APPROVAL SHEET Complete report of Animal’s Physiology Experiment with title “Urinary System” who is made by: Name : Nur Rezki Octavia Reg. No : 081404174 Group : VI (sixth) Class : Biology ICP Department : Biology After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted. Makassar, May 2010 Assistant Coordinator Assistant Djuamarirmanto, S.Pd Mutmainna Ekawati Reg. No : 071404189 Known By:
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APPROVAL SHEET
Complete report of Animal’s Physiology Experiment with title “Urinary
System” who is made by:
Name : Nur Rezki Octavia
Reg. No : 081404174
Group : VI (sixth)
Class : Biology ICP
Department : Biology
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.
Makassar, May 2010
Assistant Coordinator Assistant
Djuamarirmanto, S.Pd Mutmainna Ekawati Reg. No : 071404189
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe urinary system (also called the excretory system ) is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine . In humans it includes two kidneys , two ureters , the bladder , the urethra , and two sphincter muscles.
Physiology
[edit] KidneyMain article: Kidney
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that lie in the abdomen , retroperitoneal to the organs of digestion, around or just below the ribcage and close to the lumbar spine . The organ is about the size of a human fist and is surrounded by what is called Peri-nephric fat, and situated on the superior pole of each kidney is an adrenal gland . The kidneys receive their blood supply of 1.25 L/min (25% of the cardiac output ) from the renal arteries which are fed by the abdominal aorta . This is important because the kidneys ' main role is to filter water soluble waste products from the blood. The other attachment of the kidneys are at their functional endpoints the ureters , which lies more medial and runs down to the trigone of urinary bladder .
The kidneys perform a number of tasks, such as: concentrating urine, regulating electrolytes, and maintaining acid-base homeostasis. The kidney excretes and re-absorbs electrolytes (e.g. sodium, potassium and calcium) under the influence of local and systemic hormones. pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. In addition, they remove urea, a nitrogenous waste product from the metabolism of amino acids. The end point is a hyperosmolar solution carrying waste for storage in the bladder prior to urination.
Humans produce about 2.9 liters of urine over 24 hours, although this amount may vary according to circumstances. Because the rate of filtration at the kidney is proportional to the glomerular filtration rate, which is in turn related to the blood flow through the kidney, changes in body fluid status can affect kidney function. Hormones exogenous and endogenous to the kidney alter the amount of blood flowing through the glomerulus. Some medications interfere directly or indirectly with urine production. Diuretics achieve this by altering the amount of absorbed or excreted electrolytes or osmalites, which causes a diuresis.
Anonymb
Urine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaUrine is a liquid product of the body that is secreted by the kidneys by a process called urination and excreted through the urethra . Cellular metabolism generates numerous waste compounds, many rich in nitrogen , that require elimination from the bloodstream . This waste is eventually expelled from the body in a process known as micturition , the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. These chemicals can be detected and analyzed by urinalysis . Amniotic fluid is closely related to urine, and can be analyzed by amniocentesis . PhysiologyMain article: Renal physiology
To eliminate soluble wastes, which are toxic, most animals have excretory systems . In humans soluble wastes are excreted by way of the urinary system , which consists of the kidneys , ureters , urinary bladder , and urethra . The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. Remaining fluid contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows through these structures: the kidney , ureter , bladder , and finally the urethra . Urine is produced by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular section.
[edit] Unusual color
Colorless urine indicates over-hydration, which is usually considered much healthier than dehydration. In the context of a drug test, it could indicate a potential attempt to avoid detection of illicit drugs in the bloodstream through over-hydration. [2]
Dark yellow urine is often indicative of dehydration. Yellowing/light orange may be caused by removal of excess B vitamins from
the bloodstream. Certain medications such as rifampin and pyridium can cause orange urine. Bloody urine is termed hematuria , potentially a sign of a bladder infection. Dark orange to brown urine can be a symptom of jaundice , rhabdomyolysis ,
or Gilbert's syndrome . Black or dark-colored urine is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by
a melanoma . Fluorescent yellow / greenish urine may be caused by dietary supplemental
vitamins, especially the B vitamins. Consumption of beets can cause urine to have a pinkish tint, and asparagus
consumption can turn urine greenish.
Anonymc
Urinary organ
Urethra
The urethra is a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Its wall is lined with mucous membranes and contains a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle tissue. It also contains numerous mucous glands, called "urethral glands," that secrete mucus into the urethral canal. In females the urethra is about 4 cm long. It passes forward from the bladder, descends below the symphysis pubis, and empties into the labia minor. Its opening is located above the vaginal opening and about 2.5 cm below the clitoris. In males, the urethra, which functions both as a urinary canal and a passageway for cells and secretions from various reproductive organs, can be divided into three sections: the prostatic urethra, the membranous urethra, and the penile urethra.
Renal Pelvis
The outside surface of each kidney is convex, while the side toward the center is deeply concave. The resulting middle depression leads into a hollow chamber called the "renal sinus." The entrance to this sinus is termed the "hilum," and through it pass various blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter. The superior end of the ureter is expanded to form a funnel-shaped sac called the "renal pelvis," which is located inside the renal sinus. The pelvis is divided into two or three tubes, called the "major calyces" (the singular is calyx), and they are divided into several (eight to fourteen) "minor calyces."
Kidneys
About one-quarter (750-1,000 pints daily) of the blood which is output by the heart is sent to the body's "filter treatment plant", where it is purified by the kidneys and circulated on to the rest of the body. One to two thousandths (1/1000-2/1000) of the blood flow becomes fluid waste and is sent into the bladder for storage until it can be conveniently expelled. This toxic waste is called urine. The kidneys are located about two inches above the body's midline just below and behind the liver in the upper abdomen and behind the lower ribs. They receive about 120 pints of blood per hour, even if other body systems are shorted.
CHAPTER IIIEXPERIMENT METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day / date : Wednesday, May 12th 2010
Time : At 08.30 am until 10.00 am
Place of experiment : At the 2nd floor of Biology laboratory, the west part
Mathematic and Science Faculty, Makassar State
University
B. Tools and Materials
1. The first activity (Sight or vision sense)
a. Tools
4) Handphone electritorch
5) Ruler
b. Material: Participants (him/her)
2. The second activity (Hearing sense)
a. Tool: Watch
b. Material: Participants (him/her)
3. The third activity (Smell sense)
a. Tool: -
b. Materials
1) Perfume
2) Eucalyptus oil
3) Citrus aurantifolia
4) Coffea robusta
5) Tuber of Curcuma domestica
6) Tuber of Zingiber officinale
7) Piper nigrum
8) Cinnamomun burmanni
9) Coriander
10) Participants (Her/him)
4. The fourth activity (Taste sense)
a. Tool:-
b. Materials
1) Capsicum frutescens
2) Sugar
3) Salt
4) Soybean sauce
5) Participants (Her/him)
C. Work Procedure
1. The first activity (Sight or vision sense)
a) Prepared all tools and materials.
b) Flashed handphone electritorch at participant eye.
c) Measured eye pupil diameter.
d) Wrote down into table of observation.
2. The second activity (Hearing sense)
a) Prepared all of tools and materials.
b) Made near between watch and ear and made far slowly from ear until
sound of beat watch has been heard.
c) Measured distance between ear and watch.
d) Wrote down the result of observation
Prepared all tools and materials
Flashed light
Measured eye pupil diameter
Wrote down result of observation
3. The third activity (Smell sense)
a) Prepared all materials
b) Smelled each material with closed eye.
c) Identified each material that has been smelled.
d) Wrote down the result of observation.
4. The fourth activity (Taste sense)
a) Prepared all of tools and materials.
b) Tasted each material with closed eye.
c) Identified each material that has been tasted.
d) Wrote down the result of observation
Prepared all the tools and materials
Made near and far watch from ear
Measured the distance
Wrote down result of observation
Prepared all materials
Smelled each material
Identified smell
Wrote down result of observation
Prepared all materials
Tasted each material
Identified taste
Wrote down result of observation
CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
1. Conclusion
Based on observation that we is done, we can conclude that:
1. The greater the intensity of light entering the eye, the smaller the size of the
pupil and the smaller the intensity of light entering the eye pupil size is getting
bigger.
2. Each individual has different capacities to receive and respond to sound
stimuly.
3. From the results can be obtained that the location of the smell receptors located
on the upper nose. Sensitive to the base of the tongue taste is bitter, the right
and left tongue sensitive is sour taste, the front side sensitive to taste is salty,
and the tongue tip sensitive to sweet taste.
2. Suggestion
1. I hope laboratory equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do
observation well.
2. Assistant can do practicum early and regulary.
3. Practicants can do observation well, especially in our corporate.
APPROVAL SHEET
Complete report of Animal’s Physiology with title “Homeostasis Cell” who is
made by:
Name : Nur Rezki Octavia
Reg. No : 081404174
Group : VI (sixth)
Class : Biology ICP
Department : Biology
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.
Makassar, March 2010
Assistant Coordinator Assistant
Djumarirmanto, S.pd Nunu Dwi Warti Reg. No : 071404013