Urbanization and World Urbanization and World City Formation in City Formation in China China Shanghai’s Shifting Position Shanghai’s Shifting Position in National and Global in National and Global Networks of Cities Networks of Cities Michael Timberlake & Xiulian Michael Timberlake & Xiulian Ma Ma University of Utah University of Utah
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Urbanization and World City Formation in China Shanghai’s Shifting Position in National and Global Networks of Cities Michael Timberlake & Xiulian Ma University.
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Urbanization and World City Urbanization and World City Formation in ChinaFormation in China
Shanghai’s Shifting Position in National Shanghai’s Shifting Position in National and Global Networks of Citiesand Global Networks of Cities
Michael Timberlake & Xiulian MaMichael Timberlake & Xiulian Ma
University of UtahUniversity of Utah
Objectives of Research ProgramObjectives of Research Program
Contribute to research identifying China’s Contribute to research identifying China’s leading citiesleading cities
Document changes in Chinese cities’ Document changes in Chinese cities’ relative importance in national and global relative importance in national and global city systems.city systems.
Address broader theoretical issues in Address broader theoretical issues in political economy of globalizationpolitical economy of globalization
Key Assumptions of ResearchKey Assumptions of Research
Cities grow and decline in the context of economic Cities grow and decline in the context of economic regions.regions.
Such regions are nested, interlocking, and Such regions are nested, interlocking, and hierarchical.hierarchical.
As basing points in economic regions, cities serve As basing points in economic regions, cities serve to integrate these regions internally through their to integrate these regions internally through their interrelations.interrelations.
The leading cities in a region may serve as bridges The leading cities in a region may serve as bridges across regions and hierarchical levels.across regions and hierarchical levels.
Key focus of presentationKey focus of presentation
China’s national system of citiesChina’s national system of cities Chinese cities’ positions in the world Chinese cities’ positions in the world
system’s city system.system’s city system. Identifying China’s “World Cities”Identifying China’s “World Cities”
Increasing size of the urban population
19
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
20
15
20
20
20
25
20
30
Year
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
Me
an
Urb
an
Po
pu
lati
on
Increasing level of urbanization
19
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
20
15
20
20
20
25
20
30
Year
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
Mean
% U
rb
an
Underlying theme: China’s increasing participationUnderlying theme: China’s increasing participation in the global economy in the global economy
China ahead in foreign direct investmentPublished: August 2003--OECD Observer
And concomitant explosive economic And concomitant explosive economic growthgrowth
Have resulted inHave resulted in
– Increasingly integrated national system of citiesIncreasingly integrated national system of cities
– Increasing centrality of key Chinese cities in Increasing centrality of key Chinese cities in the world system’s city systemthe world system’s city system
Globalization and Cities: Theoretical Globalization and Cities: Theoretical BackgroundBackground
Globalization
the “facts”the “facts”– many global processes many global processes
are “place bound”are “place bound”
the “dominant the “dominant narrative”narrative”– decentralizationdecentralization
nodes in the international systemnodes in the international system
““World Cities”World Cities”
Major cities found throughout the world Major cities found throughout the world that “articulate” one major economic region that “articulate” one major economic region with another major economic region, with another major economic region, usually transnationally.usually transnationally.
As in previous GaWC diagram, some world As in previous GaWC diagram, some world cities are more globally “central” than cities are more globally “central” than others. others.
Global Cities: Global Cities: Atop the World City HierarchyAtop the World City Hierarchy
key nodes in the international systemkey nodes in the international system sites for crucial “producer” servicessites for crucial “producer” services sites for telecommunications centerssites for telecommunications centers sites for financial controlsites for financial control sites for transnational marketssites for transnational markets Global Control CentersGlobal Control Centers
Global Control Centers: The Key Global Cities
New YorkNew YorkNew YorkNew York
LondonLondon
TokyoTokyo
World System of CitiesWorld System of Cities
The hierarchy extends through the world The hierarchy extends through the world system, from the top global cities through system, from the top global cities through the whole system.the whole system.
Locale 1 Locale 3 Locale 4
Locale 5 Locale 6 Locale 7 Locale 8
City 1 City 2 City 3
Locale 2
The Global System: A Web of Place-Bound Transactions
Conceptualizing the Global Inter-Conceptualizing the Global Inter-City TransactionsCity Transactions
Relative centrality in networks of Relative centrality in networks of overlapping intraorganizational control overlapping intraorganizational control capacity across cities (e.g., from capacity across cities (e.g., from headquarters to branch offices)—Peter headquarters to branch offices)—Peter Taylor and associates.Taylor and associates.
Relative centrality in flow networks of Relative centrality in flow networks of commodities, people, and information. commodities, people, and information.
Cities and International Transactions: Functions
economic flowseconomic flows
Holiday Velour from L.L. Bean
Select an item:TA 34658 Petite$79.00 Regular $79.00
Cities and International Transactions: Functions
political transactionspolitical transactions
Cities and International Transactions: Functions
cultural flowscultural flows
Rolling Stones guitarist Ron Wood rocks out to "It's Only Rock and Roll" with tour bassist Darryl Jones, Saturday night at Ford Field
Cities and International Transactions: Functions
social (social reproduction) transactionssocial (social reproduction) transactions
Cities and International Transactions: Functions
economic flowseconomic flows political transactionspolitical transactions cultural flowscultural flows social (social reproduction) transactionssocial (social reproduction) transactions
cities and international transactions: content
human transactionshuman transactions material transactionsmaterial transactions symbolic transactionssymbolic transactions
arms shipmentsarms shipments ambassadorsambassadors invasionsinvasions international treatiesinternational treaties
cultural flowscultural flows
designer clothesdesigner clothes popular musicpopular music scientific exchangescientific exchange theater/dance troupestheater/dance troupes literatureliterature popular cinemapopular cinema
social reproductionsocial reproduction
CARE packages and other humanitarian aidCARE packages and other humanitarian aid family migrationfamily migration ““remittances”remittances” personal mail, telephone calls, e-mailpersonal mail, telephone calls, e-mail
Cities are hierarchically linked in Cities are hierarchically linked in such networks of globally-such networks of globally-
structured flowsstructured flows
Network Analysis and Network Analysis and Network DataNetwork Data
Strict data requirementsStrict data requirements– input/output for every pair within an alleged input/output for every pair within an alleged
networknetwork
Air passenger travelAir passenger travel
FindingsFindings
National City SystemNational City System Top Cities’Positions on Four Network Top Cities’Positions on Four Network
Measures (Outflow, Betweenness, Measures (Outflow, Betweenness, Closeness, and Outdegree), four time points Closeness, and Outdegree), four time points (1992, 1995, 2000, and 2003). (1992, 1995, 2000, and 2003).
Outflow
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
1992 1995 2000 2003
Beijing
Guangzhou
Shanghai
Betweenness
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1992 1995 2000 2003
Beijing
Guangzhou
Shanghai
1992 Betweenness
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Series1
1995 Betweenness
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2000 Betweenness
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
2003 Betweenness
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Closeness
80828486889092949698
100102
1992 1995 2000 2003
Beijing
Guangzhou
Shanghai
OutDegree
3334353637383940414243
1992 1995 2000 2003
Beijing
Guangzhou
Shanghai
Table 8. Blocks of Chinese cities, and network positions in 1992 and 2003
China’s Cities in the World City HierarchyChina’s Cities in the World City Hierarchy
Global Outflow
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1995 2000 2005
Beijing
Guangzhou
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Global Outdegree
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1995 2000 2005
Beijing
Guangzhou
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Global Betweenness
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1995 2000 2005
Beijing
Guangzhou
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Global Outclosenness
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 1995 2000 2005
Beijing
Guangzhou
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Table 9. Network Blocks and Positions in the World City System in 1990
Blocks Cities Position
1…Seoul/Bangkok (13)
Bangkok, Dublin, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, London, New York, Paris, Seoul, Singapore, Taipei, Tokyo
Core
2…Amsterdam (51) Amsterdam, Athens, Atlanta, Auckland, Banjul, Barcelona, Boston, Brussels, Cairo, Chicago, Copenhagen, Cork, Dusseldorf, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Geneva, Guadalajara, Guam Island, Hamburg, Jeddah, Lisbon, Los Angeles, Madrid, Malaga, Malta, Manila, Mexico City, Miami, Milan, Montreal, Munich, Nagoya, Nice, Osaka, Oslo, Penang, Puerto Plata, Pusan, Rome, Saipan, San Francisco, Santo Domingo, Seattle, Shannon, Stockholm, Sydney, Toronto, Vancouver, Vienna, Washington DC, Zurich
SP 1
3…Berlin West (7) Berlin West, Bombay, Dallas, Dubai, Houston TX, Montevideo, “San Juan, PR” SP 2
4…Birmingham (42) Birmingham, Bogota, Brisbane, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Calgary, Cancun, Caracas, Casablanca, Christchurch, Cologne, Delhi, Detroit, Dhahran, Guatemala City, Istanbul, Karachi, Kingston, Larnaca, Lima, Manchester, Marseilles, Melbourne, Montego Bay, Monterrey, Moscow, Nandi, Panama/Balboa, Perth, Prague, Puerto Vallarta, Rio De Janeiro, Riyadh, San Jose, Santiago, San Paulo, Stuttgart, Tampa FL, Teheran, Tel Aviv, Tunis, Warsaw
Table 10. Network Blocks and Positions in the World City System in 2005
1…Seoul/Bangkok (13) Amsterdam, Bangkok, Dubai, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, London, Madrid, New York, Paris, Seoul, Singapore, Taipei, Tokyo
Core
2…Beijing/Shanghai (29)
Athens, Barcelona, Beijing, Boston, Buenos Aires, Chicago, Copenhagen, Guam Island, Honolulu, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Lisbon, Los Angeles, Malaga, Manila, Mexico City, Munich, Osaka, Oslo, Prague, San Francisco, Santiago, San Paulo, Shanghai, Stockholm, Sydney, Toronto, Washington DC,
SP 1
Table 10. Network Blocks and Positions in the World City System in 2005
5…Guangzhou/ Shengyang(27)
Birmingham, Bucharest, Budapest, Busan, Cairns, Cairo, Cancun, Dallas/ Fort Worth, Delhi, Detroit, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Guangzhou, Hamburg, Helsinki, Hanover, Ho Chi Minh CY, Kuwait, Lyon, Mauritius, Montevideo, Penang, Philadelphia, Rio De Janeiro, Saipan, Shengyang, Stuttgart, Vienna
Consolidation and integration of Chinese Consolidation and integration of Chinese national city system over past 15 years.national city system over past 15 years.
Remarkable rise of Shanghai within this Remarkable rise of Shanghai within this national city system.national city system.
Increasing integration of Chinese city Increasing integration of Chinese city regions in global economy.regions in global economy.
Emergence of Shanghai as China’s World Emergence of Shanghai as China’s World CityCity
Summary FindingsRemarkable Remarkable Rise of Rise of Shanghai Shanghai within the within the National City National City SystemSystem
Increasing integration of Chinese city regions in global economy
Emergence of Shanghai as China’s World City
Theoretical Discussion
Importance of national city system to world city Importance of national city system to world city formation vs. declining significance of the state.formation vs. declining significance of the state.– Increasing national city system articulation Increasing national city system articulation
accompanies world city formation.accompanies world city formation.
Beijing as world city (as well as Shanghai)—Beijing as world city (as well as Shanghai)—again, importance of role of the state.again, importance of role of the state.
Bejing’s role in Shanghai’s rise as world city.Bejing’s role in Shanghai’s rise as world city.– State-centered urban “development coalition”?State-centered urban “development coalition”?
Future research
Social polarization and world city Social polarization and world city formation?formation?
Changing role of the state with respect to Changing role of the state with respect to social programs.social programs.
Labor markets and rural-urban migration.Labor markets and rural-urban migration. Sustainability.Sustainability.
Social polarization and world city formation?
Changing role of the state with respect to social programs