Urban Green-Space Dynamics in the Monsoon Asia Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI Prof. Hiroshima university [email protected]and Jae-Eun KIM COE Researcher, Hiroshima University Urban Green Space Ecological •Nature conservation •Urban climate •Clear air •Ground water •Biodiversity •Soil protection •Noise reduction Economical •Property values •Reducing energy costs •Reducing damage risks •Increasing tourism Social •Recreation and wellbeing •Regional identity •Aesthetics •Mobility •Human health •Nature experience and nature education Sustainable Urban Land Use Improvement of Urban life
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Urban Green-Space Dynamics in the Monsoon Asiahome.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/hicec/coe/coe/PPT/seminar37-1.pdfUrban Green-Space Dynamics in the Monsoon Asia Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI Prof. Hiroshima
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Economical•Property values•Reducing energy costs•Reducing damage risks•Increasing tourism
Social•Recreation and wellbeing•Regional identity•Aesthetics•Mobility•Human health•Nature experience and nature education
Sustainable Urban Land Use
Improvement of Urban life
Contents
• Model of Green Resource Management in Hiroshima (JP) –Short Summary
• Urban Green Space Dynamics in Jakarta (Indonesia) –Chapter Conclusion
• Case Studies on Metropolitan Cities in Monsoon Asia: Beijing, Jinan (CN), Seoul (KR), Tokyo, Kyoto, Hiroshima (JP), Hanoi (VN), Manila (PH), Kuala Lumpur (MY), Dhaka (BD)
• Summary
Just after the Atomic Bombing
Complete collapsedarea <2km
Half collapsed area<3km
Green Resource Management
Declaration of Revegetation(1975)
Society for the Development of Greenspaces(1975)
Hiroshima CityBasic Plan
(1978)
Revegetation FoundationHiroshima City Basic Plan(1980)
Comprehensive RevegetationPlan (1986)
Hiroshima 3rd Basic Plan (1989)
1st RevegetationCampaign
2nd RevegetationCampaign
Hiroshima ReconstructionPlan (1946)
Hiroshima City ReconstructionBureau (1946)
Town Planning Law (1952)Redevelopment Project(1969)
Town Planning Law (1972)
Town Planning Law(1996)
Green Fiesta Hiroshima(1997)
Hiroshima 4th Basic Plan(1999)
Citizen's Association for Flower and Green(1999)
Basic Greenery Promotion Plan (2001)
3rd RevegetationCampaign
Parks and Green Tracts/Strips of Recreational Land Designated in Conformity with
Town Planning Law (1952)
3,644 haZones for Certain Uses
1,172 haSewerage
2 sites (1,520 ha)Land Readjustment Sites
8 locations (398.34 ha)
including 2 green strips
Green Tracts/Strips
of Recreational Land
78 locations
(219.67 ha)
Parks
27 roadRoads
1 site (12.21 ha)Memorial Places
ScaleDescription
Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Plan (1952)
4. Delta urban greenery zoneGreen space management including private landPromotion of urban revegetation (road, factory, roof..)
5. Islands greenery zone Forest and coastal vegetation (bay greenbelt)
1
2
3
4
5
Conservation Priority of Forest Patch in Delta and Aogakiyama Zones
Green Strips of Recreational Land(River Bank)
Green strip
Improvementgreen strip
Present
Distribution of Park Types A, B and C
City Park with Mid-level Tree Diversity and Stratification
Potential of Tree Plantation
For group A
Area(ha)
Num
ber
o f t r
e e s
p eci
es
ABC
Buffering from the green belt:Aogakiyama zone
Connectivities of Forests
Social Capacity for Environmental Management of Hiroshima City
• With increase of ability for SCEM, a number and area of the parks increased. However, due to the area dependent problems, the ecological quality decreased
• Lack of public land for revegetation needed the collaboration system of local government, citizens and firms
• The department of urban design thinks beautiful landscape is more important than functional landscape. It is necessary to focus on the issue by which the green spaces improve the quality of the wildlife and ecosystem in urban area
Potential of Ecological and Biological Function
• Forest connectivity
– Forest fragmentation and decrease of Satoyama landscapes in the delta and greenbelt areas occurred
– Revegetation in industrial area in the bay area is necessary to develop the ecological networks to maximize the effectiveness of dispersal and movement for wildlife
Jakarta, Capital of Indonesia
• Field surveyJuly 2004 and 2006
• Statistical analysisSimple linear regression analysis
• Green network analysisLeast Cost Path Network
• Soil microbial diversity analysis(Mabuhay et al. 2005)
• Vegetation surveyDBH (Diameter Breast Height), Species number
• Land use map
Procedure of Study
0.0527Sand beach & Bare land
2.71528Road
0.4204Water surface
9.91411Swamp
2.55648Agricultural area
15.48772Green space
69.239509Build up
Ratio of area
(%)Area (ha)Land use type
Study Area
Hutan Kotan11
Srengseng10
Taman Jalambar Hadiah9
Taman Kodok8
Taman Seno7
Taman Cisanggiri6
Taman Langsat5
Complex Senayan4
Taman Surupati3
Taman Gunung Agung2
Taman Monas1
Study SitesNo.
Location of Study Sites
Classification of Urban Green Space(modified to Kong and Nakagoshi 2005)
Public park and nursery
Roadside green space
Nursery
Village green space
Public park
Reclassified urban green space
Public park and nurseryP·NMixed green space
Linear corridors between sidewalks, curbs of island in crossroads has planted vegetation with limited diversity
RAttached green space
Propagating and cultivating vegetation, breeding and supplying sapling for urban greening
NNursery
Open to the public especially village people in surrounding park to provides open space, recreational opportunities has planted vegetation, sparse tree space trees, most is shorter shrubs and small area
V
Open to the public to provides education, pleasure and recreation has nature and planted vegetation and big area
PPublic park
DescriptionAbbreviationType of
urban green space
P: Public park
Classification of Urban Green Space(modified to Kong and Nakagoshi 2005)
Public park and nursery
Roadside green space
Nursery
Village green space
Public park
Reclassified urban green space
Public park and nurseryP·NMixed green space
Linear corridors between sidewalks, curbs of island in crossroads has planted vegetation with limited diversity
RAttached green space
Propagating and cultivating vegetation, breeding and supplying sapling for urban greening
NNursery
Open to the public especially village people in surrounding park to provides open space, recreational opportunities has planted vegetation, sparse tree, most is shorter shrubs and small area
V
Open to the public to provides education, pleasure and recreation has nature and planted vegetation and big area
PPublic park
DescriptionAbbreviationType of
urban green space
V: Village green space
Classification of Urban Green Space(modified to Kong and Nakagoshi 2005)
Public park and nursery
Roadside green space
Nursery
Village green space
Public park
Reclassified urban green space
Public park and nurseryP·NMixed green space
Linear corridors between sidewalks, curbs of island in cross roads has planted vegetation with limited diversity
RAttached green space
Propagating and cultivating vegetation, breeding and supplying sapling for urban greening
NNursery
Open to the public especially village people in surrounding park to provides open space, recreational opportunities has planted vegetation, sparse tree space trees, most is shorter shrubs and small area
V
Open to the public to provides education, pleasure and recreation has nature and planted vegetation and big area
PPublic park
DescriptionAbbreviationType of
urban green space
R: Roadside green space
Classification of Urban Green Space(modified to Kong and Nakagoshi 2005)
Public park and nursery
Roadside green space
Nursery
Village green space
Public park
Reclassified urban green space
Public park and nurseryP·NMixed green space
Linear corridors between sidewalks, curbs of island in crossroads has planted vegetation with limited diversity
RAttached green space
Propagating and cultivating vegetation, breeding and supplying sapling for urban greening
NNursery
Open to the public especially village people in surrounding park to provides open space, recreational opportunities has planted vegetation, sparse tree space trees, most is shorter shrubs and small area
V
Open to the public to provides education, pleasure and recreation has nature and planted vegetation and big area
PPublic park
DescriptionAbbreviationType of
urban green space
N: Nursery
Classification of Urban Green Space(modified to Kong and Nakagoshi 2005)
Public park and nursery
Roadside green space
Nursery
Village green space
Public park
Reclassified urban green space
Public park and nurseryP·NMixed green space
Linear corridors between sidewalks, curbs of island in crossroads has planted vegetation with limited diversity
RAttached green space
Propagating and cultivating vegetation, breeding and supplying sapling for urban greening
NNursery
Open to the public especially village people in surrounding park to provides open space, recreational opportunities has planted vegetation, sparse tree space trees, most is shorter shrubs and small area
V
Open to the public to provides education, pleasure and recreation has nature and planted vegetation and big area
PPublic park
DescriptionAbbreviationType of
urban green space
P·N: Mixed with public park and nursery
3.25
2.89
1.98
2.26
2.85
2.58
2.81
3.03
3.46
3.23
3.09
2.67
2.69
2.15
1.98
1.66
2.21
2.27
2.15
2.21
1.89
2.92
76.64
72.10
0.01
0.27
1.90
0.01
4.47
8.62
23.68
0.75
5.17
38
31
10
5
6
7
31
15
4
11
22
P
P
P
V
V
V
P·N
P·N
N
R
R
Taman Monas
Complex Senayan
Taman Jelambar Hadiah
Taman Kodok
Taman Surupati
Taman Cisanggiri
Taman Langsat
Taman Seno
Srengseng
Taman Gunung Agung
Hutan Kotan
1
4
9
8
3
6
5
7
10
2
11
S-W diversity
E
S-W diversity GM
Area (ha)
No. species
ClassificationStudy sitesNo.
Characteristics of urban green spaces
Shannon-Weaver Diversity of General Microbes
Number of Tree Species in Study Sites
DBH Composition of Trees
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 4 9 3 6 8 5 7 10 2 11
10-50 cm 51-100 cm >100 cm
NP V P·N R
Simple Linear Regression Analysis
Species number and area Species number and general microbes diversity
Least-cost Path: The path in a network between two points, among possibly many, which has the lowest cost, where cost is a function of time, distance, or other user-defined factors.
Discrete cost
Accumulated cost
Steepest path
Least Cost Path Network for Green Space
2002 Land use map
Green space map
Identifying core area
Source
Land use map
Reclassify land use map
Cost distance
Least Cost Path
Flow Chart of Least Cost Path Network Analysis
Least Cost Path Network for Urban Green Space
Cost distance Least cost path
1562.1Km
Conclusion
Urban green space
Big area
NetworkHigh
microbial diversityin soil
Highspecies number
Conclusion
• Size: Big urban green space
• Biodiversity: Soil microbial diversity and number of tree species
• Application method: Least cost path network
Consideration in Urban Planning and Management
Beijing with Grid System, Capital of China
± 1989
Residential land Industrial land Public facilitiesRoad Green spaces AgricultureWater Others
Agriculture, 40%
Water, 2%Others, 3%
Residential land, 17%
Industrial land 5%
Public facilities,
6%
Green spaces, 23%
Road, 3%
Urban land use structure change
•Built-up area 172.86 km2
•Green space area 125.72km2
1989
Land-use in Jinan, China, 1989
2004
Road, 5%
Greenspaces,
22% Publicfacilities,
9%
Industrialland, 8%
Residentialland, 21%
Others, 4%Water, 2%
Agriculture, 29%
•Built-up area increased 58.3 km2
•Green spaces decreased 5.91 km2
•Agriculture land lost 58.2 km2
Land-use in Jinan, 2004
Water Unit (Lake) of Landscape in Jinan
Build-up Area in Jinan, 2004
Planning scenario of urban green space network system in 2010
±Urban Green Space Planning
0 2 4 6 Km
Green corridor
Building areaGreen patchesOther land use
Seoul (KR), Grid Systems Based on Fengshui Geographic Theory
Land-use of Seoul in 2005
Restoration of Cheonggyestream(2003)
1990s1990s PresentPresent
River Restoration Project in Downtown Seoul
Restoration of Cheonggyestream(2003)
1990s1990s PresentPresent
CheonggyeCheonggye Stream was Stream was completely covered over with completely covered over with concrete for roads until 2003.concrete for roads until 2003.
In July 2003, Seoul In July 2003, Seoul Government initiated a project Government initiated a project to to uncover and restore the stream. It was a major . It was a major undertaking as not only did the undertaking as not only did the highway have to be removed, highway have to be removed, but also years of neglect and but also years of neglect and development had left the development had left the stream nearly totally dry and stream nearly totally dry and 120,000 tons of water had to 120,000 tons of water had to be pumped daily. be pumped daily.
Cheonggue River Restoration Project
Manila in the Heavy Smog, Capital of the Philippines
Roadside Green Space, Sometime Monoculture
• Batasan Hills
• Commonwealth Ave. (AIT)
• Greenmeadows Avenue
• Greenhills area (along Xavier St.)
• CCP Complex
• Along Roxas Blvd.
• Along C-5/E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue
• Ayala, Alabang
• Pest infestation of so-called ErythrinaGall Wasp (EGW)
MaleMale FemaleFemale
Scientific Name:Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim
Family Name: Eulophidae
Order: Hymenoptera
1 mm1 mm1.5 mm1.5 mm
• minute in size
Hanoi, Capital of Vietnam
Study AreaHanoi and its Vicinities
Map of Large Hanoi
- is a part of Hong river watershed - is the capital of Vietnam (one of the most important political-economic-cultural- scientific center).
- has population 3,145,300 people(2005), and average populationdensity is 3317 persons/ km2.
- has an area of about 920.97 km2.- has 9 urban and 5 rural districts.
Map of
vegetation
in Hanoi
whole
region,
2005
0 5 102.5 Kilometers
¯Legend
Vegetative cover
<all other values>
Acacia forest
Agricultural vegetation
Aquatic plants
Attached vegetation in built-up areas
Construction site
Eucalyptus forest
Grass land
Mixed forest
Orchard
Parks and other public green spaces
Pine forest
Water body
Road
Roadside Green Space
Plant Diversities of Different Type of Green Space
0
200
400
600
species 165 64 424 272 239 330
genus 108 46 141 159 140 197
family 44 21 82 59 60 72
public green space
road lined trees
park institutional private industrial
Source: Hanoi department of agriculture and rural development
Using the spatial analysis functions of GIS to produce the
composite map and Comparing with the 2020 Hanoi Master Plan
The composite map = [map of air]*0.2506 + [map of water system]*0.2555 + [map of industrial zone]*0.1544 + [map of existing land-use]*0.2959 + [map of valuable landscape]* 0.0437
The composite mapThe 2020 Hanoi Master Plan
Kuala Lumpur, Capital of Malaysia
Land-use in Kuala Lumpur, 2000Land Use
• Urban land use are the major component of urban ecosystem. Urban expansion had brought changes in land use pattern.
• Total of Open space, recreational and sports facilities land use includes city park, district park, neighbourhood park, local park, local play area, sports complex, golf course, polo field and as well as forest reserves increased to 1,580 hectares in 2000, although there has been a steady decline in public open space in the City Centre largely because of conversion to other uses.
• Major issues facing concerned to land use are shortage of public open space and shortage of undeveloped land includes agriculture, major parks, shrub and bushes.
• Kuala Lumpur local government strategies are encompassing and cover every aspect of the city fabric from spatial and infrastructural development to urban design and the less tangible qualities of the city experience.
LAND USE, 2000
Green Network• The green network shall connect
major open spaces or heavily treed areas radiating from outside the City Centre. Existing open spaces, road, river and utility corridors and mature tree coverage in low density residential areas shall be utilised to form the green network.
• The issues facing by Kuala Lumpur are incomplete green network and lack of continuity of pedestrian and open space linkage.
• To overcome this, the green network are proposed to combine with pedestrian network utilising the river corridor linking activity centre to existing open spaces, parks and nodes distributed throughout the city centre.
• The natural features of some of district will be protected and developed as parks for eco-tourism.
Green Network in Kuala Lumpur, 2020
Water Corridors of Monsoon Asian City: Dhaka, Capital of Bangladesh
Summary
• Core green-spaces are mainly parks with open land in temperate and tropical cities.
• Rich tree plantation in the park contributes
keeping biodiversity (eg. Jakarta, Hanoi)
• Ecological network is seldom seen in the city excluding Kuala Lumpur.
• Water corridors are unique in the cities of monsoon Asia (Lake, river, riverside etc.)
Acknowledgements
• Authorities: Citiy Governments of Beijing, Jinan, Seoul, Hiroshima, Manila, Hanoi, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Dhaka
• Projects: 21st C COE Hiroshima Univ., Scientific Funds of Ministry of Edu-JP
• Peoples: C Hashimoto, F Kong, HJ Lee, Luchman Hakim, VQ Nguyen, DU Pham, Shazwin, B Talulder, S Watanabe