE]

30. "Reefer Boxes Set for Double-Stack Take Off?" Mark, North. CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, Intermodal Supplement, December 1986, pp. 15-17.

Describes APL's experiements in double-stack reefers to the midwest and the particular problems attributed to them: special loadingpatters; a daily flexible schedule; refueling problems; reluctance on the part of shippers to switch to this mode. Suggests that in order to make it feasible, it must be a "combination of technology, marketing, and logistic control."

31. "Riding the Wings of a Stack Train Through the Feather River Canyon."; : Steve Schmollinger. PACIFIC RAIL NEWS, May 1988, pp. 21-31.

A detailed description of a stack train operation, which includes route and line information and new equipment improvements.

32. "Santa Fe/Conrail Domestic Stacks." AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30, no. 8, August 1988, pp. 56-58.

Discusses Santa Fe's transcontinental stack-train service aimed at domestic shippers and the wide variety of equipment being made available. Emphasis is placed on its goal for an increase in its intermodal business.

- 27 - BIBLIO/12-88

DOUBLE-STACK TRAINS

33! "Securing Double-stack Benefits." David McKenzie. CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, v. 13, no. 1, January 1986, pp. 21-23.

Double-stack safety features, terminal handling efficiency, and ride quality are evaluated and compared to conventional flatcars. Bulkheads, interbox connectors, and flippers are discussed. Concludes that relative operating and terminal handling costs will determine which design will be most effective.

34. "Should Ports Run Their Own Stack Trains?" Richard Knee. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30, no. 8, August 1988, pp. 54-56.

Describes the proposed SCORE operation: Southern CaliforniaOverland Rail Express service operating out of Long Beach and Los Angeles, which could serve "second- and third-tier" ocean liners. Legal implications and carrier reactions are discussed.

35. "Stack Car/Road Rail Test." Bruce Johnson. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30, no.'6, June 1988, pp. 46-50.

Representative of Gunderson describes new rail car developments, including the coupling of Road Railers with stack cars. Also describes the Maxi-Stack cars, which are geared toward both ;: domestic and international markets. Plans for new auto containers are also discussed.

36. "Sizing Up the Domestic Container." Henry Boyd. CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, v. 13, no. 5, May 1986, pp. 59-63.

Experimentation with the design of domestic containers is discussed. Cost, weight, dimensions, interfacing capability, and load conditions are considered.

37. "Stack-Car Makers: Who's on First?" Richard Knee. AMERICAN SHIPPER,v. 27, no. 8, August 1985, p. 18.

Rates Gunderson, Thrall, and ACF in terms of cars in service and cars on order.

38. "Stack Trains Cut Costs at Maytag." Andrea Chancellor. JOURNAL OF COMMERCE, June 10, 1987, p. 28.

The first double-stack service in Iowa is due to the dedicated cargo of Maytag Co., which has significantly reduced its transportation costs.

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DOUBLE-STACK TRAINS

39. "Truckload Carriers to Face New Pressure from Double-Stack and Road Railer Service." John G. Larkin. PRIVATE CARRIER, v. 25, no. 8, August 1988, pp. 27-29.

Concludes that double-stacks are still at a disadvantage because of capacity constraints at high-density terminals, problems with drayage operations, and shipment tracing problems. However, growth of piggyback traffic and replacement with double-stacks and Road Railers will penetrate the medium-to-high density, long-haul truck lanes (non-service oriented).

40. "U.S. Domestic Containerization Takes Hold." Francis E. Phillips. CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 22, no. 4, April 1988, pp. 52-59.

Reference article on the development of double-stack trains and the leaders in the industry, namely American President. Contains charts on stack train growth and corridors. Politics and trends in the industry are discussed.

41. ; "The U.S: Double-Stack Bandwagon Rolls: So Who Is Following It Now?"Francis E. Phillips. CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 20, no. 3, March'1986, pp. 63-69.

Developments in the double-stack business are discussed, including size considerations and price disputes. A chart of principal operators and their routes and capacities is appended. •

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ROAD RAILER, TRAILER TRAIN, AND PIGGYBACK

1. "Can Third Parties Fill BN's Boxcars." Bruce Johnson. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30, no. 7, July 1988.

BN's attempt .to market,its boxcar backhaul from the Midwest to the Northwest, utilizing third parties,.will not jeopardize its own domestic container and piggyback car programs.

2. - "ICC Lifts Regulation of Rail Piggyback Service." ICC NEWS, February19, 1981, 12 p.

Explains the decision of.the ICC tq exempt TOFC/COFC from federal regulation in order to "stimulate improvements in service." It did not, however, grant the setting of piggyback rates antitrust immunity.- ;

3. "...Let's Make it Work." Carl Wesselmann. MODERN RAILROADS, v. 41, no. 5, May 1986, pp. 26-30.

Railroad executives discuss the future of piggyback at the 1986 MODERN,RAILROADS' Intermodal Conference, agreeing that • intermodalism is "the most hopeful development for the old business in over two decades," but disagreeing on other issues, including

• . labor, equipment and service requirements.

4. "Marketing a New Technology." Bruce Johnson. CONTAINER MEWS, v. 22, no. 11, November 1987, pp. 23-27.

Detailed description of Road Railer and its accompanying equipment, as well as the marketing strategy used by this company.

5. "Piggyback Faces 'The Profitability Challenge.'" PROGRESSIVE RAILROADING, May 1985, pp. 30-34.

Maintains that double-stacks will complement piggybacks, if piggyback services provide improved management and facility control. Evaluates the market at this time, projecting a surge in the industry.

6. "Piggyback in Transition." PROGRESSIVE RAILROADING, November 1983, pp.43-48.

Describes the hub center concept and terminal and equipment innovations in 1983.

7. "Piggyback Puts on a Show." PROGRESSIVE RAILROADING, April 1984, pp.44-54.

Previews the issues and equipment to be discussed at the 1984 National Intermodal Forum and Piggyback Exposition. Various railroad company executives give their opinions on the future of piggyback.

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ROAD RAILER, TRAILER TRAIN, AND PIGGYBACK

8. "Prospects for Leadership." Carl Wesselmann. MODERN RAILROADS, v. 42, no. 4, April 1987, pp. 33-36.

Production has increased for piggybacks but profitability has lagged, and this article suggests a few reasons why. Quotes mainly from an unofficial ICC study. Road Railer and double-stacks are seen as integral parts of the intermodal system.

9. "Putting Road Railer to Work - In a Big Way." James Abbott. MODERN RAILROADS, v. 43,'no. 12, July 1988, pp. 23-27.

Describes plans to run high capacity', or "superwedge," trains through a hub and spoke system centered in Kansas City.Definitions of the system and market, and industry requirements are included.

10. "Trailers Ride Rails." John Fey. INFO MAGAZINE, April 1988, pp. 16-17.

Pictures and simplified description of Road Railer service.Company representatives emphasize cheaper cost, faster service, and smoother ride than conventional modes.

11. "The Use of Run-Through TOFC Trains as a Substitute, for Motor Carrier Service." Allan Schuster. PROCEEDINGS OF^THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v.- 22, no. 1, 1981, pp. 195-202.

Attempts to project estimated costs, revenues, service, and freight traffic of TOFC trains between a midwestern consolidating point and a southwestern distribution point. Compares, estimates to freight trucks and concludes that it would be very profitable and a shot in the arm for the railroad industry.

12. "Wheels Within Wheels." CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, Intermodal Supplement, December 1986, pp. 21-2b. .

Discusses the issues involved in adopting Road Railer technology. Mentions labor disputes as a major impediment.

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TRUCK COMPETITION

1. "An Assessment of the Rail Competitive Motor Carrier Industry." K. Eric Wolfe, et al. JOURNAL OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v. 28, no. 1, 1987, pp. 289-301.

Paper examines intercity truckload competitive factors: changes inequipment, mileages, wages, commodities, etc. Attempts to define trends in the industry which have improved its competitiveness. Concludes that mixed commodities, non-union drivers, larger trailers, and increased-productivity have contributed positively.

2. THE FEASIBILITY OF NATIONWIDE NETWORK FOR LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLES:IMPACTS OF LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLES ON RAILROADS. Ronald Mauri and Robert Stearns. Cambridge, MA: U.S. D.O.T. Transportation Systems

- Center, July 1986, 86 p.

Report on the impact of the 1987 Surface Transportation Assistance Act and an impending longer combination vehicle network on the railroad industry.

-3. "Odd Men Out? Trucks Begin to Stake Their Claim in IntermodalMarketplace." Joanie Mackowski. PACIFIC SHIPPER, v. 63, no. 33, October 24, 1988, p. 11.

• A summary of the issues raised at the 1988,ATA ManagementConference and Exhibition, entitled "Conceptions and Misconceptions of Intermodal Trucking." Participants were urged to expand their concepts of drayage and flexibility-was encouraged.

4. "Roads Needs More Than Double-Stacks To Capture Larger Share of Market." DeMaris A. Berry. TRAFFIC WORLD, October 28, 1987, pp. 37-38.

A representative of Strick Corp. told the National Association of Shippers' Agents that railroads must offer a complete package of equipment, price, and service to compete with trucks: Representatives of Trailer Train, Greenbrier Intermodal, XTRA Corp., and Transamerica Distribution Services were in substantial agreement. <■

5. "Road vs. Rail: Shippers Base Decisions on Rates, Equipment,Reliability." Robert Bowman. PACIFIC SHIPPER, v. 63, no. 33, October 24, 1988, pp. 7-8.

Industry representatives and analysts offer their opinions on the truck vs. rail issue. Shippers perceptions of rail service are still fairly negative. Rail's impediments to lower costs and better service are outlined.

6. "Truckload Update: Remaining Opportunity for Private-CarriageConversion." John G. Larkin. INDUSTRY COMMENT, Alex Brown and SMS Research Transportation Group, August 18, 1988, 6 p.

This report claims that a large opportunity still exists in lanes under 500 miles in length for truckload carriers, despite the private to common carriage conversion due to deregulation. Author recommends those carriers with tight control systems.

- 32 - BIBLIO/12-88

OTHER COMPETITORS

l.v "Fuel Use Simulations of High Productivity Container Trains." Daniel S. Smith, PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FORUM, v. 25, no. 1, 1985.

An engineered cost model used to project fuel consumption for existing dopble-stack container:trains and hypothetical integral intermodal trains between Los.Angeles and Chicago; The author found the HPIT could reduce fuel consumption by 12% compared to conventional double-stacks. Examines many design factors in detail and discusses the implications of the study for the.industry.

2. ."Jumping Off The Bandwagon." Chris Hanrahan. CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, Intermodal Supplement, December 1986, P; .33.

Describes Rpbert Ranck's Trailer Xpress Company. A firm disbeliever in do.ubl e-stack services, he intends to operate his trains with much more flexibility and more cost effectively than double-stacks.

3, "High Productivity Trains: . How Integral? -How Imminent?" John H. Armstrong. RAILWAY AGE, v. 188, no. 9, September 1987, pp. 43-51.

Meticulous, description of the HPITs augmented by a picture-chart which outlines the attributes of various trains. Equipment and terminal ./logistics are discussed, as Wel.l as ,impli.cations for the future. . . . .

- 33 - BIBLIO/12-88

MULTIMODALISM AND INTERNATIONAL INTERMODALISM

T . " C a r d s Not Stacked Against Double-Stack." Andrea Chancellor. MODERN RAILROADS, v.. 43, no: 19, p. 9.

Discusses the implications for next year's U.S.-Canadian free trade L agreement as it relates to the double stack industry. Author feels

‘ Canadians are too cautious in implementing double stack service,■ i and may "lose out" because of it.

2 . "Confronting Intermodal Challenges in a Global Market." R. D. Frick.THE PRIVATE CARRIER, v. 25, no. 7, pp, 13-14.

- Describes Honda's commitment to quality multimodal services and community responsibility via Honda International Trading Co. which fills inbound containers for return movement back to Japan.

3.i ' Intermodal ism - the European Experience.". Jeremy Lowari. CARGO SYSTEMS, v. 13, no. 4, April 1986, pp. 28-31.

An overview of European domestic containerization which developed out of the formation of European box dimensions. A comparison between the U.S. and Europe reveals similarities in intermodal theory, but many technical differences, largely due to population density and individual government subsidies.

.4... "Staick to Rail Handling Costs Analyzed." M.B; Marsden. CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, v. 9, no.. 6, June 1982, pp. 58-59.

Theoretical costs (British) are applied to seven different, configurations. Concludes the most cost effective method is lifting directly from stack to rail. If this is not possible, the study recommends that the rail should be close to the container stack and the berth should manage the rail terminal.

- 34 - BIBLIO/12-88

INTERMODAL HISTORY

1. "53 Foot Container for Domestic Use." AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 30, no. 5, May 1988.

Announcement by APL to use 53-foot containers for domestic use, which can ride on the upper tier of APL stack trains. Documents fleet increase in containers and chassis as well.

2. "All About Containers." David G. Casdorph, RAILROAD MODEL CRAFTSMAN, July 1986, pp. 80-87.

: Precise description of containers currently used in industry. Identifier codes are also charted.

3. "American President Lines, Transway, SP and BN Begin Trailer Balancing Program." MODERN RAILROADS, v. 38, no. 8, August 1988, p. 61.

Documents the use of the first stack car unit train used for front and backhaul by APL.

4. "Containers: An Idea Whose Time Came Centuries Ago." John H. White,Jr. INTERMODAL AGE, Oct. 1985, pp. 42-44.

A concise, illuminating article on the development of containers . from, the Roman Ages to the present. A chronological chart included with a few illustrative examples.

5. "An Early Chapter in Freight Handling, Cincinnati and the Container." John H. White, Jr., QUEEN CITY HERITAGE, v. 43, no. 3, 1985, pp. 25-34.

An article describing the evolution of containers .(beginning in 1917) in Cincinnati area,, which proved to be economically feasible.

6. "Intermodal Cars of the Eighties." David G. Casdorph.- RAILROAD MODELCRAFTSMAN,, pp. 82-09. ,

A detailed overview on the development and current designs of container intermodal cars. Contains clear pictures and helpful charts: capacity comparison table; chronology of intermodal cars;guide to Trailer Train initials.

7. INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION. John Mahoney. Westport,Connecticut: Eno Foundation for Transportation, Inc., 1985, 214 p.

Includes all aspects of intermodalism: history, containerization,equipment, etc. Contains useful pictures, charts, glossaries of sources.

8. "Intermodal Progress... From Logs to Logistics." PACIFIC MARITIMEMAGAZINE, v. 3, no. 12, June 1986, pp. 14-15. .

Briefly documents the development of intermodalism from 1847 to the present.

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INTERMODAL HISTORY

9. "The Magic Box: Genesis of the Container." John H. White,. Jr. .RAILROAD HISTORY, Bulletin 158, 1988, pp. 73-93.

A detailed analysis of the evolution of the container, written by an historian. The author also speculates oh the role of the ICC.

10. "Next for APL: The 48-Foot Box." Richard Knee. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v.27, no. 8, August 1985, p. 20.

Describes the different-sized containers owned by API (40, 45, 48 ft.) and API's plans for investment in domestic containers.

11. "Piggyback Trailers in the Eighties." David G. Casdorph. RAILRAODMODEL CRAFTSMAN, March 1988, pp. 87-93. ' , .

This article identifies design characteristics of various piggyback models. : Equipment terms and identifier codes are explained: trailer operators/builders and fleet facts are outlined.

12. "Railroaders Expect Intermodal Hub Network to Be Complete in Five Years; BN Hubs to Operate as Profit Centers." Roger Schreffler. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 24, no. 10, October 1982, pp. 38-41.

; Describes BN1s plans for its hub centers to accommodate intermodal activities, which is stressed as being more advantageous economically. Attempts to define "hub" and project the future

V' position of truckers. .

13. "Railroads: Rushing To Be Second." Don Cole. CARGO SYSTEMSINTERNATIONAL, Intermodal Supplement, December 1986, pp. 5-9.

Analyzes the reasons for restraint on the part of the railroads when considering double-stack rail car investment. Points to the confusion regarding the ideal domestic container and equipment/facility limitations.

14. "Railroads to Use Neutral Chassis Pools in Chicago." AMERICAN SHIPPER,• v. 27, no. 8, August 1985, p. 20.

Announcement by BN and Conrail to use neutral chassis pools for double-stack shipments to the Midwest.

15. "Shifting Lines of Responsibility in Intermodalism." Phillip C. Yeager. TRAFFIC WORLD, v. 205, no. 11, March 17, 1986, pp. 47-49.

The article has an historical slant:to intermodalism, explaining how some of the infrastructure developed. Problems with the structure are couched' in terms of "shifting lines of responsibility": untrained/unmotivated railroad union employees;cargo liability; shipper vs. third party, etc.

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INTERMODAL HISTORY

16. "U.S. Railroads Begin to Understand the Box." Francis E. Phillips.CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL* v. 18', no. 8, August 1984, pp. 51-55.

An early article on the development of domestic containerization Hub centers, equipment problems, and design specifications are discussed.

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1. "CEDEX: The Key to Container tracking." Vincent Grey. CONTAINER NEWS,v. 23, no. 11, November 1988, pp. 20-22.

Technical advisor to the Technical Advisory Group of the ISO explains CEDEX - Container Equipment Data:Exchange - and its role in container logistics. The standard nomenclature is also described.

2. "Container Standards Under Review By ISO." Vincent G. Grey. CONTAINER NEWS, v. 23, no. 8, August 1988, pp. 38-39.

Traces the development of container standardization and reviews argeements currently up for discussion by the ISO in Europe andU.S./Canada. Makes a case for container bifurcation: unrestrictedvs. "captive" (or trade-route-limited).

3. "Countdown Continues for Domestic Tank Containers." INTERNATIONAL AGE, September/October 1988, v. 4, no. 5, pp. 27-31.

Describes the current state of the domestic tank container industry, which is developing slowly. Emphasis is placed on improvement of support services.

4. "Equipment Key to Intermodal Boom." Robert Roberts. MODERN RAILROADS, v. 39, no. 4, April 1984, pp. 28-34.

Crane, trailer, car, and intermodal industry developments for 1983 are described in detail. Safety considerations are also mentioned.

INTERMODAL EQUIPMENT

5. "Evolving A Domestic Design." P.W. Shahani. CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, Intermodal Supplement, December 1986, pp. 11-13.

Describes the evolution of the domestic container due to the efforts of the ISO and operators demanding larger capacity and increased strength. Stresses common interface standardization in the face of a diversified market.

6. "Intermodal Equipment/Service Update." Robert Roberts. MODERN RAILROADS, v. 38, no. 7, July 1983, pp. 26-29.

New (1983) cars and handling equipment developments are detailed. Intermodal traffic volumes are also documented.

7. "Intermodal Handling Equipment Guide." CONTAINER NEWS, v. 23, no. 12, December 1988, pp. 14-25.

The latest in intermodal handling equipment is described.

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8: The Hardware Is Here." Robert Roberts. MODERN RAILROADS, v.' 37, no. 7,July 1982, pp. 40-47.

Describes new (1982) car developments, arranged by companies 1 emphasizing weight considerations and new sizing. Costs, ride,

lift, and load capability, etc., are some of the elements described for each type. A chart is included.

9., "Intermodal Equipment: A Time for Testing." Gus Welty. RAILWAY AGE,v. 184, no. 3,'March 1983, pp. 28-31.

Presents all of the.emerging (1983). car design considerations and ; names their manufacturers. Economics, and future intermodal trends ■ are considered.

10. "New Equipment to. Create New Intermodal Hubs." Roger Schreffler. • AMERICAN SHIPPER, ;v. 24, no. 9, September,1982, pp. 50-60.

New (1982) car designs are described and their drawbacks and advantages are delineated. Analysts predict a trend toward the specific-use car, as opposed to the all-purpose car, which tends to. be too heavy. Major manufacturer representatives discuss cost, weight, and logistics involved in :new designs.

11. "A New Generation of Cars." RAILWAY AGE, v. 186, no. 9, September 1985, pp. 41-47.

Aluminum is credited as being responsible for much of the new car developments. Mentions High Productivity Integral Trains (HPIT) as the newest innovation.

12. "Safety Testing of Intermodal Hazmat Configurationsi Summary Report", G. Kachadoinian. MITRE CORP. NTIS, no. PB88-241815/WTS, March 1988, 138 p.

The report presents summary results of a research program sponsored by the D.O.T. F.R.A. The program was concerned with safety issues of flatcars and the transport of liquid hazardous materials (hazmat) in intermodal configurations. [Abstracted by NTIS]

13. "Supplying Demand for Domestic Containers." INTERMODAL AGE, July/August 1988, v. 4, no. 4, p. 41.

Description of Monon Corporation's approach to the burgeoning domestic container and chassis industry. Emphasis is on quality craftsmanship and adaptation to the market.

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14. "Towards the Ultimate Double-Stack." David McKenzie. CARGO SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, v. 13, no. 12, December 1986, pp. 72-74.

Existing double-stack designs are described in terms of their advantages and shortcomings. The next generation Of stack cars is portrayed and suggestions for improvements are given. Emphasis is placed on increased capacity.

15. "Trailers/Containers: Sizing Up Tomorrow's Fleet." Frank Malone.RAILWAY AGE, v. 186., no. 3, March 1985, pp. 42-88.

Projections for intermodal equipment configurations are given by manufacturer representatives. Domestic container growth is used as a premise for impending specialization and improvements.

16. "U.S. Intermodal Boom Provides New Stimulus to Handling Equipment." Stephen Matthews. CONTAINERIZATION INTERNATIONAL, v. 20, no.; 10,October 1986, pp. 73-75.

Several U.S.-based manufacturers of container handling equipment, and also some outside the U.S. are devoting a good deal of their time and resources to developing equipment especially designed for use,at railroad terminals for handling trailer on flatcar (TOFC) and container on flatcar (COFC) services, including double-stack operations. [From U.S. MARAD's MARIBASE]

17. "What's Next.in Stack Car Equipment." Bruce Johnson. AMERICAN SHIPPER, v. 29, no. 5, May 1987, pp. 26-28.

Enumerates the production of Gunderson and Thrall stack cars from 1985-1987. The bulkhead design is explained, along with it's advantages and disadvantages. Road Rai,ler and similar technologies are discussed by the two company representatives.

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