Urban-Rural Development and Associated Changes in Ecosystem Services in Japan ICSS-Asia 2009, Session 3 Urban-Rural (16:30-18:30, Nov.23, 2009) Osamu Saito.

Urban-Rural Development and Associated Changes in Ecosystem

Services in Japan

ICSS-Asia 2009, Session 3 “Urban-Rural” (16:30-18:30, Nov.23, 2009)

Osamu SaitoWaseda Institute for Advanced Study

Waseda University

Outline

I. Satoyama and its Ecosystem Services

II. How Satoyama has changed?

III.Urban-Rural Linkage: Risks, Opportunities, and Trade-offs

IV. Some Leading Actions:1. Furano, Hokkaido

2. Nasu, Tochigi

3. Motegi, Tochigi

V. Implications for Urban-Rural Sustainability

2

I. Satoyama and its Ecosystem Services Satoyama can be defined as dynamic social-ecological coupled

landscapes comprising of a mosaic of different ecosystem types producing synergy of a bundle of ecosystem services for human wellbeing.

Characteristics of Satoyama are followings:- Satoyama is a mosaic composed of various types of ecosystems

including farmlands, forests, irrigation ponds and ditches, grasslands and pasture.

- From Satoyama, local dwellers have traditionally harvested various resources (ecosystem services) in a sustainable way.

- Biodiversity in Satoyama is key elements to provide a bundle of ecosystem services.

- The spatial structure and patterns in the mosaics are diverse with each social, economic, and ecological contexts.

3

4

Ecosystem Services: The benefits people obtain from ecosystems (MA, 2003)

Focus: Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Well-being

MA Framework

Direct Drivers

Indirect Drivers

EcosystemServices

Human Well-being

Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or

removal Technology adaptation and

use External inputs (e.g.,

irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and

biological drivers (e.g., volcanoes)

Indirect Drivers of Change Demographic Economic (globalization,

trade, market and policy framework)

Sociopolitical (governance and institutional framework)

Science and Technology Cultural and Religious

Human Well-being and Poverty Reduction

Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and

action

Sub-Global Assessments (SGA)•Multi-scale assessment

– Includes information from 33 sub-global assessments

Japan(2007-10)

Provisioning Services

Regulating Services Supporting Services Cultural Services

- Rice- Sake- Fish- Wild edible plants- Charcoal- Bamboo shoots

(takenoko)- Mushrooms (e.g.

Matsutake, Shitake)- Genetic resources- Medicinal plants- Berries- Bush meat- Timber- Water, etc.

- Climate control (in Japan)

- Local air quality control

- Flood control- Erosion control- Landslide control- Water quality control- Water filtration- Control of wild

animals Population- Pest control- Habitat for migrating

birds- Pollination control- Buffering against

acid rain and dust, etc.

- Nutrient cycling- Groundwater

supporting- Carbon storage, etc.

- Eco-tourism- Traditional

knowledge- Symbols and heritage

of Japanese culture- Spiritual monuments

and objects (e.g. temples, mountains)

- Folklore- Festivals

Based on the PPT slide prepared for Sub-global Assessment of Satoyama and Satoumi in Japan by UNU-IAS (18 November 2008)

Ecosystem Services from Satoyama

II. How Satoyama has changed?

10

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

1920

1930

1940

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Th

e n

um

ber

of

emp

loye

d p

erso

ns

(1,0

00 p

erso

ns)

Trend of employed persons by industry (1920-2005)

People

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

Popu

lati

on (

1,00

0 pe

ople

)

Population change and projection of Japan

Projection

TotalPopulation

Over 65 yeas old34%

20%

10%5%

http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2005/kihon1/00/02.htm

Population Ratio of Over 65 Yeas Old(2005)

11

Globalization

41

62

24

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Japa

nese

self-

suffi

cien

cy ra

tio (%

)Trend of Japanese self-sufficiency ratio

Fishery products

Food(calorie basis)

Timber

日本の農地面積の推移

Trend of Farmland in Japan（農林水産省， 2009 ）

12

Land

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200 19

56

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

耕地

面積

計T

otal

farm

land

(1,0

00ha

）

農地

の拡

張・か

い廃

面積

(1,0

00ha

/yea

r) ・

耕地

利用

率A

nnua

l ex

pans

ion

and

conv

ersi

on o

f fra

mla

nd-U

tili

zati

on r

atio

農地の拡張面積

農地のかい廃面積

耕地利用率

耕地面積計

Annualexpansion of farmland

Annualconversion of farmland

Total farmlandFarmland utilizaiton ratio

1. 耕地利用率は、耕地面積に対する作付け延べ面積の割合である。2. 拡張・かい廃面積は、各年次とも、前年の調査日から当年の調査日の前日までの間に生じたものである。

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,00019

6519

6619

6719

6819

6919

7019

7119

7219

7319

7419

7519

7619

7719

7819

7919

8019

8119

8219

8319

8419

8519

8619

8719

8819

8919

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

06

農地

面積

Ara

ble

land

(1,

000h

a)

牧草地

樹園地

普通畑

特殊田

普通田

Rice paddy

Field

Orchard

Pasture

45%

55%

日本の耕地種類別の面積推移

Trend of arable land by type of field（農林水産省， 2009 ）

特殊田：水稲以外のたん水を必要とする作目（レンコン等）の栽培を状態とする田 13

Land

耕作放棄地面積の推移Trend of abandoned former arable land（農林水産省・農林業センサス）

14

Unit:10,000ha

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

10% of the total arable

land

Region TypeTotal arable

land (ha)Abandoned arable land (ha)

Ratio(%)

農業地域類型 経営耕地総面積 (ha)

耕作放棄地面積計 耕作放棄率

(ha) (%) (%)

全国 (National total) 3,693,026 385 791 100.0 10.4

Urban area都市的地域 525,695 79 975 20.7 15.2

Flat rural area平地農業地域 1,771,409 98 272 25.5 5.5

Intermediate rural area中間農業地域

1,027,105 146 798 38.1 14.3

Mountainous rural area 山間農業地域

368,817 60 747 15.7 16.5

Abandoned arable land by region type農業地域類型別の耕作放棄地面積

（農林水産省， 2008 ）( 注） 耕作放棄率＝耕作放棄地面積／経営耕地総面積

15

要因・負荷指標に関する有識者アンケー

ト

（

環境省・自然研、

一五〇人分、

５択

）

4744

82

67

6

26

18

6

3741

28

10

28

22

107

25

49

3229

4

18

34

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

森林

伐採

人工

林へ

の転

換

湖沼

・河

川・

湿原

の開

発

沿岸

の開

発

草地

の開

発

都市

開発

ゴル

フ場

・ス

キー

場の

造成

観光

開発

道路

建設

ダム

建設

園芸

・観

賞・

薬用

の捕

獲採

取

狩猟

・漁

獲

森林

の管

理放

棄

草地

の管

理放

棄

耕作

放棄

狩猟

圧の

低下

動物

によ

る食

害

外来

生物

の影

響

農薬

・化

学物

質に

よる

汚染

水質

汚濁

窒素

の蓄

積

地球

温暖

化

その

他

16

Dominant causes for biodiversity loss in JapanDevelopment of lake, river and pond

Coastal and marine development

Alien species

Dam construction

Road construction

Woodland and grassland abandonment

Coniferous plantation

Clearing forest

Expansion of golf course construction in the Tokyo MA

17

n

n

n

nn

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

nn

nn

n

n

n

n

nn

nn

n

n

n

0 25 50 75 10012.5km

. Highway

Shinkansen

Prefectures1950

Golf courses

ShinkansenPrefectures

Highway

2008:Over 800 courses in Tokyo MA

III. Urban-Rural Linkage: Risks, Opportunities, and Trade-offs

18

Risks:• Losing vitality of rural communities• Expanding abandoned arable land and

woodland• Degradation of ecosystem services and

biodiversity loss• Expanding damage son agriculture and

forestry by wild animals (deer, wild boar, etc)

• Maintaining rural infrastructures including road, dam, tunnels, bridges, sewage, school, hospital, etc.

Opportunities:• Revitalizing rural communities through

urban-rural interaction• Transforming to compact city• Nature restoration• Creating new industries for elderly

(retired) population • Utilize abandoned farmland and forest

stock for energy, material use and carbon stock

• Sustainable tourism• Grass roots conservation activities

Trade-offs:• Urban-rural: Realize development of compact city at the expense of further depopulation of

rural areas • Within region: Over exploitation and destruction of rural ecosystem by promoting green

tourism, expanding renewable energy• Inter-regional: Widening regional differences. Only limited number of leading regions can

maintain their vitality while the rest are losing it in the long run• International: Keep on depending on imported resources while there are abundant forest stock

and arable land • Lags between social and ecological responses

19

Trade-offs of urban-rural interaction and development (U-WILL)

Urban Area (Downstream)

Rural Area (Upstream)

Other Regions

1. Urban-rural: Realize development of compact city at the expense of further depopulation of rural areas

2. Within region: Over exploitation and destruction of rural ecosystem by promoting green tourism, expanding renewable energy

3. Inter-regional: Widening regional discrepancy. Only limited number of leading regions can improve and maintain their vitality while the rest are losing it in the long run

4. International: Keep on depending on imported resources while there are abundant forest stock and arable land

5. Lags between social and ecological responses

1 2

3

Other countries

Other countries

4

Lags between social and ecological responsesLags between social and ecological responses5

Regional (basin) scale

Inter-regional to country scale

Examples of tradeoff within region

20

(a) Lose-Lose: Unrestrained ecotourism can lead to infrastructure and human traffic that degrades many ecosystem services, and ecotourism itself collapses.

(b) Win-Win: Ecotourism develops with good management of biodiversity and ecosystem services, so that income flows from tourism, biodiversity is enhanced, and ecosystem services are not lost.

(c) Win-Lose (tradeoff): Ecotourism develops and biodiversity is protected in nature reserves, but the increase in roads and hotels undermines water quality and fisheries, causing tradeoffs among ecosystem services and development.

(Source) Tallis et al. (2008)

2

Within region

IV. Some Leading Actions

21

4-1 Furano, Hokkaido lead by NPOForest restoration ×Green tourism × Environmental education and training

4-2 Nasu, Tochigi lead by Private companyPasturing in abandoned woodland × Valued-added dairy products × Forest products including non-timber forest products × Green tourism × Education and training

4-3 Motegi, Tochigi lead by TownComposting of food waste, wood residues and leaves ×Local resource circulation × Farmers market × Community revitalization

4-1. Environmental Program NPO C.C.C. Furano Field

• In 2005 when Furano Prince Hotel golf course was closing down, Soh Kuramoto, the chair man of C.C.C. (Creative Conservation Club), proposed to return it to the former forest it once was.

• Now, the club uses the site for two purposes - firstly, restoring the forest and secondly, promoting environmental education within the project site.

22

2005 May 6 First tree planted in closed golf courseOct 15 Publicly announced to the Press and the Media

Trees planted:1,0872006 Apr 3 NPO establishment registered

Jun 1 Beginning of Environmental programVisitors:1,056Trees planted:10,226

2007 Visitors:3,205Trees planted:10,399

2008 Visitors:2,800Trees planted:7,658

Total number of trees planted thus far:29,370(Source) http://furano-shizenjuku.yosanet.com/english.html

23(Source) http://furano-shizenjuku.yosanet.com/english.html

4-2. Creating “Natural Industry” in Nasu by Amita Corp.

24(Source) http://www.shinrinno.jp/contents/farm/nasu.html

Abandoned woodland

Consumers/ Supporters

Farmland

Crops

Milk

Milk Ice cream

Cafe

Millet

Woodland pasture

4-3. Midori Compost Center in Motegi

25

To Midori Compost Center

Household food waste

Leaves of deciduous woodland

Animal waste

Sell compost to local farmers

Sell agri-products to

local market

(Source) 栃木県茂木町 (2006) 美しい土の里から .

Wood residues

VI. Implications (ABCDE) for Urban-Rural Sustainability

26

Avoid uniform and ad hoc management → Diverse, dynamic, and long-term commitment

Balance between over-use (development) and under-use (abandonment)

→ Determine the appropriate management level through collaborative discourse-based planning in each rural area

Create a new commons and players to take care of it

Discover local resources and connect different sectors and various players

Doing by leaning: Realize scientific assessment and monitoring and provide feedback to planning and management → Adaptive management

Establish a standard set of measures and approaches for quantifying and monitoring ecosystem service levels and values (Tallis et al. 2008)

Woodland pasture in Nasu

27

The End