SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) Module THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM (ARC2224) (ARC61303) Name YONG YIH TYNG Student ID 0312764 Tutor NOR HAYATI HUSSAIN
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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
Module
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM (ARC2224) (ARC61303)
Name
YONG YIH TYNG
Student ID
0312764
Tutor
NOR HAYATI HUSSAIN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Project Introduction
a. Abstract
b. Methodology
c. Literature Review - Cognitive Mapping
2. Site Background
a. Maps
b. History
c. Site Images
3. 3 Types of Mapping
a. Map 1
b. Map 2
c. Map 3 - Sketches
4. Mapping Comparison
a. Similarities
b. Differences
d. Observation and Statement
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion - City Improvement
7. Reference
Project Introduction
1. Project Introduction
a. Abstract
This project is carried out as a research project of an area with selected boundary within a city. An
investigation of the relationship between the place-making and people.
In this research project, the methods of space navigation and process of memory creation of an
individual is also being investigated. Memory or experience of a person towards a space can
become the main influence of how the place is being perceived by the same person, or sometimes
a trigger point to how a person recalled the place.
Every individuals navigate their direction between two points, usually with intention or intuitively.
This project is a research project between the internal psychological behavior of a person and the
decision making in a person that influence the choice of path and space preference.
Other than that, space quality is also one of the research area that is being highlighted in this
research in order to understand the desired quality and space and how streetscape design can
improve lifestyle of the users.
b. Methodology – Cognitive Mapping and Urban Planning
In this research project, there were several research methods has been carried out to collect the
required data.
In the primary method, we were required to collect two cognitive maps from a group of people
within a specific age range and gender. In order to understand their background in depth as to assist
a better research result, we were also required to record the interviewed conversations and
transform the information into tabulated data.
For this project, I have select female age range of 24 to 32 years old as my research prospects. One
prospect is a Malay housewife that stay around the site for around five years, Amalina, who is 32
years old; and a friend of mine, Melisa, a Chinese young lady, 24 years old, an undergraduate of
Communication Arts who has never been to the site.
During the research process, I have identify the boundary of the research project, namely a path
from Masjid Jamek Train Station towards MyDin that is situated at Jalan Masjid India, right after
Lorong Masjid India 4.
The prospects were required to draw a rough sketch of the place including the direction of how
they navigate the place via memory.
Other than that, in this project, we were also required to produce a cognitive map of on our own
as a research comparison between the prospects and our personal perception towards the place. As
an architecture student, I am trained to practice record drawings, observation and data analysis in
architectural method. Hence, the cognitive map produced by me will show a degree of architectural
practice.
Data collection in form of photography and online research are the secondary methods which were
also performed in this research project.
c. Literature Review
1. Human Sense of Direction and way-finding
“As we shall see, having a sense of direction has been
associated with an ability to discriminate fine-grained
environmental cues, a special sensory apparatus such as a
magnetic sense, memories of locations constituting a
cognitive map, strategies for learning a route, a schematic
representation of one’s past experiences in navigation and
orientation tasks, and the ability to mentally align one’s
current heading within an imagined frame of reference.”
Edward H. Cornell, A.S, and T. M, 2003, Human Sense of Direction and Wayfinding,
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta
2. Orientation
“A sense of direction is also derived from the perception
of known landmarks and landscape as we move to different
places”
Gibson 1979
“ The invariant relations between geographic features
—distributions of sites and boundaries of regions—
provide a spatial framework for positioning ourselves”
Golledge 1995
3. Cognitive Mapping
“Behavioral geographers consider cognitive maps to
be natural sources of information and preferences for
spatial choices.
Ga¨rling and Golledge 1999
“While sometimes thought of as a formal and
conventional enterprise,the mapping of the layout and
identity of environmental features is essentially symbolic
and selective, a process embedded in culture, communication,
and human purpose.”
Blaut 1991; Stea and Blaut 1996
“As a variable that differentiates individuals, self-rating
does not address how a person may have formed an
impression of their sense of direction. However, Kozlowski
and Bryant (1977) suggest that sense of direction is related
to the accuracy of cognitive maps. In this context,
cognitive maps were taken as mental representations that
preserved survey knowledge of a familiar environment.
Survey knowledge includes metric and relational information
about landmarks and paths; distances, bearings,
and the configuration of objects may be simultaneously
represented as if seen from a bird’s-eye view (Hart and
Moore 1973; Siegel and White 1975; Thorndyke and
Goldin 1983). Koslowski and Bryant (1977) established
moderate correlations (rs 0.49 to 0.51) between
self-ratings of sense of direction by college students and
the magnitude of their errors when pointing to known
buildings from an imagined vantage point on their campus”
Edward H. Cornell, A.S, and T. M, 2003, Human Sense of Direction and Wayfinding,
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta
4. Cognition the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding
through thought, experience, and the senses. https://www.google.com.my/#q=cognition+definition
5. Perception of Place
“These interpretations are consistent with the
notion that people’s assessment of their sense of
direction may be similar to other beliefs about
the self, a schematic representation of a
variety of incidents in autobiographical memory”
Bem 1972; Markus 1980
“People likely modify ideas about themselves as wayfinders after they cleverly calculate a
shortcut or after reflecting upon an episode of being lost. Many self-concepts are biased by recent
experiences (Markus and Nurius 1986; Klein and Loftus 1993), and the assessment of sense of
direction may unduly weigh those memories that are most easily retrieved. What might produce
memories of using one’s sense of direction? Sholl (1988) has suggested a cognitive process—that
people with a good sense of direction are good at imagining spatial relationships beyond their
immediate position and surround. In particular, Sholl’s data indicated that in contrast to students
with a poor sense of direction, students with a good sense of direction were more accurate at
pointing to landmarks when they had to assume a viewpoint that was misaligned with their Human
Sense of Direction and Wayfinding 401 forward facing. According to Sholl, sense of direction
reflects the ability to mentally coordinate egocentric and imagined frames of references. This
coordination would be important when updating one’s position in obscure environments, such as
when firefighters are in smoke- filled buildings or when ambulance drivers are between buildings
that do not afford views of the skyline
Edward H. Cornell, A.S, and T. M, 2003, Human Sense of Direction and Wayfinding,
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta
“ The question of space and place in geographical knowledge is ultimately not just about whether
the question of “where” matters in the way that “when” does in explaining “how” and even “why”
something happens. It is also about how it matters.”
in J. Agnew and D. Livingstone (eds.) Handbook of Geographical Knowledge.