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Update on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist, GIPSA United States Department of Agriculture Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration Federal Grain Inspection Service
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Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Mar 28, 2018

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Page 1: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Update on USDA’s Transition to New  Official Moisture Technology

Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSADavid Funk, Chief Scientist, GIPSA

United States Department of AgricultureGrain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards AdministrationFederal Grain Inspection Service

Page 2: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Mission of Federal Grain Inspection  Service (FGIS)

The mission of the Federal Grain Inspection  Service is twofold:

Promote the marketing of high‐quality grain to  domestic and international buyers

Maintain objective standards for grain to certify its  quality as accurately as possible

In administering and enforcing the U.S. Grain  Standards Act, FGIS establishes methods and  procedures and approves equipment for the  official inspection and weighing of grain.

Page 3: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

GIPSA’s

Technology and Science  Division

GIPSA's

reference methods and laboratories are  integral components of the official inspection 

system•

The data from these labs are used to calibrate 

field instruments and/or methods to  internationally recognized reference methods, 

which encourages worldwide confidence in our  official inspection results

GIPSA maintains reference methods for moisture,  protein, oil, starch, mycotoxins, and fatty acid 

composition. 

Page 4: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

History of Official Moisture Meters 

1960 ‐

Motomco

Model 919 Moisture Meter  approved for use

1998 ‐

GAC 2100 manufactured by Dickey‐ john Corporation replaced the Motomco

meter•

On April 11, 2012, GIPSA announced its 

approval of two UGMA‐Compatible moisture  meters, the DICKEY‐john GAC 2500UGMA, 

and the Perten

AM 5200‐A.   

Page 5: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

New Generation Official Moisture Meter

Dr. David B. Funk led a 10‐year research and  development initiative to develop a new 

generation of instruments to measure  moisture in grain.  The  result was the Unified 

Grain Moisture Algorithm (UGMA).•

GIPSA made Dr. Funk's work freely available 

as a public algorithm to facilitate adoption by  multiple manufacturers.  

Page 6: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

What is GIPSA’s

Unified Grain  Moisture Algorithm (UGMA)?

Very accurate dielectric‐type moisture method•

Higher measurement frequency  (about 150 MHz)

Based on a defined physical parameter—Dielectric  Constant 

Excellent density correction•

Three “unifying parameters”

per grain group

A single calibration “curve”

for all grain types•

Precise, wide‐range temperature correction

Calibrated to GIPSA’s

standard Air Oven method•

“Open”—Available to any manufacturer

Page 7: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

UGMA Master System

7

Agilent

E4991A Impedance Analyzer

Master Test 

Page 8: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

εeffective

ε`r

FF, corr

Cell Volume

Sample

Mass

UserManufacturerGIPSA

Unified Grain Moisture AlgorithmUnified Grain Moisture Algorithm

SFG or ABCD Model

Secondary

Corrections

Density

Correction

Unifying Parameters

Polynomial

Equation

Temperature

Correction

ε`unified

%MTC

%M

Test Cell

Parameters

Moisture Result

Instrument

Parameters

Polynomial

Coefficients

Temp. Corr.

Parameters

Unifying Parameters

Type-Group

Table

Grain Sample Grain Type

Z* or Γ*

SensorTemp.

SensorMass

Sensor

ε`density corrected

Z, d, etc.

Γ*

T

GROUP ID

D.B. FunkNovember 9, 2006

Page 9: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Why change to UGMA?

Page 10: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Improved Accuracy for All Grain Types

2011 Corn Crop

GAC 2100 UGMA

Page 11: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Improved Accuracy of UGMA

11

Page 12: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Improved Accuracy of UGMA

12

Page 13: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Improved Year‐to‐Year  Calibration Stability

Page 14: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Corn

-0,3

-0,2

-0,1

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1 yr 3 yr

GAC 2100 UGMA

Page 15: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Sunflower

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1 yr 3 yr

GAC 2100 UGMA

Page 16: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Soft Red Winter Wheat

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1 yr 3 yr

GAC 2100 UGMA

Page 17: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Long Grain Rough Rice

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1 yr 3 yr

GAC 2100 UGMA

Page 18: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Drastically Improved Accuracy on  High and Low Test Weight Corn

Page 19: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

GAC 2100 Corn Results—Density Issue Accuracy for 2007‐2009 Crops

For range:              

10‐36% MSamples:

686Std. Dev. of Diff:

0.70% M

Low TW samples yielded low moisture results.

Page 20: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Corn:  Official Test Weight vs.  Air Oven Moisture

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 4540

45

50

55

60

65

AIR OVEN % MOISTURE

TEST

WEI

GH

T

The drastic change in test weight with moisture

for normal corn presents special challenges for 

density correction of corn moisture measurements.

Page 21: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Secondary Density Correction Corn Results for UGMA 

Before Bias STD Slope After Bias STD Slope

All Samples -0.04 0.46 -0.01 All Samples -0.01 0.31 -0.01Low

Density -0.66 0.34 0.00Low

Density -0.11 0.32 -0.03

Normal 0.09 0.36 -0.04 Normal 0.01 0.30 -0.01

0 10 20 30 403

2

1

0

1

2

3

Air Oven Moisture, %M

Moi

stur

e Pr

edic

tion

Erro

r, %

M

0 10 20 30 40 503

2

1

0

1

2

3

Normal CornLow Density Corn

Air Oven Moisture, %M

Before Correction After Correction

Page 22: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Wider Sample Temperature Ranges

GAC 2100 

UGMA

32 °F

103 °F

0 °F

113 °F

Page 23: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

“Green”

Grain Effects Reduced

10 15 20 25 3015

10

5

0

GAC 2100UGMA

Long Grain Rough Rice Rebound

Moisture Content of the Dried Sample, M%

Moi

stur

e Er

ror d

ue to

Rap

id D

ryin

g (%

)

Page 24: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

“Green”

Grain Effects Reduced

15 20 25 30 351

0.5

0

0.5

1

GAC 2100UGMA

LGRR Mixture Effects

Moisture Content of the Wet Component, M%

Erro

r due

to M

ixtu

re o

f Wet

and

Dry

Ric

e (%

)

Page 25: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

“Green”

Grain Effects Reduced

10 15 20 25 302

1

0

1

2

GAC 2100UGMA

Effects of Mixtures of Wet and Dry Soybeans

Moisture of Wet Component of Mixture (%)

Moi

stur

e Er

ror d

ue to

Mix

ture

(%)

Page 26: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

GIPSA‐Certified UGMA‐Compatible  Moisture Meters

Dickey‐john GAC 2500UGMA Perten

AM 5200‐A

26

Page 27: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

GIPSA’s

Basic Definition of Equivalency

Same technology•

Very close agreement among types as well as 

units of a type•

Same calibrations and standardization 

processes

27

Page 28: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

UGMA‐Compatibility Criteria (1)•

NTEP Certification

Documented & stable production processes•

Measurement frequency

Standardized test cell design•

Standardized loading method

Standardized measurements–

Sample dielectric constant

Sample mass–

Sample temperature

28

Page 29: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

UGMA‐Compatibility Criteria (2)•

Tight tolerances specified for individual 

subsystems as well as moisture results•

Must use specified mathematics

Units’

agreement with FGIS Master system  must meet tolerances in FGIS Regulations

+/‐

0.05% M  for Headquarters Standard units–

+/‐

0.15% M for other Official units

Mean difference on medium‐moisture HRWW

29

Page 30: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

UGMA‐Compatibility Criteria (3)

All UGMA‐Compatible models must be able to  use the same check testing process.

A simple check testing process must ensure  performance on all grains over full moisture  ranges.

Instruments must provide for efficient means  of entering calibrations.

Instruments must provide standardized  output data stream for printing or 

networking.30

Page 31: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Excellent Agreement Between  UGMA Models

31

Page 32: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Excellent Agreement Between  UGMA Models

32

Check Testing Tolerance for Official Moisture Meters

Page 33: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Far Better Agreement Than  Between Different Technologies

33

Page 34: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Far Better Agreement Than  Between Different Technologies

34

Page 35: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

Anticipated Moisture Changes with  Transition to UGMA

GAC 2100 and new UGMA –based meters are all calibrated  to agree with GIPSA’s

air oven method as closely as 

possible.•

Do not expect significant average differences between GAC 

2100 and new UGMA‐based meters—except:•

Low test weight corn moisture values will generally 

increase:–

GAC 2100 reads lower than UGMA by 0.2% per pound per 

bushel below 57 lb/bu

High test weight corn moisture values will generally  decrease:

GAC 2100 reads higher than UGMA by 0.2% per pound per 

bushel above 57 lb/bu

Page 36: Update on USDA’s to New Official Moisture Technology on USDA’s Transition to New Official Moisture Technology Randall Jones, Deputy Administrator, GIPSA David Funk, Chief Scientist,

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United States Department of AgricultureGrain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards AdministrationFederal Grain Inspection Service