Upupa epops -- Linnaeus, 1758 ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- BUCEROTIFORMES -- UPUPIDAE Common names: Common Hoopoe; Hoopoe; Huppe fasciée European Red List Assessment European Red List Status LC -- Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1) Assessment Information Year published: 2015 Date assessed: 2015-03-31 Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Symes, A. Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L. Assessment Rationale European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) At both European and EU27 scales this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU27. Occurrence Countries/Territories of Occurrence Native: Albania; Andorra; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Montenegro; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; Gibraltar (to UK) Vagrant: Faroe Islands (to DK); Finland; Iceland; Ireland, Rep. of; Norway; Svalbard and Jan Mayen (to NO); United Kingdom Population The European population is estimated at 1,300,000-2,760,000 pairs, which equates to 2,600,000-5,530,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU27 is estimated at 1,020,000-2,070,000 pairs, which equates to 2,040,000-4,140,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF . Trend In Europe and the EU27 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF . Habitats and Ecology This species occupies open country such as pastures, parkland, orchards, sand-heathland, olive groves, and vineyards and requires the presence of features offering perches, shade, nest-sites and accessible food. It is frequently found around villages and in traditionally farmed areas. Breeding can occur up to 3,000 m in Turkey (Krištín and Kirwan 2014). In central and southern Europe, egg-laying occurs from late April or early May, although begins in January in the Canaries (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is monogamous, solitary and a territorial breeder, although extra-pair paternity has been found in southeast Spain. It nests in natural holes in stumps, trees, walls, old buildings, cliffs, among boulders, in abandoned vehicles, drainpipes, wells, roof spaces and nest boxes and may use the same site for several seasons (Krištín and Kirwan 2014).
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Upupa epops -- Linnaeus, 1758ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- BUCEROTIFORMES -- UPUPIDAECommon names: Common Hoopoe; Hoopoe; Huppe fasciée
European Red List AssessmentEuropean Red List Status
LC -- Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1)
Assessment InformationYear published: 2015Date assessed: 2015-03-31Assessor(s): BirdLife InternationalReviewer(s): Symes, A.Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L.Assessment RationaleEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
At both European and EU27 scales this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations).
For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU27.
OccurrenceCountries/Territories of OccurrenceNative:Albania; Andorra; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Montenegro; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; Gibraltar (to UK)Vagrant:Faroe Islands (to DK); Finland; Iceland; Ireland, Rep. of; Norway; Svalbard and Jan Mayen (to NO); United Kingdom
PopulationThe European population is estimated at 1,300,000-2,760,000 pairs, which equates to 2,600,000-5,530,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU27 is estimated at 1,020,000-2,070,000 pairs, which equates to 2,040,000-4,140,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF.
TrendIn Europe and the EU27 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF.
Habitats and EcologyThis species occupies open country such as pastures, parkland, orchards, sand-heathland, olive groves, and vineyards and requires the presence of features offering perches, shade, nest-sites and accessible food. It is frequently found around villages and in traditionally farmed areas. Breeding can occur up to 3,000 m in Turkey (Krištín and Kirwan 2014). In central and southern Europe, egg-laying occurs from late April or early May, although begins in January in the Canaries (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is monogamous, solitary and a territorial breeder, although extra-pair paternity has been found in southeast Spain. It nests in natural holes in stumps, trees, walls, old buildings, cliffs, among boulders, in abandoned vehicles, drainpipes, wells, roof spaces and nest boxes and may use the same site for several seasons (Krištín and Kirwan 2014).
http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/Species/erlob/supplementarypdfs/22682655_upupa_epops.pdfhttp://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/Species/erlob/supplementarypdfs/22682655_upupa_epops.pdfhttp://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/Species/erlob/supplementarypdfs/22682655_upupa_epops.pdfhttp://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/Species/erlob/supplementarypdfs/22682655_upupa_epops.pdfhttp://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/Species/erlob/supplementarypdfs/22682655_upupa_epops.pdfhttp://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/Species/erlob/supplementarypdfs/22682655_upupa_epops.pdfhttp://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/Species/erlob/supplementarypdfs/22682655_upupa_epops.pdf
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The nest may unlined or lined with moss, grass, leaves or pine needles (Snow and Perrins 1998) and is normally relatively close to the ground but occasionally found over 40 m. (Krištín and Kirwan 2014). Typically lays seven to eight eggs. It feeds almost entirely on animal matter, primarily large insects and their larvae and pupae (Snow and Perrins 1998). Northern populations are fully migratory while others our only partially migratory. European populations winter in northwest Africa, the Canary Isles, Israel and Arabia (Krištín and Kirwan 2014).Habitats & Altitude
Habitat (level 1 - level 2) Importance OccurrenceArtificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland suitable breedingArtificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland suitable non-breedingArtificial/Terrestrial - Plantations suitable breedingArtificial/Terrestrial - Plantations suitable non-breedingArtificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens suitable breedingArtificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens suitable non-breedingArtificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas suitable breedingArtificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas suitable non-breedingGrassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry suitable breedingGrassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry suitable non-breedingGrassland - Temperate suitable breedingAltitude max. 3000 m Occasional altitudinal limits
ThreatsThe species is hunted in Mediterranean region (Krištín and Kirwan 2014). Food quality and accessibility has been shown to affect reproductive success (Martin-Vivaldi et al. 1999, Fournier and Arlettaz 2001) as has the availability of suitable nesting cavities (Arlettaz et al. 2000) as a result of habitat changes after agricultural intensification (Bauer and Berthold 1997).Threats & Impacts
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and StressesAgriculture & aquaculture
Agro-industry farming
Timing Scope Severity ImpactOngoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant
DeclinesMedium Impact
StressesEcosystem conversion; Indirect ecosystem effects
Biological resource use
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals (intentional use - species is the target)
Timing Scope Severity ImpactOngoing Minority (
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BibliographyFournier, J., and Arlettaz, R. 2001. Food provision to nestlings in the Hoopoe Upupa epops: implications for the conservation of a small endangered population in the Swiss Alps. Ibis, 143(1): 2-10.Krištín, A. and Kirwan, G.M. 2014. Common Hoopoe (Upupa epops). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds.) 2014. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/55871 on 25 February 2015).Martin-Vivaldi, M., Palomino, J.J., Soler, M. and Soler, J.J. 1999. Determinants of reproductive success in the Hoopoe Upupa epops, a hole-nesting non-passerine bird with asynchronous hatching. Bird Study 46: 205–216Snow, D.W. and Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic – Concise Edition – Volume 1 – Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press.
Map (see overleaf)
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