Urban America UNIT 2: CHAPTER 4. LEQ: Why did European immigrants come to America in the 1800s? What was it like to enter at Ellis Island? Drill: What.

Urban AmericaUNIT 2: CHAPTER 4

LEQ:Why did European immigrants come to America in the 1800s? What was it like to enter at Ellis Island?

Drill:

What nationality or ethnicity do you most associate with the words “immigrant” or “immigration” in America today?

Key Vocabulary1. immigrant - (n) a person who migrates to another country, usually

for permanent residence

2. emigrate – (v) to leave one country or region to settle in another

A History of Immigration to America to 1882:•20,000 to 50,000 years ago = Ancestors of the American Indians

•1500 = Early European immigrants (colonization)

• 1620 = African slaves “Unwilling Immigrants”

•1841 to 1860 = Over 4 million from England, Germany, and Ireland

•1849-1882 = 250,000 Chinese immigrants

Reasons for Immigrating to the U.S.PUSH FACTORS

•Poverty and unemployment

•Wars and forced military service

•Political tyranny and religious oppression

•Over population

PULL FACTORS•Land and jobs

•Higher standard of living

•Democratic government

•Opportunity for social advancement

Ellis Island•A tiny island in New York Harbor

Interactive Tour of Ellis Island Activity1. Go to the American History page on Mrs. Leonard’s

website and open the link for the Interactive Tour of Ellis Island Activity

2. Read each step, examine photos and videos that may be available, and complete your handout

LEQ:What was life like in America for immigrants?

Drill:

How do you think Americans in the late 1800s treated immigrants?

How are immigrants treated today? Are some treated better than others? Why?

Nativism•By the 1880s immigrants made up a large percentage of the population in major cities

•They were often separated into ethnic groups: “Little Italy”, “Chinatown”

•Overtime the increase in immigrants lead to feelings of nativism – an extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people

•Nativists feared the influx of Roman Catholics would “swamp” the mostly Protestant U.S.A. And many believed the immigrants were taking American jobs

Political Parties and Secret Societies with Nativism:

•Republican Party

•Nativist Party

•Secret Societies = Order of United Americans and the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner. Sworn to secrecy; when asked about the organizations members replied “I know nothing.” = The Know Nothing Party A.K.A. The Know Nothings

LEQ:What was urban life like in American cities between 1840 and the early 1900s?

Drill:

How does life in the city compare to life in rural areas?

LEQ: How was the U.S. from 1870 to 1900 gilded?

"Gilded" means covered with gold on the outside, but not really golden on the inside

Drill:

Identify some things that make American society today good and bad, fair and unfair, rich and poor.

The Gilded Age•lasted from 1870-1900

•the name came from the title of a Mark Twain book The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today

•a period of rapid economic growth but also much social conflict

Characteristics of The Gilded Age

•Industrial growth and new inventions

•Crowded cities

•Corruption

•Disparity between rich and poor

•Strikes and riots

New Ideas in the Gilded Age•Individualism = “from rags to riches” = Horatio Alger

•Social Darwinism = Human society evolves from competition and natural selection

•Naturalism = the circumstances of life are out of our control

•Realism = portraying the world as it is

Gilded Age Then and NowTHEN

• Average Annual Income: $380 ($5,415 in today’s money)

•Poverty: 90 % of Americans lived below the poverty line

•Urban Life: 40% of population; tenements, high crime rates, filthy

NOW•Average Annual Income: $26, 695 (single)

S50,000 (household)

•Poverty: 14.5% of the population (42,000,000 of 300,000,000)

•Urban Life: 80.7% of population; apartments, townhomes, homes; higher crime rates than rural areas

LEQ: Is the U.S. in another Gilded Age?

"Gilded" means covered with gold on the outside, but not really golden on the inside

Drill:Do you think America has entered into a new Gilded Age?

Do you feel that the wealthy exploit the less economically advantaged?

Do the “one per centers” control more than the reset of us?

Gilded Age Then and NowTHEN

• Average Annual Income: $380 ($5,415 in today’s money)

•Poverty: 90 % of Americans lived below the poverty line

•Urban Life: 40% of population; tenements, high crime rates, filthy

NOW•Average Annual Income: $26, 695 (single)

S50,000 (household)

•Poverty: 14.5% of the population (42,000,000 of 300,000,000)

•Urban Life: 80.7% of population; apartments, townhomes, homes; higher crime rates than rural areas

LEQ: Is the U.S. in another Gilded Age?

"Gilded" means covered with gold on the outside, but not really golden on the inside

Drill:Get your assigned laptop and finish research from Friday –

10 minutes

Research Articles1. Go to Mrs. Leonard’s American History webpage

2. In your groups read and discuss the following articles:

•15% of Americans living in poverty

•Why we’re in a new Gilded Age

•25 Most Dangerous Cities in the U.S.

3. Be prepared to answer the LEQ based on the articles you have read:

LEQ: Is the U.S. in another Gilded Age?

Are We In A Second Gilded Age?Using Walmart as a Case Study

•Money spent at Walmart per minute = $34,880 ($50,227,200 per day; 18,332,928,000 a year)

•Percent of Walmart goods from China = 80%

•“The Walton family is the richest family in the United States…Net worth of $148.8 billion.”

•The Waltons have more wealth than 42% of American families combined

•Walmart, the country’s largest private employer, is paying its associates an average of $8.81 an hour

How has America Changed Since 1900?

20th Century (1900s) 21st Century (2000s)

Family Structure

two-parent, one-earner families

low-income single-parent families or higher-income two-parent, two-earner families

Technology low-skilled labor

high-skilled labor & specialization (higher education required)

Markets Local, small businesses, ma and pa shops

global

Education and Income in America

Full-time year-round working young adults ages 25–34:

•bachelor's degree was $46,900•associate’s degree $35,700•high school diploma or GED $30,000•no diploma or GED $22,900

Annual Income Statistics in America:

American Population = 316,000,000•Less than $25,000 = 25%•$50,000-$100,000 = 30%•$125,000 = 3.1 % •$250,000 = 2%•$350,000 to $1 million = 1% •$9,141,190 = 0.01%

LEQ: Is the U.S. in another Gilded Age?

"Gilded" means covered with gold on the outside, but not really golden on the inside.

Many immigrants still come to the United States just as they did in the late 19th century in hopes of a better life. These immigrants believe America can provide them with financial security, safety, better education, and more freedom (2012: 41 million immigrants living in the U.S.)

Based on what we have researched and discussed in class, do you think America has entered into another Gilded Age?

LEQ:During the Gilded Age why was Civil Service reform needed?

Drill:How do you expect politicians to conduct themselves?

What is your opinion of politicians today?

Civil Service – system or method of appointing government employees

Key Terms•Political machines – an organization linked to a political party that often controlled the local government

•Party bosses – the person in control of a political machine

•Graft - gaining money or power in dishonest or illegal ways

•Pendleton Act of 1883 - government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit

Why was Civil Service reform needed?

CAUSES EFFECT Civil Service Reform:

The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

Why was Civil Service reform needed?

CAUSES•Stealing money from taxes (Grant)

•Election fraud (Hayes)

•Assassination (Garfield)

•Hiring cronies - a.k.a. friends

•Minimal laws regulating campaigns

•Dominance of political machines

EFFECT Civil Service Reform:

The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

LEQ: What was the People’s Party and what were it’s goals?

Drill:During the Gilded Age cities were growing in size, wealth, and population.

How might this have affected farmers in the rural areas of America?

Ruralvs.

Urban

The Rise of Populism:Unrest in Rural America

•New technology allowed farmers to produce more crops

•Increased supply of crops caused prices to fall. This is good for the consumer and bad for the farmer

•High tariffs make it difficult for farmers to sell goods overseas *tariff – tax on goods coming into or leaving a country

•Increase in rail shipping costs

Key Terms: The Election of 1896 The Panic of 1893 a serious economic depression in the United States Similar; it was marked by the overbuilding and shaky financing of railroads, resulting in a series of bank failures

Whistle-Stop a from of campaigning when a nominee "ran" for president instead of "standing" for president. One would travel to all parts of the country by train to make speeches and try to gain the votes of the listeners.

LEQ:How were African Americans treated beginning in the late 1800s? Why?

Drill:During the Gilded Age, 1870-1900, immigrants, the working-class, and farmers all faced hardships.

Another subgroup during this time was the newly freed African-Americans.

Based on what you already know, describe what hardships African American’s may have faced during this time.

Legislation Affecting African Americans 1864-1870:

•Emancipation Proclamation of 1864 ends slavery in rebellious states during the Civil War

•13th Amendment passed in 1865 ends slavery completely and makes it unconstitutional = illegal

•14th Amendment passed in 1868 grants citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed

•15th Amendment passed in 1870 grants African American males the right to vote

LEQ:How were African Americans treated beginning in the late 1800s? Why?

Drill:

What were the Jim Crow laws?

Factors contributing

to Discrimination

African American

farmers join the Populist

Party

Violence (lynching's)

Plessy v Ferguson

Poll taxJim Crow Laws

Voting requirements

Legalizing Segregation•Segregation – the separation of the races

•Jim Crow Laws – statutes enforcing segregation in public places, mainly in the southern states

•Plessy v Ferguson, (1896), Supreme Court Case that upheld the Jim Crow laws : “separate but equal”

Response to DiscriminationAfrican American Response to Discrimination

Ida B. Wells

Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. Du Bois

Response to DiscriminationAfrican American Response to DiscriminationIda B. Wells Newspaper articles and book against

lynching's and demanding fair trials

Booker T. Washington

Should concentrate on achieving economic and vocational goals

W.E.B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folks; demanded civil rights, especially voting rights