Us chapter 11 the first world war

Chapter 11 The First World Chapter 11 The First World WarWar Section 1: World War I Begins Section 1: World War I Begins

(372-380)(372-380)

I. Causes of World War II. Causes of World War IA. A. NationalismNationalism

1.1. NationalismNationalism—a devotion to the interest and culture of one’s nation—a devotion to the interest and culture of one’s nation2.2. competition and antagonistic rivalries among competition and antagonistic rivalries among nationsnations3.3. ethnicethnic groups resented be dominated by another groups resented be dominated by another4.4. RussiaRussia viewed protector of all Slavs viewed protector of all Slavs5.5. RussiaRussia and and HungaryHungary were rivals for the influence of Serbia were rivals for the influence of Serbia

B. B. ImperialismImperialism1.1. EuropeanEuropean nations had been extending political and economic nations had been extending political and economic

control over various peoplecontrol over various people2.2. GermanyGermany built up a rivalry to England and France built up a rivalry to England and France

C. C. MilitarismMilitarism1.1. MilitarismMilitarism—the development of armed forces and their use as a —the development of armed forces and their use as a

tool of diplomacytool of diplomacy2.2. strongest on continent was strongest on continent was GermanyGermany3.3. BritainBritain relied on their navy relied on their navy4.4. Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm IIWilhelm II wanted to be a major sea power wanted to be a major sea power5.5. Germany and Germany and EnglandEngland started naval build-up along with France, started naval build-up along with France,

Italy, Japan and U.S.Italy, Japan and U.S.D. D. Alliance System

1.1. Triple Entente (later Triple Entente (later AlliesAllies) consisted of France, Britain and Russia) consisted of France, Britain and Russia2.2. Triple Alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy later Triple Alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy later

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire formed the Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire formed the Central Central Powers\Powers\The idea that there will be a maintaining of the The idea that there will be a maintaining of the balance of balance of powerpower

II. An Assassination Leads to WarII. An Assassination Leads to War

A. June 28, 1914A. June 28, 19141.1. Balkan Peninsula was known as “Balkan Peninsula was known as “the powder keg of the powder keg of

EuropeEurope””

2.2. RussiaRussia wanted access and wanted access and GermanyGermany hoped for rail link with hoped for rail link with OttomansOttomans

3.3. Serbia wanted influence over Serbia wanted influence over BosniaBosnia which was under which was under Austrian controlAustrian control

4.4. Archduke Archduke Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand, heir to Austrian thrown visited , heir to Austrian thrown visited SarajevoSarajevo

5.5. Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip stepped from crowd and shot the wife stepped from crowd and shot the wife SophieSophie Chotek and the Archduke Chotek and the Archduke

6.6. conspirators were from the conspirators were from the Black HandBlack Hand and were trained by and were trained by SerbiaSerbia

7.7. July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaSerbia

8.8. August 1, Germany declares war on August 1, Germany declares war on RussiaRussia

9.9. August 3, Germany declares war on August 3, Germany declares war on FranceFrance

10.10. Britain declares war after Germany invades Britain declares war after Germany invades BelgiumBelgium

FYI (Relation to the Kaiser)FYI (Relation to the Kaiser)

Nobel RelationshipsNobel Relationships

Czar Nicholas II cousin Russia

King Edward VII uncle Britain

King George V cousin Britain

Queen Victoria grandmother Britain

III. The Fighting StartsIII. The Fighting Starts

A.A. SchlieffenSchlieffen Plan PlanA.A. holding action against holding action against RussiaRussia….Russia should be slow to ….Russia should be slow to

mobilize (not case because Russia started mobilization mobilize (not case because Russia started mobilization early)early)

B.B. allow allow FranceFrance to try to recapture Alsace-Lorraine (revenge to try to recapture Alsace-Lorraine (revenge from Franco-Prussian War)from Franco-Prussian War)

C.C. Germany will put full might on Germany will put full might on BelgiumBelgium and sweep across and sweep across to Paris than march to the Rhine to cut off French retreatto Paris than march to the Rhine to cut off French retreat

D.D. problems with plan….time tables problems with plan….time tables unrealisticunrealistic, German , German troops spread too thinlytroops spread too thinly

E.E. Battle of MarneBattle of Marne stopped German advance stopped German advanceF. Race to the Sea—both sides try to flank each othersides try to flank each otherG. Trench warfarewarfare—armies fought for yards of ground and in —armies fought for yards of ground and in

between the trenches was a barren landscape called “no between the trenches was a barren landscape called “no man’s land”man’s land”a.a. FrontFront line trench line trenchb.b. SupportSupport trench trenchc.c. ReserveReserve trench trenchd.d. Main defensive weapon was the heavy Main defensive weapon was the heavy machine gunmachine gun

B. BattlesB. Battles1.1. TannenbergTannenberg August 1914 Germany destroys a August 1914 Germany destroys a

million man Russian Armymillion man Russian Army2.2. YpresYpres, May 1915 Germany first used Chemical , May 1915 Germany first used Chemical

weaponsweapons3.3. GallipoliGallipoli, April 1915-Jan. 1916 Britain fails to , April 1915-Jan. 1916 Britain fails to

open supply line to Russiaopen supply line to Russia4. Verdun, Feb.-July 1916 first battle of attrition, , Feb.-July 1916 first battle of attrition,

German commanders hoped to bleed France German commanders hoped to bleed France from the warfrom the war

5.5. SommeSomme, July-Nov. 1916 Britain lost 60,000 in , July-Nov. 1916 Britain lost 60,000 in one day worst single day loss in British Historyone day worst single day loss in British History

IV. Americans Question NeutralityIV. Americans Question Neutrality

A. Divided LoyaltiesA. Divided Loyalties1.1. SocialistSocialist complained the war as a capitalist ad imperialist complained the war as a capitalist ad imperialist

struggle between Germany and Englandstruggle between Germany and England

2.2. immigrantsimmigrants favored their homeland favored their homeland

3.3. Americans felt closer to England because of common Americans felt closer to England because of common ancestryancestry and language and language

4.4. Americans upset of the invasion of Americans upset of the invasion of BelgiumBelgium, , Britain propagandapropaganda told tales of told tales of German atrocities atrocities

5.5. EconomicEconomic ties stronger to the Allies than Central Powers ties stronger to the Allies than Central Powers

6.6. American American manufacturersmanufacturers made huge profits from the made huge profits from the AlliesAllies

7. Washington’s Farewell Address

V. The War Hits HomeV. The War Hits Home

A. The British BlockadeA. The British Blockade1.1. prevent prevent GermanGerman ports from receiving war goods including ports from receiving war goods including

foodfood2.2. neutralneutral ports were included along with mining of the ports were included along with mining of the North North

SeaSea3.3. 1917 1917 faminefamine hit Germany and an estimated 750,000 hit Germany and an estimated 750,000

Germans starved to deathGermans starved to death

B. German U-Boat ResponseB. German U-Boat Response1.1. UnterseebootUnterseeboot (submarine) was used to blockade Britain (submarine) was used to blockade Britain2.2. rules of war one was to give warning eventually Germany rules of war one was to give warning eventually Germany

was forced to use was forced to use unrestricted submarineunrestricted submarine warfare—sink warfare—sink without warningwithout warning

3.3. May 7, 1915 May 7, 1915 LusitaniaLusitania was sunk off the southern coast of was sunk off the southern coast of Ireland killing 1198 persons 128 AmericansIreland killing 1198 persons 128 Americansa. Ship carried a. Ship carried weaponsweapons, Britain denied until the end of the war, Britain denied until the end of the war

4.4. ArabicArabic sank killing two Americans sank killing two Americans5.5. SussexSussex killing 80 and some Americans killing 80 and some Americans

a. Germany promised to stop unrestricted sub warfare if they could a. Germany promised to stop unrestricted sub warfare if they could persuade Britain to lift blockade against persuade Britain to lift blockade against foodfood and and fertilizersfertilizers if if not Germany may renew unrestricted warfarenot Germany may renew unrestricted warfare

C. 1916 ElectionC. 1916 Election1. 1. WilsonWilson defeated Supreme Court Justice defeated Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Charles Evans

HughesHughes in a very close election in a very close election

- Two main reasons for war 1) ensure Allied repayment of debt and prevent Germany to threaten U.S. Trade

VI. The Untied States Declares WarVI. The Untied States Declares War A. German ProvocationA. German Provocation

1.1. January 31 kaiser announced January 31 kaiser announced unrestricted unrestricted submarine warfarewarfare

2. Zimmerman NoteNote—telegram from German minister to the —telegram from German minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, it proposed an alliance in German ambassador in Mexico, it proposed an alliance in which Mexico would get Texas New Mexico and Arizona backwhich Mexico would get Texas New Mexico and Arizona back

3.3. four unarmed four unarmed merchantmerchant ships sunk killing 36 ships sunk killing 36

4.4. RussiaRussia had a revolution which the monarch was abolished had a revolution which the monarch was abolished (War for Democracy(War for Democracy

B. America ActsB. America Acts1.1. April 2, 1917 April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war on the asked Congress to declare war on the

Central PowersCentral Powers

2.2. few days later war was few days later war was declared

He was the Emperor of Germany, and he gave Franz Joseph of Austria a blank check to invade Serbia.He was the Emperor of Germany, and he gave Franz Joseph of Austria a blank check to invade Serbia. Wilhelm II Wilhelm II He was trained by the Black Hand and he assonated the Archduke of Austria.He was trained by the Black Hand and he assonated the Archduke of Austria. Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip He was heir of the Austrian thrown, he was considered a moderate and the Black Hand wanted his He was heir of the Austrian thrown, he was considered a moderate and the Black Hand wanted his

deathFranz Ferdinand deathFranz Ferdinand This is the devotion to the interest and culture of one’s nation.This is the devotion to the interest and culture of one’s nation. NationalismNationalism This is one of the causes of WWI that dealt with conquering weaker peopleThis is one of the causes of WWI that dealt with conquering weaker people ImperialismImperialism This is the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.This is the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy. MilitarismMilitarism This is the Alliance of United States, England, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia.This is the Alliance of United States, England, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia. Allied Powers Allied Powers This is the Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire.This is the Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire. Central Powers Central Powers This was the German plan to fight a two front war.This was the German plan to fight a two front war. Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan This warfare consisted of fighting for yards of ground and in between the trenches was called “no man’s This warfare consisted of fighting for yards of ground and in between the trenches was called “no man’s

land”.land”. Trench Warfare Trench Warfare This is the spreading of false information to promote your cause.This is the spreading of false information to promote your cause. PropagandaPropaganda This is when submarines would sink merchant ships with out warning.This is when submarines would sink merchant ships with out warning. Unrestricted Submarine WarfareUnrestricted Submarine Warfare This was the telegram that was intercepted by the British that had the German promise the return of This was the telegram that was intercepted by the British that had the German promise the return of

southwest United States to Mexico.southwest United States to Mexico. Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note

Section 2: American Power Section 2: American Power Tips the Balance (381-387)Tips the Balance (381-387)

I. America MobilizesI. America MobilizesA. Raising an ArmyA. Raising an Army

1.1. 200,000200,000 when war was declared when war was declared2.2. Selective Service ActSelective Service Act——May 1917, act required men to register May 1917, act required men to register

with the government in order to be randomly selected for with the government in order to be randomly selected for military servicemilitary servicea.a. 24 million registered/24 million registered/3 million3 million called up called upb.b. Most not graduated Most not graduated high schoolhigh school and 1/5 were foreign born and 1/5 were foreign bornc.c. 369th Infantry (369th Infantry (African-AmericanAfrican-American) saw most continuous ) saw most continuous

duty and received Croix de Guerre “Cross of War”duty and received Croix de Guerre “Cross of War”d.d. EightEight month training needed month training needed had to use fake weapons for had to use fake weapons for

trainingtraininge.e. Women allowed in Women allowed in Army CorpsArmy Corps of Nurses and 13,000 worked of Nurses and 13,000 worked

non-combat positionsnon-combat positionsB. Mass ProductionB. Mass Production

1.1. early 1917 twice the early 1917 twice the tonnagetonnage was sunk than was built was sunk than was built2.2. Four crucial stepsFour crucial steps

a.a. ShipyardShipyard workers were exempted from the draft workers were exempted from the draftb.b. Distributed service Distributed service flagsflags to families of shipyard workers and to families of shipyard workers and

Encouraged Encouraged automobileautomobile owners to drive shipyard workers to owners to drive shipyard workers to workwork

c.c. FabricationFabrication techniques, parts built elsewhere techniques, parts built elsewhered.d. Used Used commercialcommercial and and privateprivate ships and converted them for ships and converted them for

transatlantic war usetransatlantic war use

II. America Turns the Tide A. Fighting in Europe

1. convoy system—heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant

ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups2. helped lay mines from Scotland to Norway3. 2 million cross the Atlantic (637 died from U-Boats)4. Americans brought enthusiasm which helped turn the tide

III. Fighting “Over There” A. Doughboys

1. American Expeditionary Force (AEF)—called doughboys, this was the name given to the American Army in Europe, they were led

by General John J. Pershing B. New Weapons

1. Machine gun could fire more bullets per second2. tank (Somme)3. airplane (drop bombs and air combat (interrupter

gear)), Eddie Rickinbacker was the most famous American pilot,

fought the “Flying Circus” a German air squadron led by the

“Red Baron” Manfred von Richtofen

4. Britain used strategic bombings of factories and bases

5. Zeppelins were used by Germany for bombings of London

IV. The War Introduces New HazardsIV. The War Introduces New Hazards

A. CasualtiesA. Casualtiesa.a. Lice, rats, Lice, rats,

dysenterydysentery

b.b. battle battle fatiguefatigue/shell /shell shockshock

c.c. trenchtrench foot foot

d.d. trenchtrench mouth mouth

V. American Troops Go on the Offensive A. Successes

1. victories at Cantigney, Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood and Second

Battle of the Marne stopped German advances 2. Successful offensives at Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne

B. American War Hero 1. Alvin York from Tennessee

a. Conscientious objector—person who opposes war on moral

ground b. Killed 25 Germans and with six others

captured 132 Germans C. Collapse of Germany

1. November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrenders2. German sailors commit mutiny3. November 9, German socialists established a

German republic4. November 11, an armistice, or truce, was signed at

11 A.M. D. Final Toll

1. 22 million died world wide (half civilian)2. 20 million wounded3. 10 million refugees4. 48,000 Americans died in Battle, 62,000 died of

disease and 200,000 were wounded

He led the AEF in Europe, he also led U.S. troops in Cuba and Mexico.He led the AEF in Europe, he also led U.S. troops in Cuba and Mexico. John PershingJohn Pershing He was from Tennessee, he objected to the war but when joined he killed 25 He was from Tennessee, he objected to the war but when joined he killed 25

German’s and captured another 132.German’s and captured another 132.Alvin YorkAlvin York

He was the most famous American Pilot who fought the famed German Flying He was the most famous American Pilot who fought the famed German Flying Circus.Circus.

Eddie RickinbackerEddie Rickinbacker How did the United States raise a naval force to fight the war?How did the United States raise a naval force to fight the war?a.a. ShipyardShipyard workers were exempted from the draft workers were exempted from the draftb.b. Distributed service Distributed service flagsflags to families of shipyard workers and Encouraged to families of shipyard workers and Encouraged

automobileautomobile owners to drive shipyard workers to work owners to drive shipyard workers to workc.c. FabricationFabrication techniques, parts built elsewhere techniques, parts built elsewhered.d. Used Used commercialcommercial and and privateprivate ships and converted them for transatlantic war ships and converted them for transatlantic war

useuse This required men to register with the government in order to be randomly This required men to register with the government in order to be randomly

selected for military service.selected for military service. Selective Service Act Selective Service Act This is when destroyers and other warships protected merchant ships as they This is when destroyers and other warships protected merchant ships as they

crossed the Atlantic.crossed the Atlantic. Convoy System Convoy System This was the nickname given for the American Expeditionary Force.This was the nickname given for the American Expeditionary Force. Dough BoysDough Boys What minority groups won the Croix de Guerre “Cross of War”.What minority groups won the Croix de Guerre “Cross of War”. African AmericansAfrican Americans This is a person that opposes the war on moral ground.This is a person that opposes the war on moral ground. Conscientious ObjectorConscientious Objector This was the exact time that the armistice or truce was signed.This was the exact time that the armistice or truce was signed. 11 A.M. Nov. 11, 191811 A.M. Nov. 11, 1918

CountriesTotal

MobilizedKilled

& Died Wounded

Prisoners& Missing

TotalCasualties

Casualties % of Mobilized

Allied Powers            Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3

British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1

United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2

Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2

Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4

Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8

Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9

Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 17,000 11.7

Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3

Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0

Total42,188,81

05,152,11

512,831,00

44,121,090

22,104,209

52.3

Section 3: The War at Home Section 3: The War at Home (388-395)(388-395)

I. Congress Gives Power to WilsonI. Congress Gives Power to WilsonA. War Industries BoardA. War Industries Board

1. 1. War Industries BoardWar Industries Board (WIB)—under the control of (WIB)—under the control of Bernard M. Bernard M. BaruchBaruch, encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques, encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase output and set production quotas and allocated rawto increase output and set production quotas and allocated raw materialsmaterials2. applied price controls only at the 2. applied price controls only at the wholesalewholesale level, companies profits level, companies profits soared (chemicals, meatpacking, oil and steel)soared (chemicals, meatpacking, oil and steel)

3. 3. Railroad AdministrationRailroad Administration—controlled railroads and transportation of —controlled railroads and transportation of goodsgoods

4. 4. Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration—monitored coal supplies and rationed —monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and heating oilgasoline and heating oil5. March 1918 5. March 1918 daylight-savingdaylight-saving time was adopted time was adopted

B. War EconomyB. War Economy1.1. incomes grew but that was offset by the rising incomes grew but that was offset by the rising foodfood and and housinghousing

costscosts2.2. unionsunions grew because of the “sped ups”, poor conditions and child grew because of the “sped ups”, poor conditions and child

laborlabor3.3. National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board—established 8 hour work day, stop of —established 8 hour work day, stop of

child labor, told strike to stop or “Work or Fight”child labor, told strike to stop or “Work or Fight”C. Food AdministrationC. Food Administration

1.1. Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover, Belgium Relief, conserved food resources (1 , Belgium Relief, conserved food resources (1 meatless, 1 Sweetless, two wheatless and two porkless days)meatless, 1 Sweetless, two wheatless and two porkless days)

2.2. Homeowners planted Homeowners planted VictoryVictory Gardens Gardens3.3. Hoover set up high prices for Hoover set up high prices for wheatwheat and other staples and other staples

II. Selling the WarII. Selling the WarA. War Financing ($33.5 Billion) 1. 1/3 raised through taxes including the progressive tax 2. war-profits tax, higher taxes on tobacco, liquor and luxury goods 3. 4 Liberty Loan (Bonds) and 1 Victory Bond

B. Committee on Public Information 1. Committee on Public Information—headed by George Creel

was a propaganda agency which was designed to influence

people’s thoughts and actions2. paintings, sculptures etc. promoting the war3. “Four Minute Men” gave spoke of draft, rationing etc.4. printing 25 million copies “How the War Came to America”5. though it promoted patriotism it inflamed hatred and violation of

civil liberties of immigrants

Central Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

Germany 37,775,000,000

Austria-Hungary 20,622,960,000

Turkey 1,430,000,000

Bulgaria 815,200,000

Total of all Costs 60,643,160,000

Allied Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

United States 22,625,253,000

Great Britain 35,334,012,000

France 24,265,583,000

Russia 22,293,950,000

Italy 12,413,998,000

Belgium 1,154,468,000

Romania 1,600,000,000

Japan 40,000,000

Serbia 399,400,000

Greece 270,000,000

Canada 1,665,576,000

Australia 1,423,208,000

New Zealand 378,750,000

India 601,279,000

South Africa 300,000,000

British Colonies 125,000,000

Others 500,000,000

Total of all Costs 125,690,477,000

III. Attacks on Civil Liberties IncreaseIII. Attacks on Civil Liberties IncreaseA. Anti-Immigrant HysteriaA. Anti-Immigrant Hysteria

1.1. GermanGerman/Austrian-Hungary picked on the most/Austrian-Hungary picked on the most2.2. GermanGerman music, books language banned music, books language banned3.3. flogging/hazing went onflogging/hazing went on4.4. GermanGerman food names changed food names changed

B. Espionage and Sedition ActsB. Espionage and Sedition Acts1.1. Espionage and Sedition ActsEspionage and Sedition Acts—a person could be —a person could be

fined up to $10,000 and sentence to 20 years in jail for fined up to $10,000 and sentence to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying anything interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal, profane or abusive about the American disloyal, profane or abusive about the American Government and war effortGovernment and war effort

2.2. violated 1st Amendment violated 1st Amendment SchenckSchenck v. United States v. United States allowed U.S. to suspend rights in times of warallowed U.S. to suspend rights in times of war

3.3. Victor BergerVictor Berger a Socialist leader not allowed his seat in a Socialist leader not allowed his seat in CongressCongress

4.4. Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs was given a 10 sentence speaking was given a 10 sentence speaking against war and draftagainst war and draft

5.5. Emma GoldmanEmma Goldman was given two year prison sentence was given two year prison sentence and deported back to Russiaand deported back to Russia

6.6. Big Bill HaywoodBig Bill Haywood of the IWW was arrested, skip bail of the IWW was arrested, skip bail and fled to Russia, IWW collapsedand fled to Russia, IWW collapsed

Changing of NamesChanging of Names In England, anti-German sentiment was so severe In England, anti-German sentiment was so severe

that the ruling House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha that the ruling House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha became the House of Windsor, Battenberg became became the House of Windsor, Battenberg became Mountbatten and the German Shepherd was Mountbatten and the German Shepherd was renamed the Alsatian. In New Orleans, Berlin St. renamed the Alsatian. In New Orleans, Berlin St. was renamed for General Pershing (head of the was renamed for General Pershing (head of the Allied Expeditionary Force), and sauerkraut came Allied Expeditionary Force), and sauerkraut came to be called (by some) Liberty Cabbage. In Canada, to be called (by some) Liberty Cabbage. In Canada, the Ontario city of Berlin changed its name to the Ontario city of Berlin changed its name to become Kitchener, after the British military hero become Kitchener, after the British military hero pictured on the famous "I want YOU!" recruiting pictured on the famous "I want YOU!" recruiting poster. The English Kennel Club only re-authorised poster. The English Kennel Club only re-authorised the term 'German Shepherd' to be used as an the term 'German Shepherd' to be used as an official name in 1977.official name in 1977.

IV. The War Encourages Social ChangeIV. The War Encourages Social Change

A. African Americans and the WarA. African Americans and the War1.1. W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois believed blacks should help in the war effort, while believed blacks should help in the war effort, while

others like others like William Monroe TrotterWilliam Monroe Trotter believed blacks shouldn’t believed blacks shouldn’t because of the inequalitiesbecause of the inequalities

2.2. most most African-AmericansAfrican-Americans backed the war backed the warB. The Great MigrationB. The Great Migration

1.1. Great MigrationGreat Migration—large-scale movement of southern blacks to —large-scale movement of southern blacks to cities in the Northcities in the North

2.2. escape escape Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws, boll Weevil infestation, recruitment were , boll Weevil infestation, recruitment were all factors in the movementall factors in the movement

3.3. overcrowding in the overcrowding in the NorthNorth increased racial tensions increased racial tensionsC. Women in the WarC. Women in the War

1.1. started working in started working in malemale occupations occupations2.2. volunteer for volunteer for Red CrossRed Cross3.3. did not get did not get equalequal pay for equal work but involvement helped the pay for equal work but involvement helped the

passage of women’s suffragepassage of women’s suffrage4.4. Jane AddamsJane Addams founded Women’s Peace Party in 1915 to promote founded Women’s Peace Party in 1915 to promote

World PeaceWorld PeaceD. The Flu EpidemicD. The Flu Epidemic

1.1. ¼ of U.S. ¼ of U.S. populationpopulation affected affected2.2. economy shut down, sporting events cancelled, poor people were unburied economy shut down, sporting events cancelled, poor people were unburied

for weeks and coffins were in short supply (about for weeks and coffins were in short supply (about 500,000500,000 Americans died) Americans died)3.3. over ¼ of soldiers were sickover ¼ of soldiers were sick4.4. 30 million30 million died worldwide died worldwide

He was in charge of Belgian Relief, he later was placed in charge of the He was in charge of Belgian Relief, he later was placed in charge of the Food Administration.Food Administration.

Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover How did the United States Finance the War?How did the United States Finance the War? 1/3 raised through taxes including the progressive tax war-profits tax, higher taxes on tobacco, liquor and luxury goods 4 Liberty Loan (Bonds) and 1 Victory Bond Bernard Baruch encouraged companies to use mass-production Bernard Baruch encouraged companies to use mass-production

techniques and allocated resources.techniques and allocated resources. War Industries Board War Industries Board This established an eight hour workday and halted strikes.This established an eight hour workday and halted strikes. National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board This was headed by George Creel, they tried to influence people’s This was headed by George Creel, they tried to influence people’s

thought and actions in order to promote the war.thought and actions in order to promote the war. Committee on Public Information Committee on Public Information and Sedition Acts fined a person $10,000 and sentence to 20 years in jail and Sedition Acts fined a person $10,000 and sentence to 20 years in jail

for interfering with the ware effort or saying anything disloyal.for interfering with the ware effort or saying anything disloyal. Espionage Espionage This describe the large scale movement of African Americans to the This describe the large scale movement of African Americans to the

north.north. Great Migration Great Migration What killed 30 million people worldwide from fall of 1918 to Spring 1919.What killed 30 million people worldwide from fall of 1918 to Spring 1919. InfluenzaInfluenza How does W.E.B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter views on African How does W.E.B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter views on African

American involvement in WWI differ?American involvement in WWI differ? Name me two prominent Americans that were arrested of being disloyal Name me two prominent Americans that were arrested of being disloyal

Americans.Americans.

Section 4: Wilson Fights for Section 4: Wilson Fights for Peace (398-403)Peace (398-403)

I. Wilson Presents His PlanI. Wilson Presents His Plan A. A. Fourteen PointsFourteen Points

1. There should be no 1. There should be no secretsecret treaties amongst nations treaties amongst nations2. Freedom of the 2. Freedom of the seasseas should be maintained for all should be maintained for all3. Tariffs and other 3. Tariffs and other economiceconomic barriers among nations should be lowered or barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free tradeabolished in order to foster free trade4. 4. ArmsArms should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent with domestic should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses” during safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses” during diplomatic crisesdiplomatic crises5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the 5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonialcolonial peoples as peoples as well as the interest of well as the interest of imperialistimperialist powers powers6. next eight points dealt with 6. next eight points dealt with boundaryboundary changes with ethnic groups changes with ethnic groups7. 7. League of NationsLeague of Nations would provide a forum for nations to discuss and would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle settle their grievances without having to resort to wartheir grievances without having to resort to war

B. The Allies Reject Wilson’s PlanB. The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan1. French Premier 1. French Premier Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau went through two German went through two German invasionsinvasions of France and wanted Germany weakenedof France and wanted Germany weakened2. 2. David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George, British Prime Minister, won reelection on the , British Prime Minister, won reelection on the promisepromise

that Germany will be punishedthat Germany will be punished3. 3. Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy, wanted Austrian lands promised , Prime Minister of Italy, wanted Austrian lands promised his countryhis country4. “4. “Big FourBig Four”—Wilson, Clemenceau, George, and Orlando”—Wilson, Clemenceau, George, and Orlando5. Wilson gave up on most of the Fourteen Points in order to get the 5. Wilson gave up on most of the Fourteen Points in order to get the LeagueLeague of Nationsof Nations

II. Debating the Treaty of VersaillesII. Debating the Treaty of Versailles

A. Provisions of the TreatyA. Provisions of the Treaty1. created 1. created ninenine new countries, new countries, mandatemandate system system (temporary(temporary colonies) for Ottoman landscolonies) for Ottoman lands2. barred Germany from maintaining 2. barred Germany from maintaining armyarmy3. gave France 3. gave France Alsace-LorraineAlsace-Lorraine4. Germany to pay 4. Germany to pay $33 Billion$33 Billion dollars in reparations, war dollars in reparations, war damages, to the Alliesdamages, to the Allies

B. Treaty WeaknessesB. Treaty Weaknesses1.1. Treaty did not have the strength for a lasting Treaty did not have the strength for a lasting peacepeace2.2. humiliated Germany, humiliated Germany, war-guiltwar-guilt clause, forced Germany admit clause, forced Germany admit

sole responsibility for starting WWIsole responsibility for starting WWI3.3. too high of too high of reparationsreparations, lacked resources with the taking away of , lacked resources with the taking away of

oversea possessionsoversea possessions4.4. RussiaRussia (Soviet Union) lost more land than Germany and wanted (Soviet Union) lost more land than Germany and wanted

lands backlands back5.5. colonized people did not get colonized people did not get self-determinationself-determination

C. Opposition to the TreatyC. Opposition to the Treaty1.1. Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover thought it was too harsh and there would be thought it was too harsh and there would be

economic consequenceseconomic consequences

2.2. Others felt it was a sell out for ImperialismOthers felt it was a sell out for Imperialism

3.3. Goes from having many Poles living in Goes from having many Poles living in GermanyGermany to many to many GermansGermans living in Poland living in Poland

D. Debate Over the League of NationsD. Debate Over the League of Nations1. 1. Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge was had of conservative senators was had of conservative senators

(irreconcilables) that wanted the constitutional right for Congress (irreconcilables) that wanted the constitutional right for Congress to declare war included in the Treatyto declare war included in the Treaty

E. Wilson Refuses to CompromiseE. Wilson Refuses to Compromise1.1. Wilson would have compromise Wilson would have compromise he may have had enough had enough

(reservationalists) Republicans to get the Treaty (reservationalists) Republicans to get the Treaty ratifiedratified

2.2. October 2, Wilson suffered a October 2, Wilson suffered a strokestroke and was partially paralyzed and was partially paralyzed

3.3. CongressCongress fear that membership in the League would force the fear that membership in the League would force the United States to form its foreign policy in accord with the LeagueUnited States to form its foreign policy in accord with the League

4.4. Separate attempts for the Treaty ratifications failed in the Separate attempts for the Treaty ratifications failed in the SenateSenate

5.5. United States signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921 United States signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921 after after WilsonWilson left office and never joined the left office and never joined the LeagueLeague

III. The Legacy of the WarIII. The Legacy of the WarA. American Moves OnA. American Moves On

1.1. Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding won the 1920 election on won the 1920 election on the promise to return to “normalcy”the promise to return to “normalcy”

2.2. U.S. U.S. militarymilitary expanded as did Government expanded as did Government controlcontrol

3.3. in Europe loss of life severely damaged social in Europe loss of life severely damaged social and and politicalpolitical systems systems

4.4. CommunismCommunism started in Russia started in Russia

5.5. FascismFascism found strength in post war Europe found strength in post war Europe

6.6. The mistakes of Versailles will be felt in the years The mistakes of Versailles will be felt in the years to cometo come

He was the Prime Minister of Italy who wanted Austrian lands He was the Prime Minister of Italy who wanted Austrian lands that were promised when they entered the war.that were promised when they entered the war.

Vittorio Orlando Vittorio Orlando He was the British Prime Minister who was elected on the He was the British Prime Minister who was elected on the

promise that Germany would be weakened.promise that Germany would be weakened. David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George He was the French Premier who lived through two German He was the French Premier who lived through two German

invasions of his country.invasions of his country. Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau He led the Irreconcilable Republicans in trying to block the He led the Irreconcilable Republicans in trying to block the

U.S. participation in the League of Nations.U.S. participation in the League of Nations. Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge He was the author of the Fourteen points.He was the author of the Fourteen points. Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Describe three weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles. Describe three weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles. What was the nickname of the leaders of France, Italy, What was the nickname of the leaders of France, Italy,

England and the United States.England and the United States. Big Four Big Four This clause humiliated many Germans.This clause humiliated many Germans. war-guilt clausewar-guilt clause These are the Republicans who would sign the treaty of These are the Republicans who would sign the treaty of

Versailles if the League of Nations was amended.Versailles if the League of Nations was amended. ReservationalistsReservationalists