Index 237 Index Boxes, figures, notes, and tables are indi- cated by b, f, n, and t, respectively. A Abdel-Raman, Hesham M., 139, 140 Accra (Ghana), 56 Acemoglu, Daron, 14, 142, 152 Ades, Alberto F., 85, 127, 142, 151, 153, 155n22 Africa. See Middle East and North Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; and specific countries by name African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), 60 Agarwala, R., 25 agglomeration and agglomeration effects, xx, 115–28 advantages of, 14–19 in developing countries, 81–83 externalities, 117–19 knowledge sharing and spillovers, 118–19, 122 law of large numbers, 119 productivity gains, 116–17, 121–25 reasons for location in cities, 116–17 size of cities efficient or optimal, 125–28 limits on, 119–21 specialization, 117–18 transaction costs and complementarities, 118 AGOA (African Growth and Opportunity Act), 60 Agrawal, Ajay, 105 agriculture, economic growth and shift away from, 8–12, 12f, 151 Alcalá, Francisco, 106 Alesina, Alberto, 154 Alexandersson, Gunnar, 150 Allen, Franklin, 198n2 Almeida, Paul, 105 Amiti, Mary, 49, 90, 155n22 Angel, Shlomo, 168–69, 180, 191 Angell, Cynthia, 198n4 Annan, Kofi, 167 Annez, Patricia Clarke, xix, xxiii, 1, 67, 115, 133, 167, 189, 197 Argentina, 26, 31, 85 arguments against urbanization, 19–26, 115–16 developing countries’ desire to limit rural- urban migration, 67, 68, 91–92 governmental views, 3, 33–36t, 115–16 Harris-Todaro model of counterpro- ductivity of rural-urban migration, 22–24, 91–93, 92f, 121, 140
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Index 237
Index
Boxes, fi gures, notes, and tables are indi-cated by b, f, n, and t, respectively.
AAbdel-Raman, Hesham M., 139, 140Accra (Ghana), 56Acemoglu, Daron, 14, 142, 152Ades, Alberto F., 85, 127, 142, 151, 153,
155n22Africa. See Middle East and North Africa;
Sub-Saharan Africa; and specifi c countries by name
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), 60
Agarwala, R., 25agglomeration and agglomeration effects,
86n20, 124, 158Audretsch, D., 49Azzoni, Carlos, 145
BBairoch, Paul, 3Baldwin, Richard E., 87, 91n24Banerjee, Abhijit V., 8, 142, 152, 153n20Banerjee, S., 8Bangkok (Thailand), xii, 13, 85Bangladesh
agglomeration effects in, 16–18Dhaka, xii, 16, 17, 22, 28, 181n20fi nancing urbanization in, 28globalization and, 55housing and land market in, xv, 181n20
political models in cities, 27poverty, urbanization and decline of, 22primacy in, xiirural-urban migration in, 83
agglomeration effects, 15, 81, 83, 123agriculture, manufacturing, and service
sector growth in, 12fbusiness/innovation and production
centers, separation of, 104GDP and urbanization in, 4, 6fhousing and land markets in, 94, 170,
178n17, 189informal economy in, 178n17internal market access in, 90primacy in, xiirural-urban migration in, 83–84São Paulo, xiispatial inequality in, 145, 154n21water and sewage systems in, 22, 28
bribery and corruption, 179
Index 239
Brinkman, Jay, 197, 217n24Britain. See United KingdomBroadway, Robin, 27Brueckner, Jan K., 83, 93n25, 181n20Bruhn, Miriam, 142, 152Brülhart, Marius, 144Brunnermeier, Markus, 201n8Buckley, Robert M., xix, xxiii–xxiv, 1, 30,
electrical power in, 22fi nancing urbanization in, xiii, 28GDP and urbanization in, 4, 5fglobalization and, 52, 54, 56f, 60internal market access in, 91
mortgage markets in, 31rural-urban migration, limiting (hukou
system), 91Shanghai, xvi, 13size of cities in, 84spatial inequality in, xiv, 145, 151, 153,
154n21, 158water and sewage systems in, 22
Chiquier, Loic, 31, 197, 202n12, 204n14Chomsisengphet, Soiuphala, 210Christaller, Walter, 135n1Ciccone, Antonio, 106cities and economic growth. See
urbanization and economic growth
Civil War, U.S., 134, 152climate and urban growth, 84Cockburn, Iain, 105collateralized debt obligations (CDOs),
75–79, 76fEgypt, xiii, 149Elbers, Chris, 145electrical power in developing countries, 22Ellison-Glaeser index, 147Ellison, Glenn, 144, 147, 155n22employment/unemployment. See also
incomeagglomeration effects, 122developing countries
dual labor market argument regarding rural-urban migration in, 91–93, 92f
242 Index
employment/unemployment (continued)framework for urbanization and
economic growth in, 71–75, 71fglobalization
effi ciencies of global labor market, 49–50
wage/income gradients, 53–54, 53fHarris-Todaro model of rural-urban
migration, 22–24in informal sector (See informal sector)labor supply curve
framework for urbanization and economic growth in developing countries, 71f, 73–74
migration, barriers to, 76f, 77–78Engel’s law, 138n8Engerman, Stanley L., 142Epple, Dennis, 80n12, 152equity and effi ciency in housing, 193–94Ethier, Wilfred J., 138n6, 139, 140Europe and Central Asia. See also specifi c
countriesglobalization in Eastern Europe, 54housing and land markets in, 182–84,
186, 194political models in cities, 27poverty, urbanization and decline of, 40frural-urban migration, governmental
views on, 36tspatial distribution, governmental views
on, 34tspatial inequality in, 133, 148waterway transportation and
urbanization in, 13European Union. See also specifi c countries
agglomeration effects in, 14spatial inequality in, xv, 154, 156wage gradient in, 53
Evans, Timothy, 125Evenett, Simon J., 13exclusionary zoning, 94–96expansion (learning) curve, framework for
urbanization and economic growth in developing countries, 96–100, 97f
external vs. internal geography of cities, 69externalities
agglomeration, reasons for, 117–19
congestion/density, 120cost of living, uncompensated
externalities in, 75–77, 76fdeveloping countries, economic effi ciency
of urbanization in, 100–104, 101fincreasing returns to scale, arising from,
GGabaix, Xavier, 127, 151Gabriel, Stuart A., 122Galasso, E., 190Gale, Douglas, 198n2Gallego, Francisco A., 142, 152Galliani, Sebastian, 94Gallup, John L., 156Gao, Gao Fu, 28GDP. See gross domestic productgeography, economic. See economic
geographyGerardi, Kristopher, 206n16, 209n18,
214Ghana, xiv, 56, 60Gidvani, Acharya, 27n12Gini coeffi cient, locational, 144, 146Ginnie Mae or GNMA (Government
housing and, 174infant mortality, 10b, 16, 126, 143“killer cities” in 19th century UK,
role of fi nance in cleaning up, 10–11b
in modern urban environments, 126Healy, Robert, 150Heckscher-Ohlin model, 137n3Helsley, Robert W., 80n12Hendershott, Patrick, 204n14Henderson, J. Vernon, 15, 18, 57, 58n4,
190, 191spatial aspects of, 175squatters (See squatter settlements)welfare economics of housing policy
in developed countries, 171–76in developing countries, 180–85
Hoy, M., 181n20hukou system in China limiting rural-urban
migration, 91Hummels, D., 51Hungary, 145
Index 245
Iiceberg form, 137n4immigrants, xiv, 30n13in-kind versus income redistribution, 172income
GDP per capita and levels of urbanization, 3–7f, 3–8, 9f, 37–40f
household income inequality and spatial inequality, 143, 153–54
redistribution of, 172–73spatial inequality and, 150squatter and unauthorized housing,
percentage by country type, 169twage gradients in global market, 53–54,
53fincreasing returns to scale, 48–50India
agglomeration effects in, 82, 124–25Calcutta, slums of, 67fi nancing urbanization in, xiiiGDP and urbanization in, 4, 5fglobalization and, 56flocalization diseconomies in, 15mortgage markets in, 31nativist policies limiting rural-urban
migration in, 91political models in cities, 27spatial inequality in, 152, 154n21Tiruppur, 11bwater and sewage systems in, 22waterway transportation and
urbanization in, 13Indonesia
agglomeration effects in, 82, 83n18, 124agriculture, manufacturing, and service
sector growth in, 12fJakarta, xii, 13primacy in, xiispatial inequality in, 146, 154n21water and sewage systems in, 22waterway transportation and
urbanization in, 13Industrial Revolution
agglomeration in, 116housing and land markets in, 183“killer cities” in UK, role of fi nance in
cleaning up, 10–11b
rural-urban migration in UK during, 20, 23
spatial inequality in, 134, 143, 151industry localization (localization
agglomeration effects in, 15, 18, 81, 82, 83n18, 124
agriculture, manufacturing, and service sector growth in, 12f
business/innovation and production centers, separation of, 104
globalization and, 55housing and land market in, xvprimatism in, 86Pusan, 13Seoul, 13, 104, 124, 156–57spatial inequality in, 149, 154n21, 156–57water and sewage systems in, 22waterway transportation and
urbanization in, 13Kremer, M., 50, 54n2Krizan, C. J., 106Krugman, Paul R., 49, 85, 87, 91, 127,
RRamsey, F., 177n14Rappaport , Jordan, 116Rauch, James E., 122, 140, 178n17Ravallion, Martin, 83, 190Ray, Debraj, 144n12, 153real estate. See housing and land marketsReal Estate Settlement and Procedures Act
(RESPA), U.S., 216reciprocal externalities, 58Redding, Stephen J., 53, 54, 90
redistributive policies, 172–73regional and urban economic structures
compared, 150regional inequality, xiv–xv. See also spatial
inequalityin developed countries, 146–48in developing countries, 145–46evidence on, 144–48long-run trends in, 150–51theories of, 136–38
regulatory issues associated with subprime mortgage crisis
Bear Stearns crisis, 198, 201, 223, 226–28
Blueprint (U.S. Treasury), 216, 228fi nancial innovation and regulatory
Seoul (Korea), 13, 104, 124, 156–57Seru, Amit, 223n30sewage. See water and sewage systemsShalizi, Zmarak, 22n10, 24, 82, 83, 84, 92,
121Shanghai (China), xvi, 13Shapiro, Adam Hale, 206n16, 209n18,
214Shamroukh, Nidal, 198n2Shatter, Ali M., 94Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 3Shi, Li, 145Shishido, Hisanobu, 150Shleifer, Andrei, 27Siddiqui, Kamal, 28Silber, William, 198n2Silicon Valley (Santa Clara, California), 123Singapore, xiii, xv–xvi, 12f, 30SIVs (structured investment vehicles), 229size of cities
in developing countries, 84–85effi cient or optimal, 125–28globalization and, 52–53, 57–58limits on, 119–21
Smeeding, Timothy, 145Sokoloff, Kenneth L., 142, 152Solow, Robert M., 98Somalia, 60Soo, Kwok Tong, 127, 149South Africa, xiii, 146South Asia. See also specifi c countries
poverty, urbanization and decline of, 39fspatial inequality in, 149
South Korea. See Korea, Republic ofspatial aspects of housing, 175spatial dimension, continuing importance
of, 50–51spatial inequality, xiv–xv, xx, 133–59
comparison of regional and urban economic structures, 150
evidence on, 143–54globalization and trade, 52–53, 141–42,
151, 156governmental views on, 3, 33–34thousehold income inequality and, 143,
Sufi , Amir, 201n8, 209n18, 223n30Summers, L., 56support for urbanization, mobilizing,
26–27Sweden, xvi
TTabellini, Guido, 153Tabuchi, Takatoshi, 155n22Taipei (Taiwan, China), 13Taiwan, China, 12f, 13, 18, 55Tanzania, 56tax regimes in countries with large informal
economies, 176–79Tchistyi, Alexei, 209n20technological externalities, 49Term Auction Facility, Federal Reserve,
229Thailand
agriculture, manufacturing, and service sector growth in, 12f
Bangkok, xii, 13, 85
Chiang Mai, 85housing and land market in, xviprimacy in, xiiwaterway transportation and
urbanization in, 13Thisse, J-F., 87, 91, 134, 135, 136n2Thomas, Vinod, 82threshold effects and coordination failures,
57–60TILA (Truth in Lending Act), U.S., 215–16Timmins, Christopher, 83, 90Tiruppur (India), 11btitling, 189Tobin, J., 171Todaro, Michael P., 22–24, 91–93, 92f,
121, 140Todaro paradox, 23–24Tokyo (Japan), 13, 157trade and commerce. See globalization,
trade, and economic geographyTraeger, Rolf, 144Trajtenberg, Manuel, 123, 155n22transaction costs and complementarities,
United Kingdom (UK)Birmingham, 11bcolonial legacy of, 23, 152
254 Index
United Kingdom (continued)housing and land markets in, 183–84“killer cities,” role of fi nance in cleaning
up, 10–11b, 28Leeds, 11bLeicester, 11bManchester, 11b, 117rural-urban migration during Industrial
Revolution in, 20, 23spatial dimension, continuing importance
of, 51spatial inequality in, 147, 149, 154
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 115, 167, 168, 190, 191
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 21, 115
United States (U.S.)agglomeration effects in, 14–16, 117,
121, 122, 123, 124, 128Boston (Massachusetts), 123Civil War, 134, 152Detroit (Michigan), 117fi nancing urbanization in, xiiiGDP and urbanization in, 4fglobalization and, 52, 56fhousing and land markets in, xvi, 185–86
(See also subprime mortgage crisis)knowledge spillovers in, 105New York City, 29, 157Oakland (California), 216n23Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), 117Silicon Valley (Santa Clara, California),
123spatial inequality in, xiv, xv, 134–35,
142, 146–55, 152waterway transportation and
urbanization in, 13“urban bias,” 24–26urban inequality. See under spatial
inequalityurbanization and economic growth, ix–xvi,
23, 24, 143, 150, 153, 155, 183Wodon, Quentin, 83Wohl, Anthony S., 11b, 183women and urbanization, xivworkforce. See employment/unemploymentworkouts (modifi cation of loans) for
defaulting borrowers, 200, 217World Bank
housing policy initiatives supported by, 186–91
mortgage technology transfer via, 203World Development Report (World Bank),
8World Population Policies (UN), 33Wright, Mark L. J., 75n7, 99Wu, Weiping, 13
ZZang, Hyoungsoo, 124, 154n21Zenou, Yves, 93n25Zhang, Xiaobo, 145, 151Zhou, Quanhou, 28Zipf’s law, 149n17Zlotnik, H., 24Zolt, Eric M., 142, 152
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