UPSC Prelims 2013 Research Document

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UPSC Prelims 2013 Research Document 1. Governor Vs Lt. Governor powers:

• President is final decision-making authority in case of dispute between LG and cabinet of UT.

• in general, Governor of a state has to act solely on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, whereas, the LG does not need the approval of the Council of Ministers on every matter.

• Unlike Governor which has dual role to play i.e. Constitutional Head of the state as well as agent of the President, LG is not Constitutional head of the UT but only an agent of President.

• Chief Ministers of Delhi and Puducherry are appointed by the President and not by LG, whereas the Chief Ministers of states are appointed by the Governor.

• CM give resignation to LG and not to President.

1.1. features of the recently passed National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021: • The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021, which gives

primacy to the Lieutenant Governor (L-G) over the elected government in the city, has come into force.

• The Act provides that the term “government” referred to in any law made by the Legislative Assembly will imply Lieutenant Governor (LG).

• The act provides that on certain matters, as specified by the LG, his opinion must be obtained before taking any executive action on the decisions of the Minister/ Council of Ministers.

• The Act requires the LG to reserve certain Bills passed by the Legislative Assembly for the consideration of the President.

These Bills are those:

(i) which may diminish the powers of the High Court of Delhi, (ii) which the President may direct to be reserved, (iii) dealing with the salaries and allowances of the Speaker, Deputy Speaker, and members of

the Assembly and the Ministers, (iv) relating to official languages of the Assembly or the NCT of Delhi. The Bill requires the LG

to also reserve those Bills for the President which incidentally cover any of the matters outside the purview of the powers of the Legislative Assembly.

2. Major deserts in the world: 2.1. Hot deserts: The aridity of the hot deserts is mainly due to the effects of off-shore Trade Winds, hence they are also called Trade Wind Deserts. The major hot deserts of the world are located on the western coasts of continents between latitudes 15° and 30°N. and S. They include the biggest Sahara Desert (3.5 million square miles), Great Australian Desert, Arabian Desert, Iranian Desert, Thar Desert, Kalahari and Namib Deserts.

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2.2. Deserts due to Rain shadow effect: • Atacama or Peruvian Desert (rain shadow effect and off-shore trade winds) is the driest of

all deserts with less than 2 cm of rainfall annually. • Patagonian desert is formed due to Andes mountain does not allow rain bearing winds to

pass. 2.3. Deserts due to continental effect: Ladakh, The Kyzyl Kum, Turkestan, Taklimakan and Gobi deserts of Central Asia, drier portions of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States and Patagonian Deserts of Argentina. Note: it is advisable for students to practice world map related to distribution of major deserts of the world. 3. Major mountain ranges:

4. Important Foreign travellers in India in history:

Name of Travellers Important points Megasthenes (302-298 BC)

1. He was the ambassador of SELEUCUS, who visited India during the supremacy of Chandragupta Maurya.

2. He wrote the book ‘INDICA’. In his book, he mentioned Chandragupta as ‘SANDROCOTTUS’.

3. He gave vivid depiction of Administration and social aspects of Mauryan Empire.

Deimachos (320-273 BC)

1. Greek traveller. 2. In the court of Bindusara the Son of Chandragupta Maurya.

Fa-xian (405-411 A.D.)

1. Chinese traveller. 2. He visited India during the reign of Vikramaditya

(Chandragupta II). 3. Known for his visit to the birthplace of Buddha, Lumbini. 4. His travelogue “RECORDS OF BUDDHIST KINGDOM”.

Hiuen-Tsang (630-645 A.D.)

1. Chinese traveller. 2. Visited India during the reign of Harshavardhana.

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3. SI-YU-KI or ‘THE RECORDS OF WESTERN WORLD’ was written by him.

4. He was looted by highway robbers. I-tsing (671- 695 A.D.)

1. Chinese Traveller. 2. His works are Biographies of Eminent Monks. 3. Gives useful information about the social, religious and

cultural life of the people of this country. Marco Polo (1292-1294 AD)

1. visited Southern India during the reign of Rudramma Devi of Kakatiyas.

2. His work “The Book of Sir Marco Polo” which gives an invaluable account of the economic history of India.

Ibn Batuta (1333-1347 A.D.)

1. Was appointed a Qadi or judge, by Md. Bin Tughlaq. 2. Wrote Kitab-ul-rahla. 3. Moroccan traveller.

Nicolo Conti (1420-1421 A.D.)

1. Italian. 2. Visited Vijaynagar empire. 3. reign of Devraya I of Sangam dynasty.

Abdur Razzaq (1443-1444 A.D.)

1. Came during the rule of Devraya II of Sangam dynasty of Vijaynagar Empire.

2. Persian traveller, Ambassador of Shahrukh of Timurid dynasty.

Athanasius Nikitin

1. Russian traveller. 2. Visited Bahmanai Kingdom. 3. His narrative “The journey beyond 3 seas”

William Hawkins

1. Visited court of Jahangir. 2. Ambassador of King of England, to seek trading rights from

Mughals. Francois Bernier

1. He was a French physician and traveler. 2. He was in India from 1656-1668 3. He visited India during the reign of Shah Jahan. 4. He was physician to Prince Dara Shikoh and later was

attached to the court of Aurangzeb 5. ‘Travels in the Mughal Empire’ was written by Francois

Bernier. 6. The book mainly talks about the rules of Dara Shikoh and

Aurangzeb. Al-beruni

• Came to India with Mahmud of Ghajni. • Wrote Kitab-ul Hind. • He liked the Indian culture and learnt Sanskrit, Indian

philosophy and Socio-Economic condition of this land. • He was particularly impressed by the Upanishads and the

Bhagavad-Gita. 5. Conditions of Amendment under 368:

• Only parliament can amend Constitution not state legislatures. • Any house can initiate bill for amendment. • Amendment bill can be introduced either by a minister or Private member.

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• No prior approval of President needed. • Can be passed only by special majority. • No joint sitting is allowed for CAA. • Those features which alter federal features has to be ratified by half of the states through

simple majority. • President is bound to give his assent to Constitutional amendment bill.

Following CA can be passed by Simple majority:

• New states/UT. • Changing name. • Abolition and creation of LC. • Citizenship laws. • Increasing power of SC. • RoPA. • Delimitation. • 5th and 6th schedule.

Following CA can be passed by Special majority+ ratification of half of the state:

• President election. • Executive/ Legislative power of union and states. • Decreasing powers of Supreme court and HC. • 7th schedule. • RS seats. • Manner of amendment itself.

Note: no time limit for president to give assent to CA bill. 6. Attorney General:

• Constitutional Office. • Highest Law officer. • Appointed by President. • qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. • The term of office of the AG is not fixed by the Constitution. • Further, the Constitution does not contain the procedure and grounds for his removal. • He holds office during the pleasure of the president. • This means that he may be removed by the president at any time.

Duties and function:

• Chief law officer of the Government of India. • Give legal advice to GoI. • Defend Govt. in Courts. • Represent the Government of India in any reference made by the President to the Supreme

Court under Article 143 of the Constitution. Rights of AG:

• Right of audience in all courts in the territory of India. • Can take part in Parliamentary proceedings without voting rights.

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• Can become member of any Parliamentary committee. • He enjoys all the privileges and immunities that are available to a member of Parliament. • Can continue his private practice along with Public functions.

Limitation of AG:

• Can’t speak against GoI. • He should not defend accused persons in criminal prosecutions without the permission of

the Government of India. • Can’t accept any position of director in any company without permission of GoI. • He does not fall in the category of government servants. • The AG is not a member of the Central cabinet. • There is a separate law minister in the Central cabinet to look after legal matters at the

government level. Note: solicitor general are also there to support AG in dispensing duties. It should be noted that unlike AG, SG is not a constitutional post. 7. Sugarcane by-products uses: Molasses:

• Can be used to produce bio-fuel (bio-ethanol). • Can be used for alcohol manufacturing. • livestock feeding since it is highly nutritious.

Bagasse:

• Fuel. • Paper making.

Ethanol blending programme in India:

• Currently, 5 per cent of ethanol is blended with petrol in India. • The government of India has advanced the target for 20 per cent ethanol blending in petrol

(also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. E20 will be rolled out from April 2023. • The central government has also released an expert committee report on the Roadmap for

Ethanol Blending in India by 2025. • The roadmap proposes a gradual rollout of ethanol-blended fuel to achieve E10 fuel supply

by April 2022 and phased rollout of E20 from April 2023 to April 2025. Challenges:

• Efficiency: Fossil Fuels produce more energy than some of the biofuels. E.g. 1 gallon of ethanol produces less energy as compared to 1 gallon of gasoline (a fossil fuel).

• Food shortages: There is concern that using valuable cropland to grow fuel crops could have an impact on the cost of food and could possibly lead to food shortages.

• Water use: Massive quantities of water are required for proper irrigation of biofuel crops as well as to manufacture the fuel, which could strain local and regional water resources.

• domestic production of bioethanol is not sufficient to meet the demand for bio-ethanol for blending with petrol at Indian OMCs.

• vehicles need to be produced with rubberised parts, plastic components and elastomers compatible with E20 and engines optimally designed for use of E20 fuel

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• The NITI Aayog paper said that two-wheelers and passenger vehicles that are now being made in the country “are designed optimally for E5 (5 percent ethanol blend with petrol) while rubber and plastic components are “compatible with E10 fuel”.

8. Bio-Hydrogen: Biohydrogen, like biogas, can be produced using a number of processes such as pyrolysis, gasification or biological fermentation. 9. Hydrogen as source of energy:

• Hydrogen Fuel is environmentally friendly and is a non-toxic substance and when consumed in a fuel cell it produces only water as by-product.

• Hydrogen is three times as powerful as gasoline and other fossil fuels. NASA has used liquid hydrogen since the 1970s to propel the space shuttle and other rockets into orbit. Hydrogen fuel cells power the shuttle’s electrical systems, producing a clean byproduct – pure water, which the crew drinks.

• Some algae and bacteria, using sunlight as their energy source, even give off hydrogen under certain conditions.

Types of Hydrogen on the basis of source of production:

1. Hydrogen is labelled blue whenever the carbon generated from steam reforming is captured and stored underground through industrial carbon capture and storage (CSS). Blue hydrogen is, therefore, sometimes referred to as carbon neutral as the emissions are not dispersed in the atmosphere.

2. Green hydrogen also referred to as “clean hydrogen” – is produced by using clean energy from surplus renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, to split water into two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom through a process called electrolysis.

3. Grey hydrogen is the most common form and is generated from natural gas, or methane, through a process called “steam reforming”. This process generates just a smaller amount of emissions than black or brown hydrogen.

4. Black or brown hydrogen uses black (bituminous) or brown (lignite) coal in the hydrogen-making process. Black or brown hydrogen is the most environmentally damaging as both the CO2 and carbon monoxide generated during the process are not recaptured.

5. It is called Pink Hydrogen when Nuclear energy is used for electrolysis of water to produce Hydrogen.

10. West Flowing Rivers of The Peninsular India:

• The two major west flowing rivers are the Narmada and the Tapi. • This exceptional behavior is because these rivers didn’t form valleys and instead they flow

through faults (linear rift, rift valley, trough). • The Sabarmati, Mahi and Luni are other rivers of the Peninsular India which flow

westwards. • Peninsular rivers which fall into the Arabian Sea do not form deltas, but only estuaries. • This is due to the fact that the west flowing rivers, especially the Narmada and the Tapi

flow through hard rocks and hence do not carry any good amount of silt. • Moreover, the tributaries of these rivers are very small and hence they don’t contribute

any silt. • Hence these rivers are not able to form distributaries or a delta before they enter the sea.

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Narmada river: • Origin: Amarkantak plateau in MP. • Drains in Arabian Sea. • Flows through rift valley between the Vindhyan Range on the north and the Satpura Range

on the south. • Dhuandhar fall, marbel rocks are located on Narmada. • The major Hydro Power Project in the basin are Indira Sagar, Sardar Sarovar,

Omkareshwar, Bargi & Maheshwar. • Flows through: MP. MH, GJ. • Form boundary between MP and MH.

Tapti river:

• It originates near Multai reserve forest in Madhya Pradesh at an elevation of 752 m. • Flows for about 724 km before draining into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Cambay. • The Tapti River along with its tributaries flows over the plains of Vidharbha, Khandesh and

Gujarat and over large areas in the state of Maharashtra and a small area in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Sabarmati river:

• It Originates from Aravalli hills near Tepur village in Udaipur Dist of state Rajasthan.

• It flows through South West direction. • Drains into Gulf of Cambey (Khambhat) • The river runs through two states Rajasthan

and Gujarat. Mahi river:

• Origin : MP. • Drainage in Guld of Khambat. • Vadodara is the only important urban centre in the basin. • It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the north-west, by Malwa Plateau on the

east, by the Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west. • Flows through MP, RJ and GJ.

Luni river:

• The Luni or the Salt River (Lonari or Lavanavari in Sanskrit) is named so because its water is brackish.

• Luni originates from western slopes of the Aravalli ranges at an elevation of 772 m near Ajmer flowing in South West direction and traversing a course of 511 km in Rajasthan, it finally flow into the Rann of Kachchh (it gets lost in the marsh).

• Luni forms inland drainage. Ghagghar:

• The Ghaggar is the most important river of inland drainage. It is a seasonal stream which rises on the lower slopes of the Himalayas and forms boundary between Haryana and Punjab.

• It gets lost in the dry sands of Rajasthan near Hanumangarh.

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Self reading material: students are advised to read about Teesta, Son, Chambal, Barak, Kosi, Brahmaputraa and Mahanadi. 11. Estuary ecosystem: Estuaries are located where river meets the sea. Estuaries are water bodies where the flow of freshwater from river mixes with salt water transported, by tide, from the ocean. Estuaries are the most productive water bodies in the world. Characters

• An Estuary is a semi enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it.

• It has a free connection with open sea. 12. Garo Hills:

• highest peak is known as Nokrek Peak. • located in Meghalaya state and part of Garo-Khasi range,The region is known as one of

the wettest places on earth. Note: analyse hills and ranges given in this figure. Look into various aspects like north to south or east west arrangement of hills. 13. PESA Act: 1996

• Extension of PRI to Scheduled Areas. • Provisions of 73rd do not apply to 5th schedule areas. Like Mizoram, Nagaland, J&K,

Meghalaya. • Parliament is empowered to extend 73rd act to such areas.

Objectives:

• Self-rule. • Tribal autonomy. • Mainstreaming of Tribal culture. • Democratic decentralization. • Improve administration of such areas. • To prevent centralization of power in upper tier of PRIs.

Most Important Provisions of the act:

• Atleast 50 % reservation of seats for Tribal community candidate. • Mandatory consultation of GS or Panchayat for land acquisition. • GS or panchayat approval for licensing of minor minerals.

Other powers of GS under PESA:

1. Regulation of sale of any intoxicant. 2. Ownership of MFP. 3. Prevent land alienation. 4. Money lending. 5. Local plannning.

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14. Kaziranga National Park: • It was declared as a National Park in 1974. • It has been declared a tiger reserve since 2007. • UNESCO World Heritage Site. • It is the home of the world's most one-horned rhinos. Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary has

the highest density of one-horned rhinos in the world and second highest number of Rhinos in Assam after Kaziranga National Park.

• focused on the 'big four' species— Rhino, Elephant, Royal Bengal tiger and Asiatic water buffalo.

• Diphlu River running through it. national parks in Assam

• Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, • Manas National Park, • Nameri National Park, • Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park.

15. Cripps Mission:

• The threat of a Japanese invasion and British needed India’s support in the war. • this led the British government to send Cripps to India. • Indian nationalists had agreed to support the Allied as they hoped for immediate transfer

of substantial power and complete independence after the war. Salient features:

• First time British accepted dominion status to India. • A Constituent Assembly would be formed to frame a new constitution for the country. • Any province unwilling to join the Indian dominion could form a separate union and have

a separate constitution. • India’s defense would be controlled by the British.

16. Bank rate vs Repo Rate:

• Bank Rate and REPO rates are almost similar. • The central bank (RBI for India) lends money to a private bank for which the private bank

needs to pay the interest rate. • The only difference is that the REPO rate is used to lend money for the short term while

the bank rate for the long term. • Repo rate is issued against Government securities. • Bank rate is higher than repo rate. • Bank rate helps in determining loan rates in country. • Repo rate determine liquidity and regulate inflation in Country. • No collateral is involved while charging Bank Rate but securities, bonds, agreements and

collateral is involved when Repo Rate is charged. 17. Smog: Two types of Smog: 1. Classical Smog. Cool humid climate.

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Smoke+Fog+SO2. (reducing Smog). 2. Photochemical Smog. Warm, dry, Sunny. CHX+ NOX ------------→ Sunlight+ O3+ NO2. (Oxidizing Smog). 1. Classical smog: Sulfurous smog

• Sulfurous smog is also called “London smog,” (first formed in London).

• Sulfurous smog results from a high concentration of SULFUR OXIDES in the air and is caused by the use of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels, particularly coal (Coal was the mains source of power in London during nineteenth century.

• This type of smog is aggravated by dampness and a high concentration of suspended particulate matter in the air.

Photochemical smog:

• Photochemical smog is also known as “Los Angeles smog”. • Photochemical smog occurs most prominently in urban

areas that have large numbers of automobiles (Nitrogen oxides are the primary emissions).

• Photochemical (summer smog) forms when pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (primary pollutant) and organic compounds (primary pollutants) react together in the presence of SUNLIGHT. A gas called OZONE (Secondary pollutant) is formed.

• Nitrogen Dioxide + Sunlight + Hydrocarbons = Ozone (Ozone in stratosphere it is beneficial, but near the earth’s surface it results in global warming as it is a greenhouse gas)

• The resulting smog causes a light brownish coloration of the atmosphere, reduced visibility, plant damage, irritation of the eyes, and respiratory distress.

18. Urban Heat Island: Hot air plume in urban areas. Effect:

• Increase in demand of energy.

• Vicious cycle. • Alter wind pattern • Thunder storm.

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19. Laterite Soil: • The word laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘Later’ which means brick. These

soils when wet are as soft as butter but become hard and cloddy on drying. Therefore, these are widely cut as bricks for use in house construction.

• The lateritic soils are particularly found on high flat erosion surfaces in areas of high(>200cm) and seasonal rainfall.

• The alternating wet and dry seasons lead to the leaching away of the siliceous matter of the rocks leaving behind the compounds of iron and aluminium.

• These soils have mainly developed in the higher areas of the Peninsular plateau. The laterite soils are commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

20. NALSA:

• NALSA has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, to provide free legal services to weaker sections of society.

• The aim is to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reasons of economic or other disabilities.

• Chief Justice of India shall be the Patron-in-Chief. Important functions performed by NALSA:

1. Organise Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. 2. Identify poor and needy who are looking for justice. 3. Provide free legal aid in civil and criminal matters.

21. Water consumption in India:

22. PSL norms in Banking sector:

• The RBI mandates banks to lend a certain portion of their funds to specified sectors, like agriculture, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), export credit, education, housing, social infrastructure, renewable energy among others.

• All scheduled commercial banks and foreign banks (with a sizable presence in India) are mandated to set aside 40% of their Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANDC) for lending to these sectors.

• Regional rural banks, co-operative banks and small finance banks have to allocate 75% of ANDC to PSL.

• Those who fall short have to invest in long term bond of NABARD. • Fresh Categories: Bank finance to start-ups up to Rs. 50 crore, loans to farmers for

installation of solar power plants for solarisation of grid connected agriculture

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pumps and loans for setting up Compressed BioGas plants have been included as fresh categories eligible for finance under priority sector.

23. Odissi dance:

• Odissi dance performs Natya combined with an element of dancing and acting. • It is a unique representation of gracefulness, beauty, and sensuality. • Geometrical shapes and patterns are created with dancers body. Hence it is called 'Mobile

Sculpture’. • It has a combination of Lasya and Tandav. • Graceful and mesmerizing, it appears like waves of the ocean. • Jayadev’s fabulous work Geet Govind.

Two styles of traditional Odissi:

1. Maharis (Devadasis or Temple Girls). 2. Gotipua (Performed by Boys) • The chowk represents a very masculine stance with the weight of the

body equally balanced. • The tribhanga represents a very feminine stance where the body is

deflected at the neck, torso and the knees 24. Foreign exchange reserve:

• India has 5th position. • 1st is China, 2nd in Japan, 3rd is Switzerland, 4th is Russia. • It comprise of foreign currency assets, gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDR) of IMF. • USD is major constituent of this Forex.

Purpose of Forex:

• To control currency depreciation through open market operations.

• backup funds if their national currency rapidly devalues or becomes all together insolvent.

• To pay for import in terms of USD. • Credit rating of a country may

increase leading to easier access to loans and credit from international market.

25. Artificial ripening of Fruits: Chemicals used:

• Calcium Carbide. • Ethephon.

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• Calcium carbide mix with water in fruits to produce Acetylene which is ripeing agent for fruits.

It is, however, fraught with several problems. • Studies have shown that it breaks down the organic composition of vitamins and other

micronutrients. • Besides, it changes only the skin colour, the fruit remains raw inside. • Industrial grade calcium carbide is often found contaminated with traces of arsenic and

phosphorus which are toxic chemicals. 26. Bara singha/Swamp Deer:

• State animal of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. • They prefer tall grasslands and open habitats especially

swampy areas. • Not endemic to India. Also found in Nepal. • Schedule – I of wildlife (Protection) act, 1972 • CITES annexture I.

Found in:

• Kanha National Park –Madya Pradesh • Dudhwa National Park – Uttar Pradesh • Manas National Park — Assam • Kaziranga National Park — Assam

27. Facts about Virus:

• viruses cannot be classified either as living organisms or non-living.

• They can infect bacterias and Fungus as well. • They can’t make own food, needs host. • They do not have cell. • reproduce only within the living cells of bacteria, plants, and animals. • made up of genetic material and protein. • Viruses are inert outside a host cell, and then they are called virions. • Some viruses partially contain DNA (DeoxyRibonucleic acid) or RNA (Ribonucleic acid). • They also cause plant diseases like potato mosaic.

Few famous Viral diseases are:

• Polio. • Foot mouth disease. • Dengue. • Chikangunia. • Ebola. • Small pox.

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• Measles. • Common cold. • Heptitis B. • Rabies. • Yellow fever • Chicken pox.

28. What is Higgs Boson particle?

• This particle is theoretically responsible for mass, without which there would be no gravity and no universe.

• Therefore, it is also called the “God” particle. • The Higgs particle was proposed in the 1960s by British physicist Peter Higgs as a way

of explaining why other particles have mass. Big Bang and universe Formation:

• The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.75 billion years ago, and it is responsible for the creation of the Universe.

• But after the Big Bang, the universe was a gigantic soup of particles racing around at the speed of light without any mass to speak of.

• It was through their interaction with the Higgs field that they gained mass and eventually formed the universe.

• Thus, finding the Higgs particle can throw more light on how universe was formed. About CERN:

• The European Organization for Nuclear Research also known as CERN • It is the world’s largest nuclear physics laboratory carrying out various experiments, • It is situated at Geneva, along France-Swiss border. • It has been operating several particle accelerators the latest one being the Large Hadron

collider. How LHC works?

• They use the Large Hadron Collider. • It is the world’s biggest and most powerful particle accelerator • Two beams of protons are fired in opposite directions around it before smashing into

each other to create many millions of particle collisions every second in a recreation of the conditions a fraction of a second after the Big Bang, when the Higgs field is believed to have ‘switched on’ and did the magic.

Why Boson name?

• The work done by Bose and Albert Einstein laid the foundation for the discovery of the God particle.

• The sub-atomic particle “boson” is named after Bengali physicist Satyendra Nath Bose whose pioneering work in the field in the early 1920s changed the way particle physics has been studied.

• He was awarded India’s second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan in by the Government of India.

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• Developed Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of low densities called bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero.

• Bose–Einstein statistics related to Thermodynamics. 29. NABARD:

• focussing primarily on the rural sector of the country. • finance for Agriculture and rural development. • HQ in Mumbai. • It is a statutory body established in 1982 under Parliamentary act-National Bank for

Agriculture and Rural Development Act, 1981. • It supervises Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs). • involved in designing Union government’s development schemes and their

implementation. • It provides training to handicraft artisans and helps them in developing a marketing

platform for selling these articles. NABARD (Amendment) Act, 2018:

• Union Government to increase the authorized capital of NABARD from Rs. 5,000 crore to Rs. 30,000 crore.

• Transfer of the RBI’s share to the central government. • Now NABARD can also finance Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME).

NABARD and RBI

• RBI regulates NABARD. • Many developmental and regulatory works are done by RBI and NABARD in co-operation. • RBI provides 3 directors to NABARD’s Board of Directors. • NABARD provides recommendations to Reserve Bank of India on issue of licenses to

Cooperative Banks, opening of new branches by State Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs).

NABARD Imp facts:

• It does not directly lend credit but refinancing institution which gives credit to those institution which lend in rural sector.

• Regulator of cooperative and RRBs. • Offers training and research facilities for banks, cooperatives and organizations working

in the field of rural development. 30. Governor: Imp points: Article 153. 1. Agent of Union. 2. Constitutional head of the state. Thus, Governor has dual role to play.

• Governor office is inspired from Canadian Political system. • Same person can be governor of two or more state. • Governor is appointed by President of India. • SC has opined that Governor is not office under Union government but and independent

constitutional office.

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• All Government officials are eligible to become Governor post retirement. Convention: 1. He should be outsider. 2. While appointing CM should be consulted. (above Provisions is not constitutional requirement).

• Governor is immune from Criminal acts but not Civil acts. • For civil proceedings, 2 months prior notice has to be given. • Resignation letter to President. • No ground for removal is specified in Constitution. • Pleasure of president. • Doctrine of pleasure of President is subjected to judicial review. • Governor can be reappointed any number of times. • No maximum age limit for office. • Can be transferred/removed by President anytime. • Appoint SEC and state Public service commissioner, but they can be removed only by

President. • Governor is part of state legislature. • Appoint 1/6th of LC and 1 member from LA from Anglo Indian community.

Discretionary powers of Governor:

Constitutional discretionary power • Reservation of bill for President. • Recommending President for President rule. • Seeking information from CM regarding affairs of state. • In relation to 6th schedule areas (AMTM). ( although in this case Governor has to work as

per direction of President although not CoM) Situational discretionary powers:

• Appoint CM when no party is in clear cut majority. • Dismissal of CoM when it looses confidence of House.

Note: President does not have any constitutional discretionary power but only situational DP. 31. LC Vs RS:

LC RS 1. Its permanent house at state level. 2. It can be created by 2/3rd majority of state

assembly and passed by simple majority at union Parliament.

3. Chairman of LC is member of LC. 4. Governor can nominate 1/6th of total

members. 5. Chairman can be removed by simple

majority and require no approval of LA

1. Its permanent house at state level. 2. It is permanent and can’t be dissolved or

dismantled. 3. VP is chairman and he is not member of

RS/Parliament. 4. President can nominate 12 members in

RS 5. Chairman (VP) can be removed by special

majority in RS and simple majority in LS.

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6. No mechanism of joint sitting at state level.

7. A bill can pass without LC consent. 8. Its only dilatory chamber. 9. LC does not participate in President

election process. 10. LC approval not required in

Constitutional amendment Process. 11. Ministers including CM can be from LC. 12. Any bill originating in LC but not passed

by LA becomes dead. 13. Ordinance of governor has to be

approved by LA and LC both. 14. LC can’t vote of demand for grants. 15. Maximum strength of LC is fixed to 1/3rd

of state assembly

6. Mechanism of joint sitting in case of deadlock between LS and RS.

7.Except money bill RS have equal power W.R.T LS.

8. Its dilatory as well as revising chamber.

32. Indian Parliament is not sovereign because: doctrine of ‘sovereignty of Parliament’ is associated with the British Parliament. According to AV Dicey, the British jurist, this principle has three implications:

• Can make, amend, substitute or repeal any law. • Parliament can make constitutional laws by the same procedure as ordinary laws. • Parliamentary laws cannot be declared invalid by the Judiciary. (No Judicial review)

Indian Parliament:

• The Indian Parliament is not a sovereign body in the sense in which the British Parliament is a sovereign body.

• Unlike the British Parliament, the authority and jurisdiction of the Indian Parliament are defined, limited and restrained.

• In this regard, the Indian Parliament is similar to the American Legislature (known as Congress).

Factors like: Written nature of constitution.

1. Federalism. 2. Judicial review. 3. Fundamental rights. 4. Basic structure doctrine.

Dilutes the sovereignty of Indian parliament. While, India adherence to international laws and organization does not any implication on the sovereign aspect of Indian parliament. 33. Barabar caves:

• The oldest examples of Mauryan rock-cut architecture in India are the Barabar caves, located in the Barabar hills, in Jehanabad District of Bihar.

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• There are four caves in Barabar dating back to reign of Asoka (273-232 BC) and his grandson Dasaratha, initially for the Ajivak sect.

1. Lomas Rishi cave 2. Sudama cave 3. Karan Chaupar 4. Visva Zopri

34. Ajivak Sect:

• The Ajivikas belonged to an ancient Indian sect of naked wandering ascetics who believed in karma, fatalism and extreme passivity.

• Ajivika is one of the nastika or “heterodox” schools of Indian philosophy. Founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosala, it was a Sramaṇa movement and a major rival of early Buddhism and Jainism.

• Ajivika, an ascetic sect that emerged in India about the same time as Buddhism and Jainism and that lasted until the 14th century; the name may mean “following the ascetic way of life.”

• Ajivakas supposedly held that the affairs of the entire universe were ordered by a cosmic force called niyati (Sanskrit: “rule” or “destiny”) that determined all events, including an individual’s fate.

• Ajivikas practiced austerities rather than pursue any purposeful goal. • There is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is

entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles. • Ajivika considered the karma doctrine as a fallacy. • Ajivika were atheists and rejected the authority of the Vedas, but they believed that in

every living being is an atman – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism. • Ajivika reached the height of its popularity during the rule of the Mauryan emperor

Bindusara around the 4th century BCE. • This school of philosophy thereafter declined, but survived for nearly 2,000 years through

the 14th century CE in the southern Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. 35. Charvak Philosophy:

• Also called Lokayata. • The Charvaka school started to develop around the 7th century BCE, during the time when

the culture of world renunciation emerged in India. • Buddhist scriptures occasionally mention the Charvaka as part of the wandering

religious groups known as sramanas. • The founder of the Charvaka school is considered to be Brihaspati. • The most prominent member of this school during the time of the Buddha was a man

named Ajita Kesakambali Core beliefs of Charvaks:

• The members of this school did not believe in ideas such as the soul, reincarnation, spirits, or gods.

• Religion, they said, is nothing but a fraud devised by clever men who want to take advantage of others.

• Soul or consciousness can be explained in natural terms as a side effect of having a healthy body.

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• When the body dies, consciousness simply disappears. No existence other than the physical body exists for the Charvaka.

36. Ajnas:

• one of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of ancient Indian philosophy. • They did not believe in authority of vedas. • It was part of Sraman tradition. • We know about them through Buddhist and jain texts. • It was against Buddhist and Jain doctrine. • It was considered as sceptic school of thought. • It said that no knowledge is ultimate truth so it is needless to pursue it. • According to this school concepts like God, Soul, Rebirth are false and insignificant

elements of knowledge.

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