URC_2005_The Case of the Teduray People in Eight Barangays of Upi, Maguindanao

Notre Dame University Cotaba~ Gity

Research Monograph No 27 J j i ~ _

- Imiddot

The Case of the Teduray Peole In eight barangays of

Upl Magulndanao

This Research Monograph Series presents the researches conducted by the University Research Center

Notre Da111e UIIiversity Cotabato City

The University Research Center has three service units Socio-Economic Research Center (SERC) Institutional Research and Development ORD) and DataBank (DB)

With its multi-service units the University Research Center performs the NDU Vision-Mission to serve as a center for the meeting and dialogue between science and faith URCs mandate is to promote the advancement of knowledge and development in Central Mindanao and the ARMM areas through relevant and multishydisciplinary approaches on issues of change and development of peoples in this part of Mindanao

Sln( ~ SOClo-EcONOMIC RESEARCH CENTER engages in collaborationparticipatory action

researches on issues of development local and national of private and

public agenciesinstitutions in Region XII (Central Mindanao) and the

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) areas identified in

the East Asean Growth Area (EAGA) polygon

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AND DEVEL-OPMENT IRO serves as the research and planning arm of the University

providing assistance to University sectors It conducts institutional

researches and planning development programs for institutional

development

DATABANKDB bull ~ provides collection of facts and figures about strategic

regions of Mindanae particularly the Autonomous Region in Muslim

Mindanao (ARMM) Region XII (Central Mindanao) and SPCPD areas

It allows information access and retrieval through Internet-based

system with the Federico Aquino Internet of Notre Dame University

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Socio-Economic Research Center May 2005 I

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Research Monograph No 27

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The ~ase of the Teduray People In eight barangeys of

Upi Magulndanao

A research conducted by the NDU Research Center (NDURC) in cooperation with Accion Contra EI Hambre (ACH)

INTRODUCTION

In physical appearance the T eduray hav~ [he looks of the Malay T edurays are traditionally engaged in slash-andshyburn farming and practiced animistic form of religion They have their own language which is structurally related to the Malayo-Polynesian family (Schlegel 1994) Their traditional clolhing is bahag or G-string but is rarely used this time except for ceremonial or ritual purposes According to their attachment to traditional practices Teduray may be classified into acculturated and traditional The former are those who live in the northernmost portions of the territory and who have dose contact with the lowland settlers while the latter are those who have survived deep in the tropical forest region of the Cotabato cordillera and have retained a traditional mode of production and value system (de Leon 2002)

Almost all barangays occupied by the T eduray are hilly and roiling with limited scanered plains The common IlloJe of

transportation in going to the T eduray communities is a four-wheel drive and double-tire vehicle that could traverse the rough and rugged terrain Internal transportation modes are sinele motor vehicles locally known as skv-Iah

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and horses Many of the T eduray depend primarily on agciculture-based economy with rice and corn as the main crops Rain-fed rice and corn farming is the most common practice in the area The T eduray thriving in such a subsistence economy suggests their highly vulnerable character Being part of the mainstream culture the farming T edurays have now become fully integrated into the market economy Anthropologist Schlegel sees an intensification of the trend of acculturation of the T eduray

indigenou~ peoples and considers this tradsformation as inevitable and irreversible

Accion Contra El Hambre (ACH) is an inrern~rion~1 nonshygovernment organization that addresses hunger disease and other crises that threaten the lives of helpless men women and children Its program interventions in the areas of water and sanitation health nutrition and food security aim to benefit to marginalized and vulnerable communities For its program services in this area of Central Mindanao it becomes necessary for the ACH to understand the forms of vulnerability and capacity of the communities they serve such as those ofTedurays

It is in this light that Accion Contra El Hambre launched I-F M i1I1 lIa 11111 ne r 11-t-v (uh~middote~ror-H Proerr Th-A L ampampampamp~ pound V t IlA Aamp uv -J Uo) L yu LJ amp J ~_ L shy

project aimed to facilitate the implementation of more effective and cost efficient programs that could have better impact on the local communities Guided by this principle data generation through the Mindanao Vulnerability Observatory became imperative

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

The MVO is a tool for data generation aimed to understand the local context of the T eduray community and to examine the communitys vulnerability and risks More specifically it sought to

1 describe the characteristics of the T eduray communi ty and households

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2 determine the nrCilS of vulnerability among the Tcdnrays and the factors chat explain their vulnerability and

3 determine their capnclLJes and COpIng mechanisms to address their problem~

The study employed both the quantitative and qualitative techniques of data collection The quantitative data were collected from the household survey and community profile assessment Secondary data and facts and figures on health education water and sanitation agricultural production on rice and corn income and other related socio-economic variables were collected from relevant agencies such as shyDepartment of Health Region XlI Department of Agriculture XlI Bureau of Agricultural Statistics Maguindanao ARMM National Statistical Coordination Board XII National Statistics Office - ARMM and Department of Education XII

TEDURAY COMMUNITY AND LIFEWAYS

Tedura~y Topography and Community

Th~ Teduray home is in the municipality of Upi Upi is located in the southwestern coast of Maguindanao province It is typically mountainous with scattered hills and very limited plains It has also a coastal portion on the west side facing the vast waters of Illana Bay and Celebes Sea It is home to the T eduray people on~ of the major

I Upi should be taken contextually as homeland ofthe Teduray Thus it refers collectively to the municipalities ofUpi referring to the northern halfand South Upi where the Tedurays predominate in number

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ethnolinguistic groups scattered all over Mindanao These people are also called highlanders on account of the physical environment they inhabit This study covered a total of 8 barangays 6 in North Upi (Renede Rifao Kiga Nalkan Kibukay and Tambak) and 2 in South Upi (Pandan and Kuya)

There are also a number of rivers creeks lakes and springs crisscrossing their homeland These bodies of water serve as important sources of water for drinking as well as for domestic uses Moreover among the upland dwellers where fish is a rarity these waterways are a boon because of the fish that abound in them Water coming from these sources is also used to irrigate their land

i~o1Julation i

The eight barangays considered in this study recorded an aggregate population of 23730 comprising a LOlal of 5010 households based on the Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) conducted in 2002 Of these households the majority is the Teduray accounting for 87 percent Christian households constitute 9 percent of the total while Maguindanaons constitute 4 percent Table 1 Percentage Distribution of Households

Table 1 presents the population composition of the eight study barangays

The eight study bar~gays covered about 2562S hectares The ratio of household to

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land area is 15 hectares There is one household found within five hectares of land ()11 the average 626 people inhabited a barangay indicaring its sparse population

Taking the 2003 household survlt~y that involved 119 Teduray households as reference each household is estimated to comprise an average of 6 members This figure was arrived at based on the total of 716 members that make up the 119 households covered by the survey

The male members predominate in number as they make up 54 percent of the total Household population is typically young considering that those who are within the age range of 0 - 14 years make up (he biggest number which is 5437 percent of the total

Social Organization

Traditionally Teduray commUnIties were organized in settlements of five to ten families that consrituted dispersed hamlets spread out over an area However presently many of the T eduray families are living in more concentrated settlements in the barangays where they are present although some of those traditional dispersed hamlets can be found as well in inner zones The basic residential unit is a nultlear family composed of father mother and the children In some cases unmarried and dependent elders would form part of the household The T eduray word for family is kemureng which means pot that is a family is deemed as a group of persons liv irig together and earing from the same pot

Four overlapping social groups may be identified among tradition~ T eduray the neighborhood the settlement the

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household and the nuclear family The family is determined by kin ties the household and settlement are spatially established and the neighborhood is a function of ongoing social ties related to cooperation in day-to-day subsistence work (Schlegel 19796)

Every swidden farmer must associate his family with others in a neighborhood to be part of the needed cooperative work group but he need not live in company of other families in a settlement In general any family is free to

esta~lish its residence in any settlement it wishes but very often some relationships either consanguineal or affinal link the families that settle together in the same hamlet

Much sharing goes on among the households of a settlement The meat of Alild pig 0 1 dtet or fisll caught in the river is shared through the entire neighborhood This symbolizes the cooperative unity among the members of the community

The largest social unit is the inged (neighborhood) which usually comprises several settlements The householps belonging to the inged render mutual assistance among themselves in all swidden-related activities as well as in all community rituals Ordinarily almost all members of the inged are linked to one another either by blood or through marrIage ties

Socialization for the children starts at an early age They are suckled by their mothers up to the age of two or three or as long as no new baby has arrived Bur once they are able to walk they are allowed to play around thevillagc without any supervision from the elders When they reach the age of six they become helpers in the swidden fields In

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working the Teduray child ren learn all there is to know about surviving in their society so rhat by the time they are adolescents they do the same work as their parents and have absorbed the skills they need to fun(oon as Tcduray adults (Schlegel 197021)

Courtship and Marriage

As he turns 16 the Teduray boys parents and his paternal grandparents look for a bride in a nearby community When they find one they arrange and make preparations for the wedding They thrust a spear thrust in front of the house of the girl symbolizing that they will be asking for her hand

Only in eighth weeks time will the boy find himself married Four weeks after the hand of the girl has been asked the dowry for the bride is set and after another four weeks the wedding is celebrated The wedding the

~ r 1middot 1 bull 1 tIlmiddot 1 bullpreparatIOn or Wnlcn IS aone Dj tne Dnce-elect s relatives is held in the house of the bride-to-be and is officiated by the oldest member of the group The hride and the groom meet for the first time on their wedding day

In search of a bride the boys folks have in mind these basic considerations She must (a) be beautiful (b) possess a sterfing character (c) belong to the same social level as the groom-to-be (d) be industrious and a good cook and (e) be kind to all her in-Jaws and to her husband-to-be

Inrermarriage is unacceptable to the Teduray hence whoever marries a non-T eduray is banished from the tribe Although a girl may have a lover before she gets married she is expected to practice faithfulness once she is married

The T eduray tie procreation to marriage and try to regulate extra-marital sex not because they want to put brake~-on sex per se but because they are concerned with social stability and an enduring relationship for childbearing

Religious Beliefs

The T eduray believe in the existence of gods and spirits for which they put up altars and shrines They ask Cadnan or Tutus their supreme god for blessings while they ask lesser gods and goddesses for favors Menowu- T uduk the god of forest and mountains for gold Menowu-Wayeg goddesss of fishing and streams and Nabi the god of sea and sea-life for fish Cadnan the Almighty and the gods of four directions Tegenon (North) Sibangan (East) Dtidiggan (South) f~d Fledl)11 (Xest) t )r safe trayel and Tftzki the angel 9f goodwill and Kukum the god of justice for justice The Beliyan (religious leader) naked except for a loincloth prays for favors through his songs and qances The Teduray believe that heaven is for them and hell is for the nonshyTeduray

Rituals

As the T eduray forage for food they perform a ritual either the betel nut offering or the burning of incense In the betel nut offering the betel nut is placed on top of bamboo stakes either in front of ones house or on the v~ry field of palay or corn that one wishes to be blessed The Beliyan or the old woman prays aloud befor~ pl~c~ng_ the betel nut offering In the burning of incense the same method is used as in the betel nut offedng except that instead of the betel nut incense or duka is burned The Beliyan prays first before doing either of the rituals

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Livelihood

for a long time the T eduray practiced a suhsistence system mainly based on traditional swidden agriculture Supplemental food supplies were procured rhrough hunting and fishing Other necessities of life such as iron tools for slash and burn agriculture were obtained through trade with the Maguindanaon Cotton material only came in through trade activities since weaving was unknown to the T eduray These articles were obtained by exchanging their rattan almaciga beeswax and tobacco

The T eduray who have turned to plow farming have been integrated into the cash credit and market economy to

follow agricultural techniques and crop selection entailed by a peasant type of economic production Majority of them are small land cultivators

Since ancient times the Teduray have been known as skillful hunters and trappers Aside from their skili at setting traps and snares T eduray hunters are experts in using the blowgun the bow and arrow and the homemade shotgun

In recent years the classification of T eduray society into the traditional and acculturated has been most pronounced in the differentiation of their subsistence systems Schlegel an anthropologist who has done intensive studies on dle Teduray saw this in the two settlements he observed Figel and Kakaba-kaba Schlegel describes Figel as a system adapted to the tropical rainforest consisting of slash and burn andshifling cultivation It is augmented by hunting fishing and food-gathering activities and only marginally dependent on trading wi th the coastal economy Kakabashy

kaba is described as consisting of plow farming in areas that have virtually lost the old forest cover It is no longer dependent on forest resources instead it is involved extensively with the market economy of a rural lowland society (Schlegel 1979 164)

Schlegel in his studies among the T eduray has determined that trade relations existed between the T eduray and the Maguindanaon in fairly recent times Prior to the coming of the American rule the Maguindanaon were seldom allowed to penetrate the hill country of the T eduray This was partly because the Maguindanaon were known to be slave takers and partly because the T eduray were in general suspicious of people of different customs other than their own The only exception to this was in the case of certain ritually approved rraders and peddlers

The trade that went on between rhe Teduray and the Maguindanaon was essential to both parties From the Maguindanaon the T eduray got their cloth for clothing iron tools for swidden agriculture salt and the various goods used by the T eduray for brideprice and legal settlements krises necklaces brass boxes gongs spears and the like In return the Maguindauaon gOi their rattan tobacco bees wax almaciga (Agathis philippinensis Warb) and gutta percha (sap of the tree which the T eduray call tefedus (Palaquium ahernanum Merr)

The livelihood activities of the Teduray are made distinct by the type of topography they are situated in Most of the households are engaged in farming activities apparently because population is concentrated in the highlands Those residing in the coastal barangays of Nalkan T ambak and part of Rifao have fishing as the major source of livelihood

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Corn is the dominant crop raised Upland and lowland rice farming are likewise engaged in by some of the residents although the annual volume of production is typically held at the minimum Other crops raised include coffee mongo peanuts vegetables cassava and other perennials like fruit trees

t Teduray Inged 1 The political organization of the T eduray society IS not hierarchical but rather middot fundamentally egalitarian Each inged of subsistence groups may have a leader who sees to the clearing of the swidden the planting and harvesting of crops and the equal sharing of the rice or any other food produced from the land The leader or head also determines in consultation with the shaman (beliyan) when 10 move next and clear another swidden settlement T eduray society is governed and kept together by their adat or custom law and by an indigenous legal and justice system designed to uphold the adat As an acknowledged expert in custom law a kefeduwan exercises the legal and moral authority The expert presides over the tiyawan the formal adjudicatory discussion before which is brought cases involving members of the community for deliberation and settlement

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The kefeduwan sposition is not based on wealth It is not a separate position or profession because he continues to carry on the usual economic activities of the other menfolk in the community The one who is most learned in IT eduray customs and laws possessing a skill in reasoning a remarkable memory and an middot aptitude for calmness in debate and who learns to speak in the highly metaphorical

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rhetoric of a tiyawan is apt to be acknowledged as a kefeduwan It is possible for one inged to have more than one kefeduwan

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The main responsibility of a kefeduwan in T eduray society is to see to il that the respective rights and the feelings of all the people involved in the case up for settlement are respected and satisfied

Among the acculturated T eduray the role of the traditional legal authority is almost entirely diminished and peasant Teduray are constituents of the normal representatives of municipal Philippine law and politics mostly non-Teduray

The second major leader of traditional T eduray sociely is thc shaman (belryan) This person may either be a man or a woman who has the gift from the spirit world of being able to see and talk to spirits He or she has a special kind of legal authority to settle disputes between spirits and humans Aside from his or her healing functions the shaman is also the ritual leader at a series of communal sacred meals (kandulz) which are observed by traditional T eduray four times each year marking off significant points in the swidden cycle The kanduli is a powerful ritual statement of the interdependence and cooperation which exists between neighbor and neighbor and berween humans and spirits in all aspects of life

Among acculturated peasant Teduray the role of the shaman like that of the traditional authority has greatly decreased through the transformation of the subsistence system and the general acceptance of Christianity In 1926 the Philippine Episcopal Church was invited by Capt Edwards to do extensive missionary work among the

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Teduray After the Second World War the Roman Catholic Church and other Protestant denominations entered Teduray areas As a result many Teduray families took on Christianity as a part of their new peasant Filipino way of life They adopted the Western manner of dressing began using the national language and sent their children to public and parochial schools Various government and religious-sponsored clinics have been established and are used by many of the acculturated Teduray although belief in the spirits rather than germs as the cause of disease remains strong and folk healers continue to play a major role among the T eduray as they do among many rural Filipinos

Most T eduray view the profound changes their society is undergoing with certain sadness and with a deep sense of pride in the culture of their forebears But according to

Schlegel (1994) the transformation of their way of life seems inevitable and irreversible now As the older religious and iegai authorities fade from importance their place is being taken over by a new set of educated leadersshyTeduray lawyers school tcachers government officials agricultural experts and the like It is these people who will lead the T eduray as they dravI ever farther away from their traditional forest isolation and into the new ways

l r opportunities and challenges of participation in the

mainstream of Philippine life

LF L-shy -~

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Ancestral Domain Claim rADC)

The barangays covered in the study are in an area claimed t bull I th T 1 M middot c 11 Cas Ancestral l)omam oy e 1 euutay lallY 11 not al 01

the Tedurays share the sentiment expressed in one of the FGD

(Our) ancestral domain claim is important to us because this is the way we can reclaim the land

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owned by ancestors Our ancestors gave it to us but because of poverty we mortgaged it in order for us to eat Many are not able to redeem these mortgages as they have no money to pay for it Odlers left and stayed with relatives in other places (MVO- FGD Feb 2004)

Presently Teduray communmes are coordinating with T eduray leaders who know the process of the claim though as far as they know there is no clear process and implementation of the Ancestral Domain Claim The administrative competencies under which they have to submit their daim belong to ARMM which has not implemented the procedure contemplated under the Indigenous Peoples Right Act (IPRA 1997) and still has to

define its own legislation about Indigenous Peoples and Ancestral Domain Claims They also recognize that a major problem with ancestral domain claim is boundary conflicts and the presence of other ethnic communities that migrated several decades ago in their lands

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Like most other indigenous tribes in the country Teduray present a high exposure to vulnerability factors derived mainly from their geographical isolation loss of traditional soyrces of subsistence loss of cultural identity and marginality of the mainstrearn society The causes and manifestations of their vulnerability have multiplied profoundly over the years The T eduray strongly oppose the loss of natural resources and biodiversity due to

environmental degradation through their political struggle to have access and control over lands that they consider as their Ancestral Domain which were used by T eduray communities since immemorial time They are also

fighting for the recognition of their traditional government practices and way of life

1 Loss of natural resources and biodiversity

The T eduray s dependence on swidden farming indicates the subsistence economy of its people Relying heavily on production from rainfed agriculture the T eduray suffer low productivity from their corn and rice crops For generations the slash and burn practice in upland farming contributed much to the destruction of their land resource resulting in poorer productivity and income

In addition the forest reserves in their topography attracted the logging concessionaires of the region Many mountainous and hilly barangays primarily barangay Rifao have been exposed to iilegal logging activities stripping them of their once thick and lush forest resources Armed groups of the concessionaires caused peace and order problems in the community as they attempted to quell the rpc-snrp f he Tltgt~I~ ~~ ~h J- 11ltgt~~1 I ~ ~~-~ a ~~~c~I- bullu LU -- vpound L U I U l Iny 11 1 1 l JJ15~~ Jcn15 -tVLl~~

The local residents oppose loggers because they know that deforestation will have adverse effect on them because it will lead to soil erosion and the depletion of soil fertility that will [utlher aggravate the poor productivity of their farms During heavy rains many barangays are prone to flash floods In such times the Teduray suffer not only from poor harvest but from displacement as well

Environmental degradation has adversely affected their fishing resources also which has traditionally been art important complementary source of food and income for many T eduray families leduray fishing com m uni ties noted the decreasing variety and volume of the fishmiddot available in their coastlines springs and rivers The fishing waters have become polluted and have greatly diminished

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the fishing communities fish catches for food consumption and family income

2 Loss of cultural identity

Through generations the influx of logging concession(lires and the construction of basic infrastructures such as roads and bridges facilitated the coming of peoples and technology from the dominant society As more roads and bridges were built people of different cultures came lured by the communitys resources The T eduray were introduced to new farm practices farm implements and equipment and prevailing farm technoEogy Traditional customs and practices were slowly modified through their imeracrions with other cultural groups such as Visayan settlers (Ilongos Cebuanos ) and Muslim settlers (Maguindanaon) coming to their communities Their Iifeways language clothing and spared from the cultural infljntenningling of the tribes

food patterns were uences caused by

not the

3 Famine

The Tedurays low farm production has been compounded by the increasing impact of the logging activities to their farms Their physical resources continue to deteriorate as a result of flash floods and soil erosion The T eduray are exposed as well to long periods of drought that make them vulnerable to food scarcity Upland families suffer the most risk of famine as the dry season gives them poor harvest and even prevents them from engaging in vegetable and livestock raising activities They have very limited access to farm inputs that would have enabled them to make their land productive Other forms of livelihood are likewise hard to come by consequently they resort to borrowing food or money to buy food for the family At times when borrowing is not available families resort to hunting and

collecting wild crops and fruits but as years go by they have become more and more scarce and sometimes they may not be suitable for food consumption

4 Illness and Death

Several factors such as unbalanced nutrition and diet poor housing condition unsafe water sources and poor sanitation make them susceptible to diseases and illnesses A high prevalence of contagious diseases like diarrhea malaria and slcin diseases affect many T eduray both young and old

The T eduray also registered high mortality among infants and the under-five children group They have very low access to medical health professionals orner than the basic medical health services in the barangay heath station which at most times runs short of medicines and health eqUIpment

5 Loweducliun leveL

Many adult members of T eduray households in the study area are illiterate or have low level of educationno formal schooling This characteristic makes them more vulnerable to social and economic injustices imposed by external forces (owners of productive resources) present in their communities It also hinders their capacity to Lranslate the non-human resources such as land and other materials into outputs that contribute to the local economy This low level of literacy among the T eduray in the survey areas is further aggravated by the inadequacy of educational facilities and services needed to develop their productive skills

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6 Other hazards

Displacements either due to natural middotmiddot of man-made calamities are potential hazards to the T eduray The possibility of flash floods during the rainy season and the long drought during the dry season are rish that t~e T eduray are always exposed to

In addition the intermittent peace and order problem and lawlessness in the T eduray community owing to the logging issue continues to bring anxiety to the upland families The functionality of their traditional T eduray Justice and Governance in resolving Teduray conflicts is a source of comfort and protection in the community

RECOMMENDATIONS

The recommendations made here are offered to alleviate the vulnerabilities of the T eduray as a community Strategies that require community government and private sectors intervention to respond more systematically and eff(ctively to the plight of this marginalized and vulnerable tribe deserve serious consideration

1 Access and control to lands

The local government agency (DARMARO) could help the T eduray people through the implementation of Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program particularly on the issuance of the Certificate of Land Occupancy Agreement (CLOA) if there is a need to improve the land tenure condition among the T eduray households who are share tenants and settlement cultivators

Another instrument that will increase access and control of lands among the T eduray people is the implementation of

the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) which aims at protecting the lives and heritage and advancing the interest of the indigenous peoples in the Philippines The issuance of a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADn will ensure access and control among the Teduray people over their ancestral domain This piece of document will give them the power to decide on the utilization of their lands The official recognition of their lands would eventually expedite the Delivery of agriculrural servicessupport ampom the government and private sector

Increased access to land and the introduction of programs on appropriate farm technology may eventually improve the farm practices among T eduray farmers Comprehensive agricultural support from Department of Agriculture may be sourced out for this purpose

The loss of natural resources and biodiversity may be reversed through reforestation and the preservation of the

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1 -helI aiLr~n Tr~~~ _ t5 ___ f~_~_~ 111_~ ~- middotlet a u L -JLl n

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proper techniques of cultivating rollinghilly lands can prevent soil erosion The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) can extend assistance to this concern

Coastal marine resources need to be assessed so that necessary intervention can be introduced A participatory approach may be employed in order to involve the fisher folks in the protection of coastal resources

2 Education Program

The low iiteracy ievel and formal education level among the T eduray in the study areas is primarily due to the lack of appropriate education services in their barangays worsened by their distance from the urban centers and to their

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economic poverty A package of educational programs that will address specific needs of different sectors of the community (such as day care centers below five (5) years old children elementarysecondary education vocational and technical education for the young adults and ftmctional literacy prograrn for adults) may be developed and implemented for the empowerment of Teduray people Non-government organizations or Academic Institutions may consider any of these programs as part of their extension programs or functional literacy programs

Preservation of T eduray culture may be included in the curriculumprogram This will help revive and enrich the indigenous tradition and practices especially among the T eduray youth

3 He~lth Program

To address the health needs of children mothers and women in the area there is a need to imroduce training programs for health workers in the community A wellshydesigned training program that will address issues on malnutrition importance of immunization birth delivery and childbearing and childcare is imperative

TraditionaJ healing practices must be a component of the health program The promotion of herbal gardens in every backyard will help to middot address the households health problems that could be treated by herbal medicine Training for Traditional middot Healers and Traditional Birth Attendants can contribute to improve their practices

4 Water and Sanitation

There is a need (0 address the problem on the water sources of the people in the area There are springs and open wells that need to be developed irito sources of potable water

Sanitary toilets are also needed in the area The education of the people on proper environmental sanitation and hygiene practices should be included as component of any program in this field

5 Community Organization and Participation

Organization of farmers youth and women in the barangays is important to the empowerment of the community with respect to addressing their specific needs This will also help them to protect their interest as a people There is a need to introduce activities that will help enhance their collective bargaining with external forces affecting the marketing of their products Alternative sources of livelihood like backyard gardening may be introduced through organized groups of families Partnership among stakeholders - GOs and NGOs and the community people must be forged so that proper synergy among them may be achieved This can be done through conduct of orientations trainings and other similar ac-l middottmiddotF ThpF i lt) bullbull a n=F~ -- c- l--lich ~-i=i - tli__ ___ bull _ __ bull ___ bullbull bullbull v ~~~ ~-~ _~ v_~- J-~U~V

networking and delineation of functions among partners

6 Peace programs

There is need to organize a peace and development councii that will be instrumental in the conduct of training and advocacy for the promotion of a culture of peace A T raining Program for the council members may also be designed for this purpose Through this program the Council membersllocal leaders will be equipped wi~1 app t A 1 po~otmiddotlng1 amp

rnnri1t-r _

knnuledgeI y amp an~ slI1-11 In 11 I bull yo-1gtnrc nI

their own communiry Any Peace Program should integrate the Teduray Traditional Governance and Justice System that is used by T eduray in dealing with and resolving their conflicts Seminars and workshops with government officials should be held in order to make them aware of

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traditional practices of T eduray on settling their conflicts and for them to identify mechanisms to integrate these practices as alternativecomplementary t() the Philippine judicial system

7 Monitoring and evaluation

A system of monitoring and evaluation must be defined at the barangay council levels at the outset of any intervention that will be introduced in the Teduray communities Community people must be involved in all the steps of the project cycle from the initial identification and definition of the intervention and its implementation to tlle monitoring and evaluation phase in order to promote their feeling of ownership Community involvement will help ensure better impact and facilitate the future sustainability of (he interventions

The Final Report of this research abstrltKt is available at the University Research Center

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performs the NDU Visioll-Mission 10 SPIV(~ 1111 II ((11111 101 UIC~

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researches on issues of dcwlopmcnllocall 1Od nlonal of prlvtlll MId

public agenciesinstitutions ill RltHlon XII (((nth1 Mlndmtlo) 1Od the

Autonomous Region in Muslim MindalhlO (ARMM) ura Idl nUnrd In the East Asean Growth Area (EAGA) polycJol1

INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH

AND DEVELOPMENT I o serves as the rcsem h lnd pl1I1nlnq arm or the LJnlvfrslty

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It allows inforllMtion (l(((ss dnd rllrlrval through Intrrnet-based system with the federico Aquino Internet or N httpwwwnduJap(nctorgurcdb

NotreDame Univefsity Cotabato tity

Research Monograph No 27 i -

The Case of the Teduray People In eight barangays of

Upl Magulndanao

This Research Monograph Series presents the researches conducted by the University Research CenteL

Notre Dame UniversifJ Cotabato City