Urban Air Toxics
Mar 27, 2015
Urban Air Toxics
The UAT Monitoring Network
Urban Sites
Asheville Charlotte Winston-Salem Raleigh Research Triangle Park Wilmington
Rural Site
Candor
Monitoring Sites
Site History
Monitoring SiteYear
StartedMonitoring Capabilities
Total Samples
Asheville 2002 VOCs 149
Charlotte Garinger 2002 VOCs 172
Winston-Salem Hattie Avenue 2002 VOCs 158
Rearch Triangle Park 2004VOCs
Carbonyls84 36
Raleigh Millbrook 2004VOCs
SVOCs46 21
Wilmington Battleship 2004 VOCs 46
Candor 2002VOCs
Carbonyls SVOCs
150 56 21
Total Samples Completed through 2005
Monitoring Site Information
Monitoring Site
Address Location ElevationAir Monitoring Capabilities
AQS No.
Asheville A-B Tech Community College
340 Victoria Road Asheville, NC
N 35º 34' 20" W 82º 33' 31"
2114 ftVOCs, Carbonyls, Met
37-021-0035
Durham RTP
EPA Campus RTP, NC
N 35º 53' 34" W 78º 52' 36"
279 ftVOCs, Carbonyls, Met
37-063-0014
Winston-Salem Hattie Avenue
Hattie Avenue Winston-Salem, NC
N 36º 6' 39" W80º 13' 37"
929 ft VOCs, Met 37-067-0022
Charlotte Garinger High School
Garinger High School Charlotte, NC
N 35º 14' 24" W 80º 47' 08"
755 ft VOCs, Met 37-119-0041
Candor112 Perry Drive Candor, NC
N 35º 15' 45" W 79º 50' 9"
576 ftVOCs, Carbonyls, SVOCs, Met
37-123-0001
Wilmington Battleship USS North Carolina
Battleship Drive Wilmington, NC
N34º 14' 08" W77º 57' 21"
3 ftVOCs, Carbonyls, Met
37-129-0010
Raleigh Millbrook Middle School
Millbrook Middle School Raleigh, NC
N 35º 51' 22" W 78º 34' 27"
302 ftVOCs, Carbonyls, SVOCs, Met
37-183-0014
The Following Sites are Operated by:The Asheville Site: The Western NC Regional Air Quality Agency
The Charlotte Site: The Mecklenburg County, Land Use and Environmental Services Agency
The Winston-Salem Site: The Forsyth County Environmental Affairs Department
Asheville Site
Charlotte Garinger Site
Winston-Salem Hattie Avenue Site
Research Triangle Park
Raleigh Millbrook Site
Wilmington Battleship Site
Candor Site
Monitoring Methods
EPA Toxic Organic (TO) Methods
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
EPA Method TO-15 (69 Analytes) Sample collected into pressurized SUMMA canister GC/MS with cryogenic preconcentration
Carbonyls (aldehydes/ketones) EPA Method TO-11a (12 Analytes)
Sample collected on a DNPH coated silica cartridge HPLC/UV of DNPH Derivatives
Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
EPA Method TO-13a (33 Analytes) Sample collected on a polyurethane foam cartridge GC/MS of concentrated extract
DNPH = Dinitrophenylhydrozene
Limits of DetectionVOCs TO-15
Lower Quantitation Level = 0.2 ppb
Method Detection Level = 0.1 ppb
Carbonyls TO-11a
Method Detection Levels:
Formaldehyde/Acetaldehyde = 10 ppt
Other aldehyde/ketones = 5 ppt
SVOCs TO-13a
Lower Quantitation Level = 10 pg/m3
Method Detection Level = 20 pg/m3
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are derived mostly from petroleum sources and are the major components of fossil fuels, and petroleum products as well as plastics, waxes and oils.
In urban environments, hydrocarbons (along with nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sunlight) contribute to ozone production.
•Benzene
•1,3-Butadiene
•Toluene
•Ethylbenzene
•Styrene
•Xylenes
Halogenated VOCs
Volatile organic compounds that contain halogens such as chlorine, bromine, fluorine.
Industrial solvent.
Persistent in the atmosphere.
Resist photochemical breakdown.
Chronic health effects.
Contribute to ozone formation.
•Carbon Tetrachloride
•Tetrachloroethylene
•Vinyl Chloride
•Freons
Polar Compounds
Polar compounds are oxygenated compounds such as ethers, ketones, and alcohols.
Many of these compounds are used as gasoline additives so that emissions may be characteristic of those from mobile sources.•MTBE
•MIBK
•MEK
•Ethanol
Carbonyl Compounds
Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and at least one carbon-oxygen double bond.
Factors that effect may airborne concentrations:
1. Combustion sources, motor vehicles, industrial processes and some natural sources that emit compounds directly into the air.
2. Photochemical reactions that form carbonyl compounds in the air, typically from airborne hydrocarbons.
3. Photochemical reactions that consume carbonyls from the air, generally by photolysis or by reaction with hydroxyl radicals.
•Formaldehyde •Acetaldehyde
Semivolatiles (SVOC)
Semivolatile: A substance that evaporates slowly at standard temperature and pressure (20°C & 1 atm).
•Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
•Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
•Polychlorinated Pesticides
HAPs, TAPs, and Core Compounds
HAP: Hazardous Air Pollutant (EPA)
TAP: Toxic Air Pollutant (NCDAQ)
Core Compound: A HAP or TAP that presents a high health risk due to long term exposure (i.e. 70 years) in an urban environment. Typically a carcinogen or chronic toxicant.
Risk Assessment
URE: The Unit Risk Estimate is the upper-bound excess lifetime cancer risk estimated to result from continuous exposure to an agent at a concentration of 1 µg/m3 in air.
RfC: Reference Concentration (non-cancer) is an estimate of a concentration in air to which a human population might be exposed that is likely to be without appreciable risks of deleterious effects during a lifetime (assumed to be 70 years).
Source: EPA
UAT Monitoring Results
UAT Core Compoundswith detectable results
•Acetaldehyde
•Benzene
•1,3-Butadiene
•Carbon Tetrachloride
•Formaldehyde
•Methylene Chloride
•Trichloroethylene
UAT Core Compoundsthat were not detected
•Chloroform
•1,3-Dichloropropene (cis & trans)
•Ethylene Dibromide
•Ethylene Dichloride
•Propylene Dichloride
•Tetrachloroethylene
•1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
•Vinyl Chloride
HAPs and TAPswith detectable results
•Benzyl Chloride
•Carbon Disulfide
•Ethyl Acetate
•Ethylbenzene
•Freons 11, 12, & 113
•Hexane
•Propionaldehyde
•Styrene
•Toluene
• Xylenes
HAPs and TAPsthat were not detected
•Bromoform
•Chlorobenzene
•p-Dichlorobenzene
•Ethlylidene Chloride
•Methyl Bromide
•Methyl Chloroform
•MIBK
•MTBE
•Vinylidene Chloride
•Vinyl Acetate
•Vinyl Trichloride
Other Compounds of Interestwith detectable results
•Acetone
•Benzaldehyde
•Butyraldehyde
•Cyclohexane
•Ethanol
•p-Ethyltoluene
•Heptane
•Isopropanol
•Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Other Compounds of Interestthat were not detected
•Crotonaldehyde
•Cyclohexane
•Dibromochloromethane
•Dichloroethenes (cis & trans)
•Dichlorobenzenes
•2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde
•Freon 114
•Hexaldehyde
•Isovaleraldehyde
•Methyl Butyl Ketone
•Valeraldehyde
•Tetrahydrofuran
•Tolualdehydes
UAT Core Compounds: Average of All Years
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
Benzene Carbon tetrachloride 1,3-Butadiene Acetaldehyde Trichloroethylene Methylene chloride Formaldehyde
Co
nc.
(p
pb
v)
Asheville Garinger Hattie Ave Millbrook RTP Battleship Candor
MDL
Benzene: Raw DataC
oncentr
ation (ppb)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
7/1/2003 10/1/2003 1/1/2004 4/1/2004 7/1/2004 10/1/2004 1/1/2005 4/1/2005 7/1/2005 10/1/2005
Asheville Garinger Winston Salem RTP Millbrook Wilmington Candor
Benzene: 3-Month AveragesC
oncentr
ation (ppb)
15 Point Rolling Averages
•0.0
•0.2
•0.4
•0.6
•0.8
•1.0
•7/1/03 •10/1/03 •1/1/04 •4/1/04 •7/1/04 •10/1/04 •1/1/05 •4/1/05 •7/1/05 •10/1/05
•Asheville •Garinger •Winston Salem •RTP •Millbrook •Wilmington •Candor
MDL
URE
Benzene: 2004 National Program
Toluene: Raw DataC
oncentr
ation (ppb)
•0.0
•0.5
•1.0
•1.5
•2.0
•2.5
•3.0
•3.5
•7/1/03 •10/1/03 •1/1/04 •4/1/04 •7/1/04 •10/1/04 •1/1/05 •4/1/05 •7/1/05 •10/1/05
•Asheville •Garinger •Winston Salem •RTP •Millbrook •Wilmington •Candor
Toluene: 3-Month AveragesC
oncentr
ation (ppb)
15 Point Rolling Average
•0.0
•0.2
•0.4
•0.6
•0.8
•1.0
•1.2
•1.4
•7/1/2003 •10/1/2003 •1/1/2004 •4/1/2004 •7/1/2004 •10/1/2004 •1/1/2005 •4/1/2005 •7/1/2005 •10/1/2005
•Asheville •Garinger •Winston Salem •RTP •Millbrook •Wilmington •Candor
MDL
Hexane: 3-Month Averages
•0.00
•0.05
•0.10
•0.15
•0.20
•0.25
•0.30
•0.35
•0.40
•0.45
•7/1/04 •10/1/04 •1/1/05 •4/1/05 •7/1/05 •10/1/05
•Asheville •Garinger •Winston Salem •RTP •Millbrook •Wilmington •Candor
MDL
Concentr
ation (ppb)
15 Point Rolling Averages
Freon 12: 3-Month AveragesC
oncentr
ation (ppb)
15 Point Rolling Averages
•0.0
•0.2
•0.4
•0.6
•0.8
•1.0
•1/1/2004 •4/1/2004 •7/1/2004 •10/1/2004 •1/1/2005 •4/1/2005 •7/1/2005 •10/1/2005
•Asheville •Garinger •Winston-Salem •RTP •Millbrook •Wilmington •Candor
MDL
Carbon Tetrachloride 3-Month Averages
•0.0
•0.1
•0.2
•0.3
•0.4
•1/1/04 •4/1/04 •7/1/04 •10/1/04 •1/1/05 •4/1/05 •7/1/05 •10/1/05
•Asheville •Garinger •Winston Salem •RTP •Millbrook •Wilmington •Candor
15 Point Rolling Averages
Concentr
ation (ppb)
MDL
URE
Carbon Tetrachloride: 2004 National Program
Formaldehyde: Raw Data
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
7/1/2004 10/1/2004 1/1/2005 4/1/2005 7/1/2005 10/1/2005
Candor RTP
Concentr
ation (ppb)
Formaldehyde: 2004 National Program
Candor RTP
Semivolatiles
Naphthalene
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
pg/m
3
Candor Millbrook
MDL
Semivolatiles
Phenanthrene
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
pg/m
3
Candor Millbrook
MDL
VOC Annual Summaries: Asheville
• Percent Detect: Percent of total samples with detected values.• nd: Not detected in any of the samples.
Asheville 2002 2003 2004 200529 Total Samples 24 Total Samples 47 Total Samples 49 Total Samples
ChemicalMean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Freon 12 0.620 0.233 100% 0.532 0.102 100% 0.627 0.118 89% 0.568 0.104 98%Methyl chloride Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.373 0.324 59%1,3-Butadiene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.226 0.235 44% 0.099 0.324 8%Chloroethane Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.318 0.327 47%Ethanol Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 8.057 7.703 73%Freon 11 0.243 0.101 97% 0.228 0.029 100% 0.269 0.078 91% 0.635 2.793 92%Acetone Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 3.210 2.072 90%Isopropyl Alcohol Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.091 0.169 8%Methylene chloride 0.086 0.040 59% 0.157 0.076 79% 0.129 0.097 72% 0.109 0.073 57%Freon 113 0.052 0.005 21% 0.055 0.011 29% 0.082 0.031 74% 0.080 0.033 63%Carbon Disulfide Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.272 0.368 83% 0.063 0.040 18%Methyl Ethyl Ketone Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.155 0.311 12%Hexane Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.139 0.111 83% 0.169 0.150 76%Ethyl Acetate Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.159 0.273 27%Benzene 0.301 0.239 97% 0.395 0.192 100% 0.335 0.142 100% 0.359 0.189 100%Carbon tetrachloride 0.086 0.033 76% 0.080 0.010 96% 0.098 0.042 74% 0.098 0.076 88%Trichloroethylene 0.050 ----- nd 0.050 ----- nd 0.069 0.060 47% 0.094 0.049 65%Heptane Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.093 0.125 33% 0.055 0.019 10%Toluene 0.690 0.406 100% 0.647 0.490 100% 0.620 0.356 100% 0.672 0.502 100%Ethylbenzene 0.131 0.081 79% 0.119 0.085 96% 0.124 0.113 81% 0.145 0.172 55%m- & p-Xylene 0.440 0.299 97% 0.408 0.327 83% 0.314 0.243 87% 0.215 0.241 76%Styrene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.112 0.092 41%o-Xylene 0.181 0.114 97% 0.154 0.111 92% 0.126 0.097 77% 0.085 0.081 41%1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.068 0.022 56% 0.084 0.071 37%1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.052 0.012 8%1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.145 0.192 65%Benzyl chloride Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.081 0.109 8%1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.073 0.114 4%
VOC Annual Summaries: CharlotteGaringer 2002 2003 2004 2005 Garinger
26 Total Samples 39 Total Samples 56 Total Samples 51 Total Samples
ChemicalMean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Freon 12 0.564 0.193 100% 0.622 0.241 100% 0.637 0.163 89% 0.635 0.385 100%Methyl chloride Not Analyzed 0.325 0.295 57%1,3-Butadiene 0.156 0.167 39% 0.070 0.081 10%Chloroethane Not Analyzed 0.284 0.305 43%Ethanol Not Analyzed 1.774 2.494 45%Freon 11 0.243 0.092 92% 0.253 0.046 100% 0.321 0.462 82% 0.400 0.750 100%Acetone Not Analyzed 3.819 2.156 98%Isopropyl Alcohol Not Analyzed 0.066 0.073 6%Methylene chloride 0.139 0.074 73% 0.177 0.087 69% 0.210 0.436 64% 0.155 0.132 71%Freon 113 0.057 0.011 35% 0.065 0.023 49% 0.082 0.035 55% 0.093 0.080 76%Carbon Disulfide 0.099 0.060 71% 0.079 0.086 2800%Methyl Ethyl Ketone Not Analyzed 0.157 0.235 20%Hexane 0.260 0.219 89% 0.239 0.219 73%Ethyl Acetate 0.098 0.129 16%Benzene 0.201 0.143 81% 0.384 0.148 100% 0.387 0.272 80% 0.413 0.250 100%Carbon tetrachloride 0.086 0.032 69% 0.089 0.017 95% 0.106 0.052 66% 0.110 0.106 75%Trichloroethylene 0.051 0.004 4% 0.051 0.003 5% 0.056 0.021 11% 0.072 0.044 26%Heptane 0.061 0.040 25% 0.080 0.113 14%Toluene 0.754 0.465 100% 0.706 0.436 100% 0.774 0.498 84% 0.726 0.611 100%Ethylbenzene 0.139 0.075 85% 0.127 0.068 97% 0.126 0.106 57% 0.158 0.187 57%m- & p-Xylene 0.443 0.274 100% 0.446 0.263 97% 0.409 0.362 73% 0.294 0.375 71%Styrene 0.167 0.117 61%o-Xylene 0.173 0.101 100% 0.174 0.103 95% 0.161 0.140 73% 0.123 0.138 45%1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene 0.092 0.048 50% 0.116 0.107 49%1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 0.082 0.085 27%1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene 0.178 0.167 61%Benzyl chloride 0.100 0.128 14%1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.064 0.099 2%
Not AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot Analyzed
Not AnalyzedNot Analyzed
Not AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot Analyzed
Not Analyzed
Not Analyzed
Not AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot Analyzed
Not AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot Analyzed
Not AnalyzedNot Analyzed
Not AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot Analyzed
Not Analyzed
Not Analyzed
Not Analyzed
Not AnalyzedNot Analyzed
Not AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot AnalyzedNot Analyzed
Not Analyzed
Not Analyzed
Not AnalyzedNot Analyzed
• Percent Detect: Percent of total samples with detected values.• nd: Not detected in any of the samples.
VOC Annual Summaries: Winston-SalemHattie Avenue 2002 2003 2004 2005
24 Total Samples 30 Total Samples 55 Total Samples 49 Total Samples
ChemicalMean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Freon 12 0.643 0.251 100% 0.672 0.330 100% 0.693 0.232 89% 0.722 0.552 98%Methyl chloride Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.474 0.412 59%1,3-Butadiene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.231 0.347 45% 0.052 0.011 2%Chloroethane Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.386 0.428 45%Ethanol Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 1.876 3.117 37%Freon 11 0.255 0.144 100% 0.251 0.037 100% 0.260 0.089 93% 0.274 0.216 98%Acetone Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 5.312 3.364 94%Isopropyl Alcohol Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.336 0.976 18%Methylene chloride 0.104 0.073 50% 0.188 0.060 67% 0.134 0.105 67% 0.158 0.224 55%Freon 113 0.053 0.008 17% 0.060 0.019 27% 0.079 0.035 61% 0.097 0.100 61%Carbon Disulfide Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.095 0.084 42% 0.074 0.085 12%Methyl Ethyl Ketone Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.132 0.228 14%Hexane Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.234 0.160 87% 0.214 0.397 63%Ethyl Acetate Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.123 0.177 25%Benzene 0.174 0.101 75% 0.358 0.160 100% 0.354 0.156 98% 0.442 0.462 100%Carbon tetrachloride 0.079 0.025 67% 0.086 0.015 97% 0.103 0.046 72% 0.130 0.167 65%Trichloroethylene 0.050 ----- nd 0.050 ----- nd 0.060 0.024 28% 0.060 0.028 16%Heptane Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.054 0.013 13% 0.101 0.314 8%Toluene 0.563 0.273 100% 0.700 0.506 100% 0.745 0.441 98% 0.610 0.441 100%Ethylbenzene 0.100 0.062 71% 0.144 0.117 90% 0.144 0.117 65% 0.128 0.140 43%m- & p-Xylene 0.297 0.152 96% 0.412 0.258 100% 0.354 0.276 87% 0.189 0.223 55%Styrene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.090 0.087 20%o-Xylene 0.119 0.060 88% 0.161 0.096 97% 0.172 0.138 70% 0.081 0.074 27%1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.080 0.039 48% 0.078 0.053 29%1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.054 0.014 10%1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.125 0.116 45%Benzyl chloride Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.076 0.090 10%1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.066 0.109 2%
• nd: Not detected in any of the samples• Percent Detect: Percent of total samples with detected values.
VOC Annual Summaries: RaleighMillbrook 2002 2003 2004 2005
25 Total Samples 21 Total Samples
ChemicalMean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Freon 12 0.598 0.202 84% 0.592 0.121 100%Methyl chloride Not Analyzed 0.454 0.324 76%1,3-Butadiene Site not in operation Site not in operation 0.100 0.110 40% 0.247 0.766 19%Chloroethane Not Analyzed 0.357 0.330 67%Ethanol Not Analyzed 1.398 2.215 52%Freon 11 0.232 0.122 92% 0.216 0.078 100%Acetone Not Analyzed 2.697 1.782 90%Isopropyl Alcohol Not Analyzed 0.065 0.049 10%Methylene chloride 0.137 0.125 80% 0.097 0.080 52%Freon 113 0.093 0.045 88% 0.068 0.040 90%Carbon Disulfide 0.108 0.129 52% 0.050 ----- ndMethyl Ethyl Ketone Not Analyzed 0.050 0.001 10%Hexane 0.213 0.245 64% 0.224 0.229 67%Ethyl Acetate Not Analyzed 0.067 0.064 10%Benzene 0.301 0.222 92% 0.404 0.275 100%Carbon tetrachloride 0.131 0.122 80% 0.081 0.047 95%Trichloroethylene 0.050 0.001 4% 0.050 0.009 5%Heptane Site not in operation Site not in operation 0.054 0.018 8% 0.056 0.033 19%Toluene 0.536 0.460 100% 0.568 0.564 100%Ethylbenzene 0.079 0.070 28% 0.088 0.081 48%m- & p-Xylene 0.203 0.270 56% 0.255 0.324 57%Styrene Not Analyzed 0.103 ----- 38%o-Xylene 0.090 0.092 32% 0.102 0.108 48%1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene 0.074 0.061 24% 0.081 0.071 38%1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Not Analyzed 0.057 0.063 29%1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene Not Analyzed 0.138 0.159 38%Benzyl chloride Not Analyzed 0.050 ----- nd1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Not Analyzed 0.050 ----- nd
• nd: Not detected in any of the samples• Percent Detect: Percent of total samples with detected values.
VOC Annual Summaries: RTPRTP 2002 2003 2004 2005
32 Total Samples 52 Total Samples
ChemicalMean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Freon 12 0.571 0.121 81% 0.573 0.143 100%Methyl chloride Not Analyzed 0.270 0.296 48%1,3-Butadiene Site not in operation Site not in operation 0.072 0.044 22% 0.050 ----- ndChloroethane Not Analyzed 0.218 0.279 38%Ethanol Not Analyzed 2.322 10.658 19%Freon 11 0.300 0.333 94% 4.300 28.556 98%Acetone Not Analyzed 3.249 2.839 96%Isopropyl Alcohol Not Analyzed 0.050 ----- ndMethylene chloride 0.802 2.444 91% 0.119 0.084 67%Freon 113 0.091 0.036 72% 0.075 0.039 87%Carbon Disulfide 0.343 1.276 56% 0.075 0.095 29%Methyl Ethyl Ketone Not Analyzed 0.065 0.079 6%Hexane 0.462 1.723 56% 0.085 0.087 56%Ethyl Acetate Not Analyzed 0.052 0.012 2%Benzene 0.262 0.151 100% 0.225 0.121 100%Carbon tetrachloride 0.104 0.042 75% 0.090 0.080 94%Trichloroethylene 0.053 0.010 9% 0.056 0.027 15%Heptane Site not in operation Site not in operation 0.050 ----- nd 0.050 0.005 6%Toluene 0.331 0.271 94% 0.246 0.271 98%Ethylbenzene 0.064 0.036 25% 0.075 0.067 42%m- & p-Xylene 0.138 0.166 44% 0.071 0.078 17%Styrene Not Analyzed 0.143 0.137 44%o-Xylene 0.073 0.059 25% 0.053 0.022 13%1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene 0.065 0.051 16% 0.054 0.020 17%1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Not Analyzed 0.048 0.014 12%1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene Not Analyzed 0.067 0.049 21%Benzyl chloride Not Analyzed 0.071 0.089 6%1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Not Analyzed 0.050 ----- nd
• nd: Not detected in any of the samples• Percent Detect: Percent of total samples with detected values.
VOC Annual Summaries: WilmingtonBATTLESHIP 2002 2003 2004 2005
4 Total Samples 42 Total Samples
ChemicalMean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Freon 12 0.582 0.059 100% 0.569 0.090 100%Methyl chloride Not Analyzed 0.388 0.338 60%1,3-Butadiene Site not in operation Site not in operation 1.142 1.945 50% 0.069 0.065 12%Chloroethane Not Analyzed 0.318 0.350 45%Ethanol Not Analyzed 4.727 6.372 50%Freon 11 0.253 0.072 100% 0.417 0.831 95%Acetone Not Analyzed 3.668 3.398 90%Isopropyl Alcohol Not Analyzed 0.126 0.489 2%Methylene chloride 0.108 0.084 50% 0.110 0.070 71%Freon 113 0.071 0.041 50% 0.082 0.036 90%Carbon Disulfide 0.051 0.002 25% 0.176 0.375 69%Methyl Ethyl Ketone Not Analyzed 0.111 0.201 12%Hexane 0.384 0.440 100% 0.129 0.190 50%Ethyl Acetate Not Analyzed 0.108 0.166 14%Benzene 0.434 0.273 100% 0.240 0.115 100%Carbon tetrachloride 0.068 0.031 50% 0.089 0.044 93%Trichloroethylene 0.125 0.091 50% 0.140 0.107 71%Heptane Site not in operation Site not in operation 0.100 0.099 25% 0.052 0.021 7%Toluene 0.719 0.663 100% 0.328 0.329 100%Ethylbenzene 0.107 0.067 50% 0.125 0.199 43%m- & p-Xylene 1.201 0.884 100% 0.289 0.687 55%Styrene Not Analyzed 0.158 0.134 48%o-Xylene 0.166 0.134 50% 0.056 0.045 26%1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene 0.070 0.034 25% 0.060 0.038 21%1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Not Analyzed 0.052 0.021 14%1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene Not Analyzed 0.082 0.111 21%Benzyl chloride Not Analyzed 0.079 0.105 7%1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Not Analyzed 0.050 ----- nd
• nd: Not detected in any of the samples• Percent Detect: Percent of total samples with detected values.
VOC Annual Summaries: CandorCandor 2002 2003 2004 2005
19 Total Samples 19 Total Samples 58 Total Samples 54 Total Samples
ChemicalMean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Mean (ppbv)
Std Dev
Percent Detects
Freon 12 0.480 0.116 100% 0.568 0.138 100% 0.613 0.106 90% 0.551 0.138 98%Methyl chloride Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.370 0.334 60%1,3-Butadiene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.051 0.004 4% 0.051 0.010 2%Chloroethane Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.345 0.350 52%Ethanol Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.360 1.245 17%Freon 11 0.218 0.112 95% 0.262 0.040 100% 0.270 0.091 97% 0.445 1.569 96%Acetone Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 2.815 1.742 92%Isopropyl Alcohol Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.050 ----- ndMethylene chloride 0.099 0.075 58% 0.187 0.012 32% 0.108 0.093 48% 0.092 0.064 69%Freon 113 0.055 ----- nd 0.072 0.022 63% 0.077 0.033 52% 0.066 0.041 87%Carbon Disulfide Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.084 0.095 46% 0.065 0.049 25%Methyl Ethyl Ketone Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.075 0.120 6%Hexane Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.078 0.070 21% 0.077 0.078 35%Ethyl Acetate Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.053 0.026 4%Benzene 0.107 0.065 63% 0.186 0.213 100% 0.149 0.062 88% 0.179 0.085 100%Carbon tetrachloride 0.068 0.025 42% 0.094 0.017 100% 0.104 0.038 83% 0.101 0.122 94%Trichloroethylene 0.050 ----- nd 0.050 ----- nd 0.051 0.004 2% 0.056 0.031 8%Heptane Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.050 ----- nd 0.050 0.007 4%Toluene 0.109 0.061 68% 0.134 0.033 100% 0.128 0.066 83% 0.127 0.136 75%Ethylbenzene 0.051 0.002 21% 0.050 0.001 5% 0.056 0.019 17% 0.062 0.050 31%m- & p-Xylene 0.074 0.034 37% 0.076 0.019 100% 0.077 0.039 38% 0.065 0.072 15%Styrene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.065 0.053 10%o-Xylene 0.053 0.010 21% 0.050 0.002 5% 0.053 0.007 19% 0.053 0.019 10%1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.054 0.009 14% 0.053 0.022 2%1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.052 0.012 2%1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.056 0.027 8%Benzyl chloride Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.083 0.117 8%1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Not Analyzed Not Analyzed Not Analyzed 0.062 0.088 2%
• nd: Not detected in any of the samples• Percent Detect: Percent of total samples with detected values.
Carbonyl Annual Summaries: Candor/RTPCANDOR 2003 2004 2005 All Years
8 Samples 24 Samples 26 Samples 58 Samples
Ave #Detect freq Ave #Detect freq Ave #Detect freq Ave #Detect freq
2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde nd 1 13% nd 1 4% nd 0 0% nd 2 3%
Acetaldehyde 0.874 8 100% 0.579 23 96% 0.433 24 92% 0.586 58 100%
Acetone 0.742 8 100% 0.693 24 100% 0.396 24 92% 0.567 56 97%
Benzaldehyde 0.022 8 100% 0.021 24 100% 0.012 18 69% 0.017 50 86%
Butyraldehyde 0.195 8 100% 0.073 24 100% 0.042 21 81% 0.076 53 91%
Crotonaldehyde 0.060 6 75% 0.136 24 100% 0.126 19 73% 0.121 49 84%
Formaldehyde 1.671 8 100% 1.457 24 100% 0.930 24 92% 1.302 58 100%
Hexaldehyde 0.044 8 100% 0.029 24 100% 0.015 21 81% 0.025 53 91%
Isovaleraldehyde 0.014 4 50% 0.011 13 54% 0.007 9 35% 0.010 26 45%
Propionaldehyde 0.101 7 88% 0.088 24 100% 0.057 21 81% 0.076 52 90%
Tolualdehydes 0.041 8 100% 0.023 24 100% 0.013 25 96% 0.021 57 98%
Valeraldehyde 0.045 8 100% 0.026 24 100% 0.020 19 73% 0.026 51 88%
RTP 2003 2004 2005 All Years12 Samples 28 Samples 40 Samples
Ave #Detect freq Ave #Detect freq Ave #Detect freq Ave #Detect freq2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde nd 0 0% nd 0 0% nd 0 0%Acetaldehyde 0.473 12 100% 0.683 24 86% 0.620 40 100%Acetone 0.549 12 100% 0.648 24 86% 0.619 40 100%Benzaldehyde 0.016 12 100% 0.015 22 79% 0.015 34 85%Butyraldehyde 0.046 12 100% 0.046 22 79% 0.046 34 85%Crotonaldehyde 0.044 11 92% 0.083 21 75% 0.071 35 88%Formaldehyde 0.970 12 100% 1.205 24 86% 1.135 40 100%Hexaldehyde 0.006 7 58% 0.007 17 61% 0.007 24 60%Isovaleraldehyde 0.006 3 25% 0.004 3 11% 0.004 6 15%Propionaldehyde 0.040 11 92% 0.106 22 79% 0.086 37 93%Tolualdehydes 0.005 5 42% 0.007 15 54% 0.007 24 60%Valeraldehyde 0.009 9 75% 0.014 19 68% 0.013 32 80%