UNZA Chemistry Handbook

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PREFACE

The subject of Chemistry is the perfect choice for students with lively inquiring minds. It affects all aspects

of life and chemists are therefore involved in tackling major problems of scientific and social concern. It

plays an important part in many fields of technology, so that graduate chemists must be familiar with a

variety of facts, figures, theories, experimental and instrumental techniques. Its concepts and problem solving

opportunities, and its laboratory activates train hand and mind. These and its relation to other sciences from

physics to medicine, and its role throughout technology means that graduate chemists have an especially wide

choice of career.

Teaching in the Department is aimed at the development in students the ability to undertake independent

study and to bring critical judgment to bear on their own work, as well as that others. The use of the

University Library and other resource centres is therefore central to the students’ academic activities.

Teaching is mostly through lectures, laboratory work and tutorials, all of which are inter-related. Tutors can

also help, both in tutorials and at other times, with any problems arising from lectures and from your own

reading.

Laboratory sessions are an integral part of study in the Department. They are designed to ensure that the

student, as well as gaining theoretical knowledge, develops practical skills and becomes familiar with the

experimental methods and equipment used in the development of the subject.

The Department’s system of assessment is based on a mixture of continuous assessment (practical, tests,

assignments, etc.) and examinations. Its aims are three-fold: (i) to be as just and precise as possible in

ascertaining whether a student has the ability to pursue a rigorous course of study and to reach the level of

attainment expected of a graduate; (ii) to reduce student wastage by giving adequate early warning of failure

and to minimise strain caused by a single run of crucial highly concentrated examinations and (iii) to attempt

to discover the intellectual ability of a student as distinct from the ability to do well in examinations.

Continuous assessment on work done in the course of a semester is normally based on tests, laboratory work

and assignments.

At the University of Zambia, the teaching year is divided into two semesters (a system introduced during the

1995/96 academic year) of about fifteen weeks each with two intervening vacation periods. There is a short

mid-semester reach about half way through each of the semesters. The courses provided are based on this

arrangement of the teaching year. A semester-unit is a course of teaching and study in one subject which lasts

for one semester, and although the amount of teaching in different semester-units may vary in different

subjects, each semester-unit is calculated to occupy roughly the same proportion of a student’s working time.

Many intending students ask why the University uses this system instead of the more traditional division of

the academic year into three terms of ten weeks each. The short answer is that the University considers that

there are many advantages in having its degree structure based on a combination of semester-units, rather

than on a smaller number of year-long courses. The smaller unit of study gives students a greater flexibility

in choosing and in modifying their degree programs, and encourages students to same disciplines which are

new to them.

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Content Page

Preface…………………………………………………………………… i

Contents…………………………………………………………………… ii

Members of Staff ………………………………………………………… 1

Internal Telephone Directory …………………………………………… 3

Mission Statement………………………………………………………… 4

Introduction to the Department…………………………………………… 5

Course Grading System……………………………………………………… 8

Degree Classification………………………………………………………… 9

Course Nomenclature………………………………………………………… 9

Degree Options……………………………………………………………… 11

First Year Programs…………………………………………… 11

Post First Year Programs……………………………………… 12

Chemistry, Single major……………………………………. 14

Chemistry (major) - Biology (minor)………………………. 14

Chemistry (major) - Mathematics (minor)…………………. 15

Chemistry (major) - Physics (minor)……………………….. 16

Chemistry- Geology(double major)………………………… 17

Chemical & Biological Sciences (double major)…………… 18

Course Outlines and Syllabi………………………………………………. 19

C110 Series…………………………………………………………. 19

C200 Series…………………………………………………………. 21

C300 Series…………………………………………………………. 31

C400 Series…………………………………………………………. 43

M.Sc. Degree Programs……………………………………………….. 61

Eligibility to: Option A…………………………………………….. 61

Option B……………………………………………. 62

Option C…………………………………………… 63

C500 Series Course Outlines……………………………………… 64

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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY - MEMBERS OF STAFF

Office of the Head:

Room 319 in Department of Chemistry

Telephone 295436, 291777/8 ext: 2490 E-mail: [email protected]

Head of Department and Senior Lecturer:

Mbewe B. PhD Cape Town, MSc. Sussex BSc.Ed.

Professors: Cernak J. CSc, PhD Puryne

Belenavicius K, Dip.Chem. Techn.Eng Moscow ICT, Dg.Cand.of Sc. (Eng) L/grade

Siamwiza M, AB (Cum Laude), Bowdoin College, MSc, PhD MIT

Associate Professor:

Banda, S.F. MSc, PhD Manchester, DipEd, BSc.Ed.

Senior Lecturers:

Prakash S, MSc, PhD Locknow

Munyati O.M. Ph.D. UMIST, MSc Manchester, BSc.

Mbewe B. PhD Cape Town, MSc. Sussex BSc.Ed.

Lecturers: Prakash N, MS.c & B.Sc. (Allahabad)

Chipeleme A, PhD Cape Town, MSc. Salford, BSc.

Xavier, G BSc,MSc(Mahatma Gandi), MPhil (Kerala)

Mundia,A.Y. BSc,MSc (Bristol)

Nomai, M. MSc,PhD(Alabama),BSc

Special Research Fellows:

Chitanda J.M. MSc. (UMIST) BS.c

Daka, P. BScEd

Nyirenda J. M Sc Jamia Hamdard, B Sc

Staff Development Fellows:

Funjika E. BSc

Chama, MF BSc

Chief Technicians:

Mukwanka E. HND Wales, AdvTechCert

Senior Technicians:

Syamwenya J. AdvTechCert

Syabbamba C. BSc.

Zyambo G. BScEd,AdvTechCert

Musonda O AdvTechCert,TechDip

Chomba I. AdvTechCert,TechDip

Technicians:

Lungu A. .

Simfukwe R.

Lengwe C.

Chankoboka D.

Mambo K.

Pande H.

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Secretarial staff

Manyoma J (Secretary)

Other staff

Chitoshi G(Messenger)

Mundia I Library Attendant

________________________________________________________________________

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DEPARTMENTAL INTERNAL TELEPHONE DIRECTORY

Name Room Ext.

Head of Department 319 2489

Secretary, Chemistry 319 2490

Resource Centre 036 2578 Ms J. Manyoma 319 2490

Ms G. Chitoshi 319 2490

Prof J. Cernak 321 2491

Prof. K. Belenavicius 219 2517

Prof. M. Siamwiza 225 2523

Prof. S. F. Banda 223 2521

Dr. S. Prakash 221 2519

Dr. B. Chishya 222 2520

Mr. B. Tembo 222 2520

Mr. J. Nyirenda 226 2524

Dr. O.M. Munyati 324 2494

Mrs N. Prakash 323 2493

Mr. E. Mukwanka 120 2499

Mr. O. Musonda 039 2579

Mr. R. Simfukwe 012 2485

Mr. J. Kakoma 315 2487

Mr. J. Syamwenya 315 2487

Mr. C. Lengwe 124 2501

Mr. C. Syabbamba 215 2486 Mr. G. Zyambo 315 2487

Mr. I. Chomba 215 2486

Mr. A. Lungu 215 2486

Mr. D. Chankoboka 039 2579

Ms I. Mundia 036 2578

School of Natural Sciences Ext. Central Administration Ext.

Office of the Dean 2569 Vice-Chancellor 2428/9 Secretary to the Dean 2570 Deputy Vice-Chancellor 2442

Assistant Dean (UG & PG) 2545 Registrar 2436/7

Secretary to the Assistant Dean 2546 Deputy Registrar(Admin.) 2430/1 Financial Officer 2538 Deputy Registrar (Acad.) 2449

Administrative Assistant to Dean2571 Librarian 2130/1

Senior Administrative Officer 2571 Resident Engineer 2092/3 Bursar 2421/2

Departmental Offices Deputy Resident Engineer 2065/91

Head, Biological Sciences 2674 Deputy Bursar (Admin) 2419/20 Secretary, Biological Sciences 2673 Deputy Bursar (Accts) 2414/5

Head, Physics 2515

Secretary, Physics 2514 Head, Mathematics & Statistics 2548

Secretary, Mathematics & Stat. 2550

Head, Geography 2567 Secretary, Geography 2568

Head, Computer Studies 2702

Secretary, Computer Studies 2701

Electronic Mail

All members of the academic staff are contactable

By electronic mail. Addresses at the University of

Zambia are of the following general format:

[email protected]

Thus to send a mil message to Chosani T Zimba in the

school of Natural Sciences the e-mail address is:

[email protected]

For official communication to the Head of Department of

Chemistry use:

[email protected]

Department of Chemistry (OC) Website

For additional information on other activities in the

Department of Chemistry such as consultancy, analytical

services and research interests visit the DOC website:

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MISSION STATEMENT

The Department of Chemistry at the University of Zambia aims to train personnel for scientific, academic

institutions and the chemical industries in the nation with special emphasis on the primary needs of Zambia.

Through the various programs the department strives to maintain a meaningful relationship with the local

Chemical Industry to monitor the relevance of the theory to practice of this costly expanding field of

Chemistry. Finally, the department provides support services to other schools in the university by

providing the all-important backup chemistry knowledge, and to the community and industry by providing

analytical services for their products.

The Department of Chemistry endeavors to:

� Train and make available quality personnel for scientific and academic institutions, and chemical

industries in the nation.

� Address the primary needs of the nation through research and consultancy

� Promote collaboration with local industries in order to enhance the quality of chemical products

� Look after and safe guard the interests of the community on matters of a chemical nature

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INTRODUCTION TO THE DEPARTMENT

The role of chemistry in understanding the nature, various aspects of human welfare, agriculture, industrial

and economic development of a nation and world at large can not be over emphasized.

Chemistry is concerned not only with the chemical composition and properties of mater but also with

transformation of one matter into another. The recognition and understanding of the relationship between

chemical structure and properties of the molecules such as physical, chemical, biological, medicinal, optical

etc and the tremendous advances made in chemical transformations, chemical technology and

instrumentation have revolutionized the role of chemistry in the service of mankind and economic

development. Tens of thousands of chemicals not found in nature have been synthesized eventually from

some naturally occurring readily available materials for various human needs, material comforts and

welfare such as synthetic fivers, building materials, drugs pesticides etc.

An in-depth knowledge of various chemicals principles, chemical techniques and modern instrumentation

is essential not only for academic pursuits in the study of nature, life processes and reach but also for

improved human welfare and economic development of the nation through optimum utilisation of natural

resources, processing of natural products for value addition, production of synthetic chemicals for various

consumer, medicinal, agricultural purposes etc. The Department of Chemistry offers the following subjects

and programs:

BIOCHEMISTRY

Biochemistry is a branch of Science that is concerned with study of chemistry in biological systems. Put

differently, biochemistry is the chemistry in living cells (animals, plant and virus). Biochemistry explains

or attempts to explain life processes. Biochemistry explains biological phenomena such movement

(locomotion), vision, and disease or disorder in chemical terms. Since biochemistry offers a scientific

explanation for the development of disease or disorder it occupies an integral part of a program of study in

medicine. All medics (both veterinary and human) need biochemistry in order to execute their jobs

effectively. Without biochemistry development of cures and vaccines is impossible.

Biochemistry also plays an important role in agriculture. It requires a good biochemist to develop suitable

plant and animal’s varieties for, a given region of the world. Generally such development of varieties

involves the manipulation of the genetic material and genetics is deeply rooted in biochemistry. Therefore,

biochemistry is an absolute necessity for human development whether in health, agriculture or in

economics or generation of wealth.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Inorganic Chemistry is one of the major branch of chemistry offered to students at all undergraduate levels

wishing to proceed to Science bases programs in Engineering, Mining, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine,

Medicine, Education and agricultural Sciences, etc.

A number of basic and advanced topics are covered at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The main

topics include are, chemical principles, studies of main group elements, transition metals, of block

elements, coordination chemistry, organ metallic chemistry, physical - Inorganic techniques to interpret the

molecular, properties of inorganic compounds, catalysts and role of metals in biological system etc.

At M.Sc, level, the teaching of inorganic chemistry aims at imparting more in depth knowledge of various

principles, techniques and instrumentation not covered at undergraduate level. Emphasis is on applied

techniques tailored in line with the needs of the nation and the current issues in Chemistry.

Current research activities are focused in the field of coordination chemistry, Bio-inorganic chemistry

environmental problems directly affecting the community.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Chemistry may be defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. The importance of Organic

molecule sin understanding the basic constitution of life, biological & life processes and in fulfilling the

basic human needs such as food, beverages, clothing, shelter, soaps, medicines, fertilizers, insecticides and

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numerous consumer items can not be overemphasized. Some organic compounds occur in nature and are

obtained from natural resources. However, the vast majority of organic compounds have to be prepared

from readily available materials by carefully planned chemical transformations.

The study of organic chemistry involves the understanding of bonding in organic molecules; the

relationship between chemical structure and physical, chemical, and other (such as medicinal) properties of

the molecules; total and partial synthesis of molecules with a a number of specific characterics, explanation

of reaction mechanisms including the unexpected transformations, structure elucidation and rational design

of molecules expected to posses specified set of properties.

The undergraduate organic chemistry program has been designed to provide a sound understanding of these

aspects. The program also aims to develop the thinking process and problem solving ability.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Analytical chemistry is concerned with the study of both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques of

matter. It includes discussions of how to design and analytical method (which depends on what

information is needed), how to obtain on laboratory sample that is representative of the whole, how to

prepare it for analysis what measurement tools are available, automated analyses, and the statistic

significance of the analysis. In short it is directed towards proper quality control, environmental

monitoring etc.

Analytical chemistry begins with a simple central purpose to provide the student with a basic understanding

of he theory and principles of qualitative and quantitative analysis which are necessary to the student that

intends to major in mining, agriculture teaching and medicine.

The course in covers the use of computers in modern analytical instruments for the practicing analytical

chemistry. These are the instruments used in industrial quality control and environmental, monitoring

techniques. At fourth year level a great deal of emphasis is on applied analytical chemistry.

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY PROGRAM (ICP)

Industrial chemistry is concerned with the practical applications of Chemistry.

Many courses in chemistry deal with the fundamentals of the sciences but do not adequately address the

application aspects. The ICP looks at the various chemical processes obtaining in Zambian industries such

as plastics and rubbers, pharmaceuticals, sugar industries petroleum industries soaps and detergents and

many others. The program is designed to provide graduate personnel with a thorough understanding of the

manufacturing processes in the Zambian chemical industries leading to improved products able to compete

on the global market.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Physical chemistry is concerned with the quantitative interpretation of the macroscopic world (physical

processes) in terms of atomic-molecular world. It is concerned with chemical phenomenon such as energy

transfer, rates and mechanisms so chemical processes, absorption/adsorption processes, macromolecule

behaviour in solution and many others. These are all processes occurring in chemical processing and

products of the chemical industries. Thus, an understanding of the underlying principles of physical

chemistry by graduate personnel has a direct effect on how effectively the industries are run (e.g.

optimization of processes) and on the quality of products.

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

All drugs contain either a single chemical or a mixture of chemicals and no chemical is completely from

toxic chemicals (drugs) for the treatment of human, animal and plant diseases. The drugs may be prepared

in the laboratory i.e. synthetic or derived form natural resources such as medicinal plants, herbs etc.

The medicinal chemistry courses offered by the department at undergraduate and postgraduate level

provide a sound understanding of:

� The relationship between structure of the drug and its medicinal properties.

� Principles involved in the development of new drugs with greater potency and levels of undesirable

side effects.

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These courses also teach preparation of drugs in laboratory, isolation of drugs from herbal materials

traditionally used as medicine in Zambia and scientific evaluation of the therapeutic potential of synthetic

drugs and herbal medicines and/or dugs derived from medicinal plants in the treatment of human, animal

and plant diseases.

The courses provide much needed trained personnel not only for pharmaceutical, be ternary and

agrochemical industries but also for scientific utilization of herbal materials as alternative medicine for

treatment human ailments and it integration into the modern medicine.

Reflux assemblies, heating mantles mechanical stirrers and rotary evaporators are some of the equipment

used for preparation of drugs and also for isolation of medicinal compounds from plant materials.

Purification is achieved by thin layer and column chromatography whereas UV AND ir. Spectrometers are

used for identification OF DRUGS. The medicinal effect of compounds are evaluated by many methods

including the sue of transducers and isolated organ baths.

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMS

M.Sc program offered by the chemistry department aims at imparting more in-depth knowledge of various

chemical principles, techniques and instrumentation than that is available at undergraduate level. It also

introduces a number of sub-areas in chemistry not offered in the undergraduate chemistry program. The

long term objective of the department is to introduce specialized graduate chemistry programs culminating

in specialized post-graduate degrees and diplomas in chemistry such as Physical Chemistry, Organic

Chemistry, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, etc.

many more new courses will have to be introduced to achieve this long term objective and the Department

is working in this direction.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

The department is actively involved in research project at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Research

interests include:

� Determination of pesticides & estimation of toxic metal in foodstuffs

� Determination of quality of drinking water

� Anti-microbial studies on plant materials used as a medicine in Zambia

� Determination of amount of lead from fuel

� Minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic in Salmonella

� Synthesis of anti-microbial/anti-viral/central nervous system - active compounds

� Production of vegetable oil from the native Mungongo nuts.

COMMUNITY SERVICES

The department of chemistry offers services to community through its analytical services laboratory. The

laboratory does routine measurement and elementary analysis at a fee. Several companies heavily rely on

this laboratory of their chemical analyses.

The members of staff are available for advisory and consultancy services in many subject areas of interest.

Many firms make use of this available human resource in meeting expert advice their high need.

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SUBJECT GRADING SCHEME

The following grades shall be used in assessing the performance of a candidate in a course:

Grade Description UG Range PG Range

A+ Distinction 90-100 90-100

A Distinction 80-89 80-89

B+ Meritorious 70-79 -

B Very Satisfactory 60-69 65-79

C+ Clear Pass 50-59 -

C Bare Pass 40-49 50-64

D+ Bare Fail 35-39 0-49

is FAIL (f) D Clear Fail 0-35

Key: UG-Undergraduate, PG-Postgraduate

Others applicable comments:

S Satisfactory D+ Bare Fail

U Unsatisfactory P Pass in a Supplementary Examination (UG only)

NE No Examination written F Fail in a Supplementary Examination (UG only)

LT Left without permission WD Penalty Withdrawal

WP Withdrawn with Permission IN Incomplete

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DEGREE CLASSIFICATION

The grade of the degree awarded shall be based on the grades obtained in courses normally taken in the

third and fourth years of the BSc. Program. This should include all 300/400/900 level courses acceptable

for the degree program and be equivalent to sixteen units of study. Courses that are repeated or are taken as

replacements of failed ones shall be assigned a value of Zero in the degree assessment. There are four

grades of degree:

ΚΚΚΚ Distinction (equivalent to 27.5 points and above i.e. A+, A average)

ΚΚΚΚ Merit(equivalent to 20-27 points and above i.e. B+ average)

ΚΚΚΚ Credit(equivalent to 12-19.5 points and above i.e. B average)

ΚΚΚΚ Pass(equivalent to less than 12 points and above i.e. C+, C average)

COURSE NOMENCLATURE

Each course has an alphanumerical coding:

1. The initial letter(s) designates the subject:

BIO for Biological Sciences C for Chemistry

GG for Geology M for Mathematics and Statistics

P for Physics CAV for Chemistry for Agriculture and Veterinary students

2. The first digit indicates the earliest year in which the course may normally be taken. 9 implies a

course that would normally be taken at year 3 or 4.

3. The second digit identifies the branch of chemistry course. The second digit designates the

following (0) General Chemistry, (1) Biochemistry, (2) Analytical Chemistry, (4) Inorganic

Chemistry. (5) Organic Chemistry, (6) Physical Chemistry, (7) Medicinal Chemistry, (8) Inorganic

Industrial Chemistry, and (9) Organic Technology.

4. The third digit identifies the period during which a course is offered and also the unit value of the

course 0 or 9 course of one unit value, and is examined at the end of the academic year. It is an

equivalent of two(2) semester courses. A course ending with a zero(0) is a project course.

1 to 6 course of one-half unit value, and is normally examined at the end of the semester.

COURSE DEFINITIONS

� A taught course of normally involves three lecture hours and one tutorial hour per week with one

laboratory session of three hours per week.

� A taught course of one-half unit value can be confined to the first or second halves of the academic

year or spread uniformly throughout the whole academic year. It is normally half the load of a course

of one unit value.

� Pre-requisites are courses that must be passed before taking the course for which they are listed.

� Co-requisites are courses that must be taken at the same time as the course for which they are listed.

� An advanced course is one whose first identifying digit is 3, 4 or 9.

� A project course requires a student to spend at least 7 hours per week on his project activities.

CHEMISTRY UNDERGRADUATE PRIZES AND AWARDS FOR EXCELLENCY

The Department of Chemistry rewards students for their excellency in Chemistry. The prizes are awarded

on the basis of Chemistry courses only and the student should be majoring in Chemistry. Currently the

University of Zambia Senate Scholarship and Prizes Awards Committee awards the following Chemistry

prizes.

(a) The Zambia India Friendship Association (ZIFA) Prize for the best overall graduating

Chemistry student.

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(b) The Human Service Trust (HST) late P. C. Gupta Memorial Prize for the best overall graduating

female Chemistry student.

(c) The Ramakrishna Vedanta Centre Prize for the best overall third year Chemistry student.

(d) The Ramakrishna Vedanta Centre Prize for the best overall female third year Chemistry

student.

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DEGREE OPTIONS

The Department of Chemistry has re-structured its courses to suit the semester system in accordance with

the University requirement. The degree may be granted as a Single0Subejct Major or as a General Major

degree. The Department offers the following degree structure options.

ΚΚΚΚ Option A Chemistry (Single Subject Major)

ΚΚΚΚ Option B Chemistry - Biology (Chemistry Major - Biology Minor)

ΚΚΚΚ Option C Chemistry - Mathematics (Chemistry Major _ Mathematics Minor-

ΚΚΚΚ Option D Chemistry - Physics (Chemistry Major - Physics Minor)

ΚΚΚΚ Option E Chemistry - Geology (Double-Subject Major)

ΚΚΚΚ Option F Chemical and Biological Sciences ________________________________________________________________________________________________

(A) ΚΚΚΚ FIRST YEAR PROGRAMS

For all programs the curriculum for the First Year is as follows:

Fist Semester

BIO 1011 Cells and Molecules

C101 Introduction to Chemistry I

M111 Mathematical Methods I

P191 Introductory Physics I

Second Semester

Option A Or Option B

BIO 1012Molecular Biology and Genetics C102 Introduction to Chemistry II

C102 Introduction to Chemistry II M114 Mathematical Methods IIb

M112 Mathematical Methods IIa P198 Introduction Physics IIb

INFORMATION ABOUT FIRST YEAR STREAMING IN SECOND SEMESTER

After a first semester, which is common to all first year students, the School of Natural Sciences offers two

different stream in the second semester

Option A: Option B:

BS112 Lectures: 3 hour/week C102 Lectures: 3 hour/week

Tutorial: 1 hour/week Tutorial: 1 hour/week

Practical: 3 hour/week Practical: 3 hour/week

C012 Lectures: 3 hour/week P198 Lectures: 5 hour/week


Practical: 3 hour/week Particle : 3 hour/week

P192 Lectures: 3 hour/week M114 Lectures: 5 hour/week


Practical: 3 hour/week Particle: 3 hour/week

M112 Lectures: 3 hour/week

Tutorial: 1 hour/week

Practical: 3 hour/week

Option A has the same subjects as the first semester program, with the same allocation to the various

teaching activities. Option B does not offer the Biology, but instead offers more mathematics and physics

than Option A.

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Option A is intended to prepare students for programs which also require biology. These programs of

study are in the School of Medicine, the School of Veterinary Medicine, the School of Agriculture and the

Department of Biological Sciences. One specialization in the Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry)

will also require some biology courses in higher years. Therefore students who intend selecting this

specialization will also have to follow option a in second semester.

Option B is intended to prepare students for programs of study which required a thorough background in

mathematics and/or Physics. These are programs in the School of Engineering, the School of Mines, and

the Department of Computer Studies.

The table below gives an overview of the second semester option needed for various programs of study.

Option A: Option B:

School of Medicine School of Education

School of Veterinary Medicine School of Mines

School of Agriculture School of Engineering

Department of Biological Sciences Department of Computer Studies

Department of Chemistry Department of Physics

Department of Physics Department of Mathematics

Department of Mathematics

Allocation of students to the second semester streams is very similar to the quota allocation exercise, and

will depend on (in this order);

(i) The student’s own preference

(ii) The grades obtained for relevant first semester courses (e.g. Mathematics and Physics for option

B).

((iii) The total quota for the cluster of Schools for which the option prepares (e.g. for option A, the

students registered in the School of Agriculture, plus the quota for the Schools of Medicine and

Veterinary Medicine).

The maximum capacity for each stream is 300 students. In so far as possible, the student’s own preference

will be used in allocating students. The other two criteria mentioned above, (ii) and (iii), will only be

applied if the number of students selecting one option exceeds its capacity of 300.

(B) Κ POST-FIRST YEAR PROGRAMS:

NOTE: Students are expected to choose from the options above and strictly the programs as

indicated below

(B) (i) Κ Students wishing to go to the School of Medicine

Second Year

Semester I Semester II

C205 Analyt. & Inorg. Chem. C212 Introduction to Biochemistry

C251 Organic Chemistry I C252 Organic Chemistry II

BIO 2041 Basic Physiology BIO 2032 Basic Microbiology

BIO 2051 Diversity of Plants BIO 2062 Diversity of Animals

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(B) (ii) Κ Option A CHEMISTRY SINGLE-SUBJECT MAJOR

DEGREE STRUCTURE OPTION

Second Year


C225 Analytical Chemistry I C212 Introduction to Biochemistry

C245 Inorganic Chemistry I C252 Organic Chemistry II

C251 Organic Chemistry I C265 Basic Physical Chemistry

M211 Mathematical Methods III M212 Mathematical Methods III

Third Year:

Choose eight (8) courses 4 from each semester from:


C311 Biochemistry I C312 Biochemistry II

C321 Analytical Chemistry II C322 Analytical Chemistry III

C341 Inorganic Chemistry II C342 Inorganic Chemistry III

C351 Organic Chemistry III C352 Organic Chemistry IV

C361 Chem. Kinetics & Nucl. Chemistry C361 Colloids & Electrochemistry

Fourth Year:

(a) Choose two courses from the 300 series NOT taken at Third Year

(b) Either: Six courses 3 from each semester from the 400 series below

Or: Four courses 2 from each semester from the 400 series below plus a project course.


C411 Advanced Biochemistry I C412 Advanced Biochemistry II

C421 Appl. Analy. Chem, (Inorg Comp.) C422 Appl. Analyt. Chem, (Org Comp.)

C441 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry I C442 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry II

C445 Bio-inorganic Chemistry C455 Advanced Organic Chemistry III

C451 Advanced Organic Chemistry I C452 Advanced Organic Chemistry II

C461 Quantum Mech. & Mol. Spectro. C462 Statistical Mechanics & Thermodynamics

C481 Inorganic Industrial Chemistry C482 Inorganic Industrial Chemistry II

C491 Organic Industry Chemistry I C492 Organic Industrial Chemistry II

C475 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry

Project Courses:

Graduating students have choice of taking a project course with a unit value weighting. The

project courses have the course code: C400.

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(B) (iii) Κ Option B CHEMISTRY (major) - BIOLOGY (minor)


Second Year:


C225 Analytical Chemistry I C265 Basic Physical Chemistry

C245 Inorganic Chemistry I C252 Organic Chemistry II

C251 Organic Chemistry I C212 Introduction to Biochemistry

Either BIO 2041 Basic physiology BIO 2032 Basic Microbiology

Or BIO 2051 Diversity of plants BIO 2062 Diversity of Animals

Third Year:

Semester I Semester II C311 Biochemistry I C312 Biochemistry II


Either C321 Analytical Chemistry II C322 Analytical Chemistry III

Or C341 Inorganic Chemistry II C342 Inorganic Chemistry III

Followed by two (2) Biological Sciences courses 1 from each semester from:

BIO 3291Plant Physiology BIO 3092 Animal Physiology

BIO 3211Introduction to Entomology BIO 3102 Bacteriology

BIO 3231Molecular biology BIO 3112 Biochemistry and physiology of

Parasites

BIO 3231Molecular biology BIO 3182 Genetics

Fourth Year:


C411 Advanced Biochemistry C412 Advanced Biochemistry II

Choose four (4) Chemistry courses 2 from each semester from:

C421 App. Analyt. Chem.(Inorg Comp.) C422 App. Analyt. Chem.(Org Comp.)

C445 Bio-inorganic Chemistry C475 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry


C451 Advanced Organic Chemistry I C452 Advanced Organic Chemistry II

C455 Advanced Organic Chemistry III

Followed by two (2) Biological Sciences courses 1 from each semester from:

BS441 Advanced Molecular Biology I BS442 Advanced Molecular Biology II

BS421 Microbiology BS485 Biotechnology

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(B)(iv) Κ Option C CHEMISTRY (major) - MATHEMATICS (minor)


Second Year:

Semester I Semester II C225 Analytical Chemistry I C265 Basic Physical Chemistry

C245 Inorganic Chemistry I C212 Introduction to Biochemistry


M211 Mathematics Methods III M212 Mathematical Methods IV

Third Year:




M221 Linear Algebra I M222 Linear Algebra II

Choose two(2) Chemistry courses 1 from each semester from:



Fourth Year:

Semester I

C421 Appl. Analyt. Chem(Inorg. Comp) C422 Appl. Analyt. Chem.(Org. Comp.)

C461 Quantum Mech. & Mol. Spectro. C462 Statistical Mechanics &

Thermodynamics

Choose two(2) Chemistry courses 1 from each semester from

C481 Inorganic Industrial Chemistry I C482 Inorganic Industrial Chemistry II

C491 Organic Industrial Chemistry I C492 Organic Industrial Chemistry II


C451 Advanced Organic Chemistry I C452 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry II

Any two(2) Mathematical courses 1 from each semester from

Either M911 Mathematical Methods V M912 Mathematical Methods VI

Or M981 Numerical Analysis I M982 Numerical analysis II

Or M325 Group and Ring Theory M335 Topology

16

B(v) ΚΚΚΚ Option D CHEMISTRY(major) - PHYSICS(minor)

DEGREE STRUCUTURE OPTION

Second Year:


C205 Analyt. & Inorg. Chemistry C265 Basic Physical Chemistry

P261 Electricity & magnetism P212 Atomic Physics

M211 Mathematical Methods III M212 Mathematical Methods IV


Third year:

Semester I Semester II C361 Chem. Kinetics & Nucl. Chemistry C362 Colloids & Electrochemistry


P251 Classical Mechanics I P252 Classical Mech. II and Special

Relativity

Either C321 Analytical Chemistry II C322 Analytical Chemistry III

Or C351 Organic Chemistry III C352 Organic Chemistry IV

Fourth Year:


C461 Quantum Mech. & Mol. Spectro C462 Statistical Mechanics &

Thermodynamics

Choose four(4) Chemistry courses 2 from each semester from:

C421 Appl. Analyt. Chem(Inorg.Comp) C422 Apple. Analyt.Chem.(Org. Comp.)


C491 Organic Industrial Chemistry I C492 Organic Industrial Chemistry II


C451 Advanced Organic Chemistry C452 Advanced Organic Chemistry II

Choose two(2) Physics courses 1 from each semester from:

P341 Introduction to Electronics P342 Digital Electronics

P361 Electromagnetic Theory P302 Computational Physics I

17

(B) (vi) ΚΚΚΚ Option E CHEMISTRY - GEOLOGY (Double major)


Second Year:


C225 Analytical Chemistry I P272 Optics

C245 Inorganic Chemistry I C265 Basic Physical Chemistry

GG201 Introduction to Geology GG202 Physical Geology

M211 Mathematical Methods III M212 Mathematical Methods IV

Third Year:

Semester I Semester II C341 Inorganic Chemistry II C342 Inorganic Chemistry IIII


GG311 Crystallography and mineralogy GG312 Mineralogy and petrology

GG331 Structural geology I GG322 Stratigraphy and photogeology

Fourth Year:

Choose four(4) Chemistry courses 2 from each semester from:



C441 Advanced Inorganic C442 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry II


Choose four(4) Geology courses 2 from each semester from

GG411 Igneous Petrology GG412 Metamorphic petrology

GG471 Introduction to Geochemistry GG472 Applied Geochemistry

GG421 Sedimentology

GG431 Structural Geology II and Plate Tectonics

18

B(vii) ΚΚΚΚ Option F CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (Double major)


Second Year


C225 Analytical Chemistry I C212 Introduction to Biochemistry

BIO 2041 Basic physiology BIO 2032 Basic Microbiology

BIO 2051 Diversity of plants BIO 2062 Diversity of Animals


Third Year:


C311 Biochemistry I C312 Biochemistry II


BS319 Biostatistics

Choose three (3) from the following electives:

BIO 3161 Ethology of Birds and Mammals

BIO 3241 Mycology BIO 3132 Community Ecology

BIO 3221 Invertebrates BIO 3092 Animal Physiology

BIO 3291Plant Physiology BIO 3102 Bacteriology

BIO 3211Introduction to Entomology BIO 3112 Biochemistry and physiology of

Parasites

BIO 3231Molecular biology BIO 3182 Genetics

BIO 3231Molecular biology

Fourth Year:


C321 Analytical Chemistry I C322 Analytical Chemistry II

C411 Advanced Biochemistry I C412 Advanced Biochemistry II


Choose two (2) Biological Sciences courses from:

BS485 Biotechnology BS495 Research Projects

BS915 Biology of Seed Plants BS935 Plant Physiology

SERVICES COURSES

The Department of Chemistry offers service courses to other faculties/schools within the university. These

include CAV251 exclusively offered to students in the Schools of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary

Medicine. The courses C212, C251 C252, C265, C321 and C322 are current also being offered to Food

Science and Technology students while C225 and C245 are offered to School of Mines students. The

School of Education has all its chemistry course offered by the Department of Chemistry in the School of

Natural Sciences.

19

COURSE OUTLINES AND SYLLABI

C101 Introduction to Chemistry I

Rationale:

The course is first semester component of a general chemistry course which aims prepare students

further studies which require a thorough foundation in Chemistry. It covers basic inorganic and

physical chemistry and aims to impart basic experimental and study skills.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course, the student should be able to:

� Perform stoichiometric calculations, and write acid-base, precipitation and redox reactions.

� Describe and explain the concepts involved in an electrochemistry and predict the results of

electrolysis.

� Apply the Ideal Gas and use to kinetic theory and application to real gases.

� Describe the quantum mechanical module an atom, write electron configuration of atoms. The

Periodic Table

� Explain and predict the chemical bonding in, and the structure and shape of, simple molecules.

� Demonstrate an understanding of reaction enthalpy, its determination using calorimetry, and Hess’

Law.

� Discuss qualitatively the uncertainties/errors in chemical experiments, and show of significant numbers

� Demonstrate skills in handling equipment/glassware, in making observations, recording and analysis of

data.

Course contents:

Stoichiometry

-Measurements: significant figures, units and unit conversion, uncertainties in experiments.

-Elementary idea of atoms, molecules and ions; Atomic structure; Relative atomic mass and

relative molecular mass; the mole concept, Avogadro’s number.

-Chemical formula: empirical, molecular and structural formulae; Determination of empirical and

molecular formulae from percentage composition; Atomic mass from percentage composition.

-Mass or mole relations of reactants and products in a chemical reaction; Reactions in solution;

Morality, Reactions involving acids and bases, titrations.

-Reaction types; Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases; Oxidation-reduction reactions;

Oxidation number; Balancing of Oxidation-reduction reaction equations; Calculations involving

precipitation and oxidation-reduction reactions.

Electrochemistry

-Electrolysis; Laws of electrolysis; Cells; Reduction potentials; Electrochemical reactions; Nernst

equation; Corrosion.

Physical states of matter

-Nature of solids, liquids and gases; The gas laws; Avogadro’s or Gay-Lussac’s laws; Law of

Partial pressure in gas mixtures; Graham’s law of diffusion; elementary treatment of the kinetic

theory of gases; Van der Waals equation; Liquefaction.

Atomic structure

-Light and spectra; Bohr model of the atom, quantum mechanical model, electronic configuration,

Periods Table trends (atomic radius, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity).

Chemical bonding, structure and shape of molecules

-Ionic and covalent bonding, Lewis structures; resonance; shapes of molecules, VSEPR theory;

polar moles; hybridization.

-Periodic Table: metals, non-metals, metalloids; trends in ionization potential, electron affinity and

electronegativity.

Thermo chemistry

-Heats of chemical reactions, Calorimetriy; Enthalpy; Hess’s law; Bond energy; Lattice Energy;

Time allocation Distribution of marks

20

Lectures Three hours per week. Continuous assessment(A.A). total=50%

Tutorials One hour per week. C.A. Breakdown Theory Test 20%

Laboratory Three hour-session per week. Practical Test 10%

Assign./Tut. Quizzes 15%

Lab. Work 15%

Final (Theory) Examinations 50%

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS:

-General Chemistry, Principles and Strucutures; James E. Brady and Gerald E. Humiston, 4th Ed.,

John Wiley & Sons, 1986.

-Introductory Chemistry, Part I; 1995, S. F. Banda, G. Kumar, University of Zambia, Lusaka,

Zambia.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C102 Introduction to Chemistry II

Rationale:

The course is the second semester component of a general chemistry course which aims to prepare

students for further studies which require a thorough foundation in Chemistry. It covers basic

inorganic, analytical, organic and physical chemistry, and aims to impart basic experimental and

study skills.

Course Objectives:


� Discuss factors influencing the rate of reaction, and apply the rate law, and Arrhenius equation.

� Describe chemical equailibria, apply Le Chaterlier’s Principle, and apply concepts to solutions of

buffers.

� State and describe intermolecular forces, and sketch and interpret simple phase diagrams.

� Discuss general principles of solubility, and discuss colligative properties of solutions.

� Classify, name and write the structure of organic compounds and state functional groups.

� Discuss bonding and isomerism in alkanes, predict and write reactions of organic compounds.

� Demonstrate skills in handling simple equipment/glassware, in making observations, recording and

analysis of data.

� Write a comprehensive report(including a critical evaluation of the results) about chemical

experiments.

Course Contents:

Chemical kinetics

-Reaction rates and their measurements; Factors influencing rates of reactions; rate equation or

rate law; Theory of reaction rates; Activation energy and activated complex; Rate determining

steps; Catalysis.

Equilibrium

-Equilibrium, phase and chemical equilibria; solubility product constants; Le Chatelier’s principle

Acids and bases: pH, Buffers, titration curves, hydrolysis of salts.

Intermolecular forces

-Intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole bonds, polar molecules; dispersion forces; polarizability;

hydrogen bonding. Applications in liquids: surface tension; capillary action; viscosity;

dimerization of carboxylic acids. Changes of state; vapour pressure; critical point; Clausius-

Clapeyron equation; phase diagrams.

Solutions and their properties

-Solution terminology: dilute/concentrated; Unsaturated/saturated/supersaturated; weak and strong

electrolytes/non-electrolytes. Concentration units: mass percentage; mole fraction; molarity;

molality. Principles of solubility; enthalpy of solution; effect of temperature and pressure on

solubility, Henry’s Law. Colligative properties: vapour pressure lowering, Raoult’s Law; boiling

point elevation; freezing point depression; osmotic pressure; electrolytes - Van’t Hoff factor.

Introduction to organic chemistry

21

-Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds: classification; a survey of organic

functional groups; IUPAC system; naming of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols,

and cycloalkanes.

-Bonding in organic compounds: a non-mathematical treatment of covalent bonding; molecular

orbitals; orbital hybridisation: sp, sp2, sp

3 orbitals with respect to (a) C-C, C-H, C-N, C-O, carbon-

halogen, N-H and O-H bonds, and (b) benzene; polarizability of covalent bonds; coordinate bonds;

concept of resonance.

-Isomerism: structure isomerism; basic treatment of cis - trans isomerism with reference to C=C

and cycloalkanes only.

-Hydrocarbons: structure, physical properties and reactivity; Combustion of hydrocarbons;

Reactions: Mechanism of halogenation, orientation and relative reactivities of alkanes toward

halogenations; Synthesis of alkanes via Grignard reagents and lithium dialkylcuprates; Pyrolysis -

cracking of petroleum; Simple treatment of fractional distillation.




Laboratory Three hour-session per week. Practical Test 10%

Assign./Tut. Quizzes 5%

Lab. Work 15%


RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS

-General Chemistry, Principles and Structures; James E. Brady and Gerald E. Humiston, 4th Ed.

John Wiley & Sons 1986.

-Introductory Chemistry, Part II; 1995, S. F. Banda. G. Kumar and S. J. Phiri, University of

Zambia. Lusaka, Zambia. ________________________________________________________________________________________________

C205 Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry

Pre-requisites: C102, M112

Rationale:

The course is intended to introduce basic inorganic chemistry concepts of Structure, nature of

bonding main group chemistry and transition metal chemistry. Further, a treatment on sampling,

statistical handling of analytical data, acid-base chemistry and redox reactions will be covered.

Course Objectives:

On the completion of the course, students should be able to:

� sketch the shapes of various atomic orbitals.

� interpret the position of elements in the periodic table.

� prepare complexes of some main group elements and transition metals.

� choose a representative sample for chemical analysis as well as changing it into solution for analysis

� quantify the error associated with analytical data.

� identify and employ the role of acids and bases in chemical analysis and life in general.

� identify and employ the role of redox reactions as applied in Titrimetric.

Course contents:

The electronic structure of atoms

-Photoelectric effect. Simple from of SchrÖdinger Equation. The results of scchrodinger equations: atoms orbitals (shapes) and quantum numbers.

22

Periodic trends of atoms

-Ionization potential, electron affinities, sizes, effective nuclear charges and electronegative ties of

elements

The nature of chemical bonding

-The valence bond theory, hybridization and molecular shapes. Simple molecular orbital theory,

overlap integral for simple diatomic molecules.

The periodic table

Brief introduction to main group chemistry. Chemistry of groups I to III elements and their

Compounds. Brief introduction to transition metal chemistry. Bonding in transition metals,

crystal field theory. Introduction to magnetic properties and colour of transition metal complexes.

Expression of concentration and content

Percent weight-by-weight, volume-by-volume and weight by volume. Parts per thousand, pairs

per million, parts per billion, milligram percent and milligram per deciliter. Density, specific

gravity, formulolarity, molality, normality and equivalent weights.

Sampling of different sample types

Sampling of gas, liquid and solid samples. Storage of samples, sample dissolution and statistics of

sampling.

Statistical treatment of analytical data

Types of errors (random and non-random). Measures of accuracy and precision.

Tests of significance (Q, F and t-tests). Linear least squares method, linear regression analysis

correlation coefficient and detection limits.

Acid-base equilibria in aqueous solutions

Acid-base theories (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis). Strengths of acids and bases,

hydrolysis, buffer solutions and buffer capacity. Acid-base titrations and indictors. Polyprotic

acid-base equilibria and following the pH during acid-base titrations. Applications of titrimetry.

Use of primary standards. Mass balance Equations.

Brief introduction to redox reactions

Oxidation and reduction, the half cell concept, voltatic cells and the Nernst equation. Redox

titrations and redox titration curves. Application of redox titrimetry.




Laboratory Three hour-session per week. Assign 5%

Lab. Work 15%


RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

-Concise Inorganic Chemistry; J. D. Lee; Chapman and Hall, London, 4th Ed., London, U.K.,

1991.

-Analytical Chemistry; Gary D. Christian, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 5th Ed., 1994.

SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS

1. Basics Inorganic Chemistry; F.A. Cotton; John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976

2. Inorganic Chemistry; A. G. Sharpo; Long man group limited, England, 1986.

3. Introd to Modern Inorg. Chemistry; K. M. Mackay and R. A Mackay; Prentice Hall, New Jersey,

1989.

4. Main group chemistry; A.G. Massey; Ellis Horwood, England, 1990.

5. Fundamentals of Analy Chemistry; D. Skoog, D. West and F. J. Holler, Saunders Col. Pub., New

York, 1988.

6. Quantitative Analytical Chemistry: Volume I: Introduction to Principles; H.A. Flaschka, A. J.

Barnard, Jr., and P. E. Sturrock, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989.

______________________________________________________________________________________

23

C212 Introduction to Biochemistry

Pre-requisites: C101, C102

Rationale:

To introduce students to basic Biochemical concepts and principles i.e. biomolecules (lipids,

proteins, nucleic acids and their constituents).

Course Objectives:

On the completion of the course, students should be able to:

� describe proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

� relate the relevance of the molecules so described in (i) above to the maintenance of life.

Course Contents:

Biophysical chemistry -Introduction to biomolecules, water, physical properties, hydrogen bonding.

-pH and its determination, weak acids and bases (pKa), buffers and their determination.

Biochemical macromolecules

_Proteins: Dipolar amino acids, titration curves, four levels of protein structure, action as

electrolytes. Protein; structure - function relationship, physical and chemical properties. Protein

separation and purification. Qualitative analysis of proteins.

-Carbohydrates: Simple monosaccharides and disaccharides, structure, chemical properties.

Polysaccharide structure and function. Sugar derivatives. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of

carbohydrates.

-Lipids-chemical properties of fatty acids, triglycerides, waxes derived lipids, Carotenoids.

Functions of lipids: Quantitative and qualitative analyses of lipids.

-Nucleic acids: Structure and properties of purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides

and nucleic acids.

Bioenergetics

-Principles of chemical thermodynamics. Standard free energy change of reactions. Reaction

coupling mechanism. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Energy-rich compounds.

Enzymes

Role of biological catalysts, activated complex.

Enzyme kinetics effect of enzyme and substrate concentrations, Michealis-Menton equation, effect

of temperature and pH. Enzyme specificity, nature of the active site, activation and inhibition of

enzyme reactions and their kinetics. Role of coenzymes. Quantitative measurement of enzyme

activity. Multienzyme complexes, regulatory enzymes and activity. Metabolic role of enzymes

pathway of glycolsis.

Nutritional biochemistry

-Digestion, absorption distribution and use of nutrients. Vitamins and minerals.

Body fluids

-Composition and function of blood, lymph etc. Electrolyte balance.





Lab. Work 15%


RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOK:

-Outlines of Biochemistry; Eric E. Conn, et al, 5th Ed., Matheros and Kevanholde, New York,

1987.

24

SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS:

1. Biochemistry; Stryer, L., 3rd Ed., W. H. Freeman, New York, 1988.

2. A Biologist’s Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry; Wilson, K and

Goulding. K. H. J. 3rd Ed.

3. Biochemistry, D. Voet and J. Voet, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1990.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

C225 Analytical Chemistry I

Pre-requisites: C102, M112/4, P192/8

Rationale:

This is a basic course of analytical chemistry intended to introduce students to bases of analytical

chemistry e.g. volumetric and gravimetric method.

Course Objectives:

On completion of this course a student should be able to;

� prepare different analytical solutions.

� do basic analytical calculations and analytical analysis.

Course Contents:

Expression of concentration and content

Percent weight-by-weight, Percent volume-by-volume, Percent weight by volume, Parts per

thousand and per million. Density and specific gravity, Formality and its relation to morality.

Equivalent weights and normality.

Sampling of different sample types

Gas, liquid, solid and bulk samples. Storage dissolution. Sample dissolution, statistics of

sampling.

Statistical treatment of analytical data

Some measures of accuracy and precision, types of errors (random and non-random). Significance

tests (Q,F and t-tests). Linear regression. Correlation coefficient of detection limits.

Acid-base equilibria in aqueous solutions

The Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis theories. Strengths of acids and bases. Hydrolysis,

buffer solutions and buffer capacity. Acid-base titrations and indicators. Following the pH during

acid-base titrations. Applications of acid-base titrimetry.

Precipitation Equilibria

Solubility and solubility product. Selective precipitation, common-ion and divese ion effects.

Uses of precipitation reactions in titrimetry. Indicators used in precipitation titrations.

Gravimetric analysis.

Multiple ion equilibria

Mass and charge balance equations and their uses in solving multiple on and complex ion

formation equilibria. Polyprotic acid-base equilibria. Titrations involving EDTA.

Redox reactions

Oxidation and reduction. Oxidation states and balancing redox equations. The hald-cell concept.

Voltaic cells and the Nernst equation. redox titrations and rodox titration curves. Applications of

redox titrimetry.





Lab. Work 15%



-Analytical Chemistry, Gary d. Christian, 5th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1994.


25

1. Quantitative Analytical Chemistry: Volume I; Introduction to Principles, H.A. Flaschka, A.J.

Barnard, Jr. and P.E. Sturrock, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., New York, 1969.

2. Fundamentals of analytical Chemistry; D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Saunders College

Publishing, New York, 1988.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

C245 Inorganic Chemistry I

Pre-requisites: C102, M112/4

Rationale:

This course aims to introduce basic inorganic chemistry with emphasis on the structure of the

atom, nature of bonding, main group chemistry and an introduction to transitional metal

chemistry.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course, students should be able to:

� sketch the shapes of various atomic orbitals.

� interpret the position of elements in the periodic table.

� describe physical, chemical and magnetic properties and nature of bonding in transition metal

compounds.

� prepare complexes of some main group elements and transition metals.

Course Contents:

The Electronic structure of atoms

-Black body radiation, Photoelectric effect, Planck’s theory, Bohr’s theory. Wave mechanics,

Schrodinger equation, radial and angular wave functions. Multielectron atoms, shapes of atomic

orbitals.

Periodic trends in periodic properties

Ionisation potential electron affinities, sizes, effective nuclear charges and lectronegativities of

elements.

The nature of chemical bonding

The valence bond theory, hybridization and molecular shapes. Simple molecular orbital theory,

overlap integral for simple diatomic molecules. Metallic bonding.

The nature of ionic substances

Lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and other thermodynamic cycles. Hydration and ligation

energies, ion mobilities. Basic crystal structures, unit cell and crystal defects.

Main group chemistry

Hydrogen, classification of hydrides, their general methods of preparation. Chemistry of Groups

their compounds and I to III elements.

Introduction to transition metal chemistry

Bonding in transition metals, crystal field theory. Introduction to magnetic properties and colour

of transition metal complexes.





Lab. Work 15%



-concise Inorganic Chemistry; J. D. Lee; Chapman and Hall, 4th Ed., London, U.K. 1991.


1. Basic inorganic Chemistry F.A. Cotton; John Wiley

2. Inorganic Chemistry; A.G. Sharp; Longman group limited, England, 1986.

26

3. Introd. To Modern Inorg. Chemistry; K. M. Mackay and R.A. Mackay; Prentice Hall, New Jersey,

1989.

4. Main group chemistry; A.G. Massey; Ellis Horwood, England, 1990.

______________________________________________________________________________________

CAV251 Agricultural & Veterinary Chemistry

Pre-requisites: C102

Rationale:

This course aims to provide an elementary understanding of simple chemical analytical sampling

procedures bonding and stereoisomerisms in organic compounds. It si specially tailored to for

students pursuing agricultural and veterinary sciences and gives an insight to practical ways of

handling samples.

Course objectives:


� describe sampling procedures, treatment and analysis of samples.

� explain and evaluate experimental data

� explain the basic properties of water as a solvent and aqueous equilibria

� recognise basic acid-base and redox reactions and do simple quantitative analysis

� define and describe the basic energy relationships which are used in biochemistry

� draw and name organic compounds

� explain the basic reactions of the main organic functional groups

Course Contents:

Sampling and statistical treatment of experimental data.

Water and its properties. Equilibria in aqueous solutions, acid-base equilibria

Complexes and their structure. Simple quantitative analysis.

Review of chemical bonding and types of reactions including redox reactions; Rates of reactions;

Thermodynamics and colligative properties.

Reactions energy, entropy, activation energy, free energy change, exergonic and endergonic reactions;

Energy in biochemical systems.

Hydrocarbons, structure and properties:

Simple organic halogen, oxygen, sulphur nitrogen and carbonyl compounds. Carboxylic acids and

their derivatives. Aliphatic esters and dicarbixylic acids. Simple fatty acid structure.

Enantiomerism and cis-trans isomerism; hydrogen bonds in organic compounds; monosaccharide structure.

Alpha and beta unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids; amines and nitrogen compounds; amino acid

structure.

Cyclic compounds, stereochemistry; benzene and aromatics

Mechanistic and stereochemistry aspects of selected reactions e..g electrophonic and nucleophilic

sustitution

Reactions of monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids.

27





Lab. Work 15%



Organic Chemistry; T. W. Graham Solomons, 4th Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988.

-Analytical Chemistry, Gary D. Christian, 5th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,

1994.


1. Quantitative Analytical Chemistry: Volume I; Introduction to Principles, H.A. Flaschka, A. J.

Barnard, Jr. and P.E. Sturrock, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., New York, 1969.

2. Organic Chemistry; R. J. Fessenden and J. S. Fessenden, John Wiley and sons, New York, 1985.

________________________________________________________________________

C251 Organic Chemistry I


Rationale:

This course aims to provide a sound foundation in organic chemistry that will cover

conformational structures, reaction rates, synthetic methods for simple organic compounds and

detailed organic reaction mechanisms including stereochemistry of substitutional and elimination

reactions.

Course Objectives:


� identify and state isometric relationships between organic compounds using R/S nomenclature and

draw conformational structures for simple organic compounds.

� distinguish different types of organic reactions and state the factors affecting the reaction rates.

� describe preparative methods for general reactions of alkyl halides, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols and

others.

� predict the products, including pertinent stereochemistry of organic reactions and provide detailed

reaction mechanisms.

� design efficient synhetic transformation for simple organic molecules.

Course Contents:

Stereoisomerism

Review of chiral carbon, general conditions for chirality, enantiomers, diastereoisomers illustrated

with examples. Fiserh projection formulae. Measurement of [α]D. The R/S nomenclature.

Conformational analysis

Simple alkanes (i.e. ethane and butane), torsional strain. Newmann projections, relative stabilities

of simple cycloalkanes (i.e. cycloproprane), torsional and angle strain, conformations of

cyclohexane - boat and chair conformers; equatorial and axial bonds.

Alkyl halides

Physical properties. Reactions: Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution (SN2), nucleophile sand leaving

groups. Reaction mechanisms and kinetics - 1st and 2

nd order reactions with reference to SN1 and

SN2 and factors affecting the reaction rates. Reactions proceeding by mixed mechanisms (SN1

and SN2) carbocations - structures, rearrangements of carbonations, racemate formation form

achiral precursors, inversion of configuration.

28

Alkenes

General properties, relative stabilities. Preparation by: dehydration, dehydrohalogenation (Sytzeff

rule), dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides-detailed mechanisms and factors affecting E1 and E2

reactions. Elimination reactions proceeding by mixed mechanism (E1 and E2), stereochemistry of

elimination, elimination versus substitution. Reduction of alkynes. Reactions: hydrogenation,

addition of sulphuric acid and water Markovnikov’s rule. Hydroxylation, formation of 1,2-diols

and peroxide effect. Addition of halogens, hydrogen halides, detailed mechanisms. Halohydrin

formation and ozonolysis.

Alkynes

General properties, acidity of terminal alkynes. Industrial sources of acetylene, preparation of

alkynes from acetylene. Reactions of alkynes: hydrogeneration to cis- and trans- alkenes,

hydration via mercury II salts. Hydroboration with diboranes and oxidation with hydrogen.

Alcohols

Physical properties and industrial sources. Preparation of alcohols by: Oxymercuration-

demercuration hydroboration of alkenes, regio-specificity and stereochemistry, mechanisms,

Grignard synthesis of alcohols and details of Grignard reactions. General reactions of alcohols,

formation of alkyl sulfonates and applications oxidation of alcohols, periodic acid oxidation and

idoform test.

Ethers

Nomenclature, physical properties. Preparation of ethers by: Williamson synthesis,

alkoxymercuration Cleavage of ethers by acids and bases, crown ethers. Epoxides: preparation via

halohydrins and peroxidation of alkanes. Cleavage of epoxides by acids, bases and Grignard

reagents.





Lab. Work 15%



-Organic Chemistry; T. W. Graham Solomons, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1996.

-Introduction to Organic Chemistry; A. Stretwieser, Jr. and C. H. Heathcock, Macmillan

Publishing Company, New York. 1987.


1. A Guide to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry; Peter Sykes, Longman, London, 1990.

2. Organic Chemistry; R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Allyn and Bacon, Inc, London, 1987.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

C252 Organic Chemistry II


Rationale:

This course aims to provide an understanding of (a) addition and substitution reactions of

conjugated unsaturated systems, (b) synthetic methods, general reactions, reaction mechanisms

and physical properties of aliphatic carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, amines and esters, (c)

the concept of aromaticity, some electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene and hydrogenation

products of benzene and naphthalene.

29

Course Objectives:


� differentiate conjugated unsaturated systems from isolated multiple bonds and account for the

differences in their addition and substitution reactions.

� describe synthetic methods for general reactions of aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids,

esters, amines and aromatic hydrocarbons.

� predict the products, including pertinent stereochemistry where applicable, of the reactions of aliphatic

organic compounds and provide detailed reaction mechanisms.

� provide efficient synthetic plan of the synthesis of simple organic compounds.

Course Contents:

Conjugated unsaturated systems

Allylic substitutions and the allyl radical. Allylic cations and anions. Dienes: resonance

stabilization 1, 4- addition to conjugated dienes.

Aldehydes and Ketones

Nomenclature, physical properties, preparation of aldehydes via: oxidation of primary alcohols,

reduction of acid chlorides. Preparation of ketones via oxidation, reaction of acid chlorides with

organocuprates. Reactions: nucleophilic addition, oxidation of aldehydes, haloform reactions,

reductions via hydrogenation, metal hydrides, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions,

addition of Grignard reagents, cyanohydrin formation, additon of derivatives of ammonia, acetal

and hemiacetals, Cannizaro reaction, aldol reactions. Schiff’s bases. α, β- unsaturated carbonyl

compounds - electrophilic, nucleophilic and Michael additions.

Carboxylic acids

Nomenclature, physical properties, industrial sources, preparation of carboxylic acids via:

oxidation of alcohols, carbonation of Grignard reagents, and hydrolysis of nitriles and amides.

Acidity of carboxylic acids, pKa’s, substituent effects on acidity.

Esters

Nomenclature, review of ester formation reactions, hydrolysis of esters - acid and base catalysed

reactions. Trans-esterification, reaction with Grignard reagents, reduction of esters. Brief

discussion of ureas, carbamates. Carbonates, chloroformates. Claisen reaction.

Amines

Physical properties, basicity, nomenclature, inversion, preparation of amines: ammonolysis of

halides. Reductive amination, Hoffmann rearrangement. Reactions of amines, quatermization and

Hoffmann elimination, conversion to amides, sulfonamides - (Hinsberg test), amine oxides,

Mannich reaction. Nitrous acid reactions.

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Aromaticity, orbital picture, structure. General conditions for aromaticity and its prediction -

Huckels and Mobious models. A survey of benzenoid aromatic systems. Electrophilic aromatic

substitution in benzene - sulfonation, nitration and halogenation. Orientation and reactivities of

mono-substituted benzenes towards electrophilic substitution. Catalytic and chemical

hydrogenation products of benzene and naphthalene Oxidation of side chains.





Lab. Work 15%



-Organic Chemistry; T. W. Graham Solomons, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1996.

-Introduction to Organic Chemistry; A. Stretwieser, Jr. and C.H. Heathcock, Macmillan

Publishing Company, New York, 1987.

30


1. A guide to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry; Peter Sykes, Longman, London, 1990.

2. Organic Chemistry; R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., London, 1987.

__________________________________________________________________________________

C265 Basic Physical Chemistry

Pre-requisites: C102, M112/M114

Rationale

The course is intended to broaden students’ understanding of the basic concepts of physical

chemistry by developing fundamental mathematical concepts. Thus, the course is designed to

impact simple computation skills and to an understanding of general phenomena as described by

the kinetic theory, electrochemistry, and treatment of involving energy changes essential for

beginners.

Course Objectives

On completion of the course, students should be able to;

� compute simple relation involving kinetic theory of gases, free energy and entropy.

� relate electrochemistry to everyday situations

� relate chemistry to other scien-based disciplineds and thus realize the importance of Chemistry in

everyday life.

� use knowledge on chemical equilibria, buffers, reaction rates to everyday circumstances.

Course Content

Kinetic theory of gases

Brief review of gas laws (Boyle’s Charle’s Gay-Lussacs, Dalton’s Graham’s laws), Postulates of

Kinetic theory.

Mathematical treatment of Kinetic theory, Deduction of all the gas laws from .mnu3

1PV 2=

Molecular velocity of gases (root-mean-square velocity). Distribution of molecular velocity.

Thermodynamics - introduction and scope of thermodynamics

System, surrounding and universe. State and non-state functions. Thermodynamic variables.

Definition of internal energy, work and heat. Statement of the first law and its mathematical

formulation. Application of first law to an ideal gas, isothermal and adiabatic conditions. Heat

capacities of gases. Hess’ law and Kirchoff equation. Bond energies. Introduction to the second

law. Qualitative prediction of direction of reaction based on encropy.

Simple treatment of ∆Go =∆H

o - T∆S

o, ∆G

o = nFE

o and ∆G

= RTLnK.

Chemical & Ionic Equilibria

Reversible reactions. Law of Mass action. Equilibrium constant, Kc and Kp and the relationship,

Kp = Kc(RT)∆n. Factors affecting equilibria (qualitative and quantitative treatment).

Heterogeneous equilibria. Ionic equailibria - definition of acids and bases acid conjugate and base

pair. Acidity - alkalinity-pH.pKa. Self-ionization of water, Kw .pH of weak acids and bases.

Hydrolysis constant, Kh. Buffer solutions-Henderson-Hasselbatch equation. Solubility products.

Chemical Kinetics

Introduction to Rate and rate law. Molecularity and order of reaction. Concentration and rate

equations. The integrated rate laws - zero, first and second order reactions. Radioactive decay and

carbon dating. Pseudo-order reactions. Factors affecting the rate of reactions.

Electrochemistry

Ohm’s law, electrolysis-mechanism of electrolysis. Faraday’s laws and calculations. Galvanic

cell, Daniel cell and standard cell. Cell convention. Difference between chemical and electrolytic

cells. Reduction potential and electrochemical series. Nernst equation. Dry cell and lead

accumulator cell. Strong and weak electrolytes.

Theories of electrolytic conductance and conductance ratio. Kohlrausch’s law of independent

migration of ions.

31

Variation of molar conductance with concentration.





Lab. Work 15%


RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS

P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, W. Freeman and Company, New York, 1986.

SUPPLEMENTARY BOOKS

1. G. barrow, Physical Chemistry, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1988.

2. G.W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, Addison-Wesley Inc., 1983.

3. P. Harwood, General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Prentice-Hall Int. Inc.,

1987.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C311 Biochemistry I

Pre-requisites: BS112, C212

Rationale:

To introduce students concepts in cellular biochemistry.

Course Objectives:


� describe proteins, enzymes, bioenergetics terms, and relate these to the cells metabolic pathways.

� describe such pathways as the glycol tic pathway and the TCA cycle.

Course Contents:

Conformation of proteins

Amino acids, reactivity of side chains. Peptide and peptide bond. Structure and conformation of

proteins, three-dimensional structure and its relation to protein activity. Myoglobin and

Haemoglobin as examples of proteins.

Enzyme catalysis

Activated complex theory and thermodynamics. Chemical catalysis mechanisms. Examples of

cofactor catalysis, allosterism, multi-site interactions. Mechanisms of bisubstrate reactions.

Carbohydrate metabolism

Catabolism of glucose, glycolysis, fermentation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate

pathway uronic acid pathyway-anaplerosis. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.

Catabolism of polysaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides. Carbon cycle, anabolism of

glycogen, starch and other polysaccharides. Gluconeogenesis, regulation and endocrine influence

on carbohydrate metabolism. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.




Laboratory Three hour-session per week. Practical Test

Assignments 5%

Lab. Work 15%



Biochemistry; Lubert Stryer, W.H., Freeman, New York, 1988.

32


1. Outlines of Biochemistry; E. E. Conn, P K Stuumpf, G Bruening, R H Doi., John Wiley and Sons,

Inc. New York

2 Biochemistry; C. K. Mathews and K.E. Van Holde, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.,

Redwood City, CA 1990.

3. Molecular Cell Biology; James Darnell, H Lodish and D Baltimore, Scientific American Books,

New York, 1990.

4. Biochemistry; F. B. Armstrong, John Wiley and sons, Inc. New York, 1988.

5. Modern Concepts in Biochemistry, R C Bolinski, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jeysey, 1987.

6. Principles of Biochemistry, A L Lehniger, Worth Publishers, Inc., New York, 1982.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C312 Biochemistry II


Rationale:

To introduce students to further concepts in cellular Biochemistry by building on to C311

knowledge.

Course Objectives

On completion of the course, students should be able to describe:

� the photosynthetic process.

� how DNA and its constituents are synthesised and broken down.

� how a protein and its constituent amino acids is synthesised and broken down.

� β-fatty acid oxidation and anabolism of lipids.

Course Contents:

Photosynthesis

Photosynthetic pigments. Energy conversion process.

Lipid metabolism

Structure and function of lipids. Catabolism of lipids, oxidation of fatty acids, anabolism of lipids

and biosynthesis of triglycerides, sterols. Metabolism of phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycelipids.

Regulation and endocrine influence on lipid metabolism. Disorders of lipid metabolism.

Metabolism of amino acids and proteins

Degradation of proteins, nitrogen balance. Common reactions of amino acids and metabolic

interrelations. Genetic disorders of amino acids metabolism. Biosynthesis of amino acids and

malanine. Metabolism of one-carbon units (methyl and formyl groups). Regulations of amino

acid metabolism. The nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixation, nitrate assimilation etc. The sulphur cycle.

Metabolism of purines, pyrimidines and porphyries

Catabolism and anabolism of purines, pyrimidines and nucleotides. Catabolism and anabolism of

porphyries heme and chlorophyll. Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism.

Nucleic acids and protein synthesis

Evidence for deoxyribonucleic acid as genetic material. Structure of the chromosome. Structure,

synthesis and replication of DNA. Components of the protein synthesis system, ribosomes, RNA,

MRNA. Transcription and the genetic coce. Mutation, mechanism of protein synthesis.

Regulation of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Inhibitors of nucleic acids and protein synthesis.

Biosynthesis of aromatic ring (Shikimic acid pathway).

Nutritional biochemistry

Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins: distribution, biogenesis, metabolic fat and effects of

deficiency. Metabolism of inorganic nutrients.




33


Lab. Work 15%



-Biochemistry; Lubert Stryer, 3rd Ed., W.H. Freeman, New York, 1988.

SUPLLEMENTARY READINGS:

1. Outlines of Biochemistry; E. E Conn, P K Stuumpf, G Bruening, R H Doi, John Wiley and Sons,

Inc. New York, 1987.

2. Biochemistry; C. K. Mathews and K. E. Van Holde, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.,

Redwood City, CA 1990.

3. Molecular Cell Biology; James Darnell, H Lodish and D Baltimore, Scientific American Books,

New York, 1990.

4. Biochemistry; F. B. Armstrong, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, 1988.

5. Modern Concepts in Biochemistry, R C Bolnski, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jeysey, 1987.

6. Principles of Biochemistry, A. L Lehniger, Worth Publishers, Inc., New York, 1982.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

C321 Analytical Chemistry II

Pre-requisites: C205/C225, C252, C265

Rationale:

The purpose of this course is to introduce principle of Instrumental analytical Methods (spectral

methods) in order to prepare students for advanced and specialized fourth year courses in

Analytical chemistry and for MSc. Analytical program.

Course Objectives:


� apply the principle of Instrumental Analytical Methods.

� use spectral methods and interpret spectra of chemical samples.

Course Contents:

Introduction

General introduction, characterization: optical, electrochemical and chromatographic methods

Instruments for optical spectroscopy

Radiation sources, wavelength selectors; Filters, monochromators (prisms and optical gratings).

Sample containers, radiation detectors, signal processors and readouts. Instrumental designs.

An introduction to absorption spectroscopy

Terms employed in absorption spectroscopy. Quantitative aspects of absorption measurements.

Beer’s law.

Molecular ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy

Theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence. Instruments for measuring fluorescence and

phosphorescence. Application of photoluminescence.

Flame emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Theory of atomic spectroscopy. Flame atomization. Atomic absorption spectroscopy. Flame

emission spectroscopy. Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy.

Emission spectroscopy based upon arc spark and plasma atomisation

Spectra from higher sources. Emission spectroscopy based on arc and spark sources. Emission

spectroscopy based on plasma sources. Atomic fluorescence methods based on plasma

atomization.

34

Infrared absorption spectroscopy

Theory of infrared absorption. Infrared instrument components. Sample handling techniques.

Qualitative applications of infrared absorption. Quantitative application Fourier Transformation

(FT) in infrared absorption spectroscopy.

Raman spectroscopy

Theory of raman spectroscopy instrumentation. Applications of raman spectroscopy, Fourier

Transformation (FT) raman spectroscopy.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance. Environmental effects on NMR spectra. Experimental

methods of NMR spectroscopy. Applications of proton NMR, application of NMR to isotopes

other than the proton. Fourier Transformation in NMR. Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy.

Miscellaneous optical methods

Refractometry, polarimetry, nepheometry and turbidimetry.

Mass spectrometry

The mass spectrometer, mass spectra. Identification of pure compounds by mass spectrometry.

Quantitative applications of mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Correlation of mass spectra with

molecular structure. Fourier Transform mass spectrometry.





Lab. Work 15%



Principles of Instrumental Analysis; D.A. Skoog, Saunders College Publishing, New York, 1992.

-Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, R. T. Braun, McGraw-Hill, 1987.


1. Instrumental Methods of Analysis; H. H. Willard, L. L. Merrit, J. A. Dean and F. A. Dean,

Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1988.

2. Instrumental Analysis; G. D. Christian and J. E. O’Reilly, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, 1986.

3. Statistics for Analytical Chemistry; J. C. Miller and J. N. Miller, 3rd Ed., Ellis-Horwood PTR,

Prentice Hall, 1993.

__________________________________________________________________________________

C322 Analytical Chemistry III


Rationale:

The course C322 deals with electrochemical and chromatographic methods. The theoretical

knowledge of these methods will help students understand separation chromatographic methods

and principles of electrochemical analytical methods.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course, the students should be able to:

� apply basic functions of electrochemical methods and separation methods.

� interpret spectral data with precision.

� carry out important separation, identification and quantitative determination of practical samples.

Course contents:

An introduction to electroanalytical chemistry

Electrochemical cells, cells potential, electrode potentials. Calculation of cell potentials from

electrode potentials. Effect of current on cell potential.

35

Potentiometric methods

Reference electrodes, metallic indicator electrodes, membrane indicator electrodes. Instruments

for measuring cell potentials. Direct potentiometric measurements, potentiometirc titrations.

Coulometry and electrogravimetry

Current-voltage relationships during an electrolysis. An introduction to coulometric methods of

analysis. Potentiostatic coulometry, coulometric titrations, electrogavimetry.

Voltametry and polarography

Theoretical basis, instrumentation. Variations of the conventional polarographic method. Pulse

and difference pulse polarography. Amperometric titrations, stripping analysis.

Conductometric methods

Electrical conductance in solutions of electrolytes. The measurement of conductance.

Conductometric titrations. Applications of direct conductance measurements.

Thermal methods

Thermo-gravimetric methods. Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.

Enthalpimetric methods.

Fractionation processes: solvent extraction

Phase processes. General principles and terminology of solvent extraction. Experimental

techniques. Important experimental variables, extraction systems and examples.

An introduction to chromatographic separation

A general description of chromatography. The rate theory of chromatography. Summary of

important relationships for chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative analysis by

chromatography.

Gas chromatography

Principles of gas-liquid chromatography. Instruments for gas-liquid chromatography. Gas-solid

chromatography. Applications.

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)

Column efficiency in liquid chromatography. Chromatographic mobile phases, instruments for

liquid chromatography. Partition chromatography, adsorption chromatography, ion-exchange

chromatography. Size-exclusion chromatography.

Planar chromatography

Principles of thin-layer chromatography(TLC). Applications of thin-layer chromatography. Paper

chromatography. Electrophoresis and electro-chromatography.

X-ray spectroscopy

Principles, instrument components. X-ray fluorescence methods, X-ray absorption methods. X-

ray diffraction methods, the electron microprobe.

Radiochemical methods

Radioactive isotope. Instrumentation. Neutron activation methods, isotopic dilution methods,

radiometric methods.





Lab. Work 15%



Principles of Instrumental analysis; D.A. Skoog, Saunders College Publishing, New York, 1992.

Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, R.T. Braun, McGraw-Hill, 1987.

SUPLEMENTARY READINGS:

1. Instrumental Methods of Analysis; H. H. Willard, L. L. Merrit, J. A. Dean and F. A Dean,

Wadswroth Publishing Company, 1988.

2. Instrumental Analysis; G. D. Christian and J.E. O’Reilly, Prentice-Hall, 1986. Statistics for

Analytical Chemistry, J.C. Miller and J. N. Miller, Ellis-Horwood PTR, prentice-Hall, 1993.

______________________________________________________________________________________

36

C341 Inorganic Chemistry II

Pre-requisites: C205/C245

Rationale:

The course aims to complete the main group chemistry, give an insight into the nature of bonding

and introduce physical inorganic techniques. A complete treatment of transition metal chemistry

is covered.

Course Objectives:


� compare and contrast the chemistry of elements and their corresponding compounds for various

groups.

� provide synthetic routes and conditions essential for the general preparation of inorganic compounds.

� apply bonding theories concepts to explain and predict some physical and chemical properties of

elements.

� apply qualitatively physical inorganic techniques to interpret molecular structural properties of

compounds.

Course contents:

Chemistry of group; IV to VII elements and their compounds, noble gases. Some examples of

industrial production of some useful main group elements and their compounds.

Transitional metal chemistry with emphasis on first row transition metal. Simple and complex

compounds of transition metals. Detailed treatment of bonding theories: Valence bond theory

(VBT), Crystal field theory (CFT), Molecular orbital theory (MOT) and Ligand field theory

(LFT). Jahn-Teller distortion. Applications of CFT effects on thermodynamic properties of

transition metals.

Nomenclature, classification of ligands, isomerism of transition metal complexes.

Introduction to physical inorganic techniques: Infrared and Raman spectra. Electronic spectra,

ultra-violent spectra, conductivity measurement, NMR for simple inorganic compounds.





Lab. Work 15%



Adv. Inorganic Chemistry; F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988.


1. Inorganic Chemistry; J. E. Hughey, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1990.

2. Main Group Chemistry ; A G. Massey, Ellis-Horwood Ltd, England, 1990.

3. Introduction to modern Inorganic Chemistry; K. Mackay and R. Mackay; Prentice Hall, New

Jersey, 1989.

4. Introduction to Ligand Field Theory; B. N. Figgis, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1966.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C342 Inorganic Chemistry III


The course is intended to cover the chemistry of f block elements and to give an understanding

and use of inorganic reaction mechanism, organanometallic, nuclear chemistry, and reactions of

non-aqueous solvents.

37

Course Objectives:


� distinguish and give application of s p, d and f block elements.

� give plausible reaction mechanisms of chemical reactions

� propose a suitable solvent for a given reaction

� balance nuclear reaction equations and articulate some of the applications of nuclear active species.

Course contents:

The chemistry of Ianthanides and actinides

General and physical properties, chemistry of elements in trivalent states. Separation of

Ianthanide ions. General chemical behaviour of actinides with special reference to thorium,

protactinium, uranium and their compounds.

Nuclear and radiochemistry

Historical background and properties of radioactive substances. Nuclear binding energy, nuclear

forces, relative stability of nucleus. Naturally occurring radioactive series. Half-life and its

determination. Nuclear reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions. Detection and

measurement of radioactivity:

Electronscope, Cloud chamber, Geiger Muller counter methods. Applications of nuclear and

radiochemistry.

Inorganic reaction mechanisms

Dissociative and associative mechanisms. Electron transfer reactions. Application of reaction

mechanisms.

Introduction to organometallic chemistry

Nature of bonding between a metal and a hydrocarbon. Eighteen and sixteen electrons rule and its

exceptions. Synthesis and reactions of typical organometallic compounds such as ferrocene and

its derivatives.

Non-aqueous solvents

Theories, reactions and synthetic reactions involved with reference to liquid ammonia, liquid

sulphur dioxide, and liquid sulphuric acid.





Lab. Work 15%



Adv. Inorganic Chemistry; F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson’s, John Wiley and Sons, New York,

1988.


1. Principles of organometallic chemistry; G. E. Coates eta al, Chapman and Hall, London, 1977.

2. Mechanism of Inorg. Reactions, F. Basolo and R. G. Pearson, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New

York, 1967.

3. Inorganic Chemistry; J. e. Highey, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1975.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C351 Organic Chemistry III

Pre-requisites: C212, C225, C252

Rationale:

This course aims to provide an understanding of the general principles governing orientation and

reactivity, synthetic approaches, general reactions, detailed reaction mechanisms and physical

properties of benzenoid aromatic compounds. In addition, synthesis and reactions of poly-

functional compounds, reactivities and reaction mechanisms of aliphatic and benzenoid aromatic

38

compounds and structure elucidation of unknown organic compounds by modern spectroscopic

methods.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course, students should be able to;

� differentiate between the reactions of aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds.

� explain the reactivities and orientations of benzenoid aromatic compounds towards various inter-/intra-

molecular electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions and provide detailed reaction

mechanisms.

� describe synthetic methods for an general reactions of aryl halides, phenols, phenyl ethers, quinines

and compounds containing two or more functional groups.

� provide reasonable mechanistic pathways for all products in reactions of organic compounds.

� interpret the UV, MS, IR and one dimensional 1H NMR and

13C NMR spectra, analyse and identify

simple unknown organic compounds.

Course content:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution

Orientation and reactivities of di-and poly-substituted benzenes, naphthalenes, polycyclic

benzenoid aromatic compounds (i.e. anthracene and phenanthrene) and non-benzenoid aromatic

compounds (i.e. azulene and ferrocene) towards electophilic substitutions. Inter-and intra-

molecular Friedel-Craft’s reactions: alkylation, arylation (Scholl reaction), acylation; limitations

and synthetic applications. Formulation reactions: Gattermann-Koch, Reimer-Tiemann, and

Vilsmeier - Haack reactions.

Aryl halides

Structure, physical properties, reactivity and methods of preparation. Reactions: formation of

Grignard reagents, review of electrophonic substitution reactions, Ullmann reaction: Nucleophilic

aromatic substitution - aryne, SN2Ar and SN1Ar mechanisms in depth, factors affection ght ertes of

nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Phenols, phenyl ethers and quinones

Structures, nomenclature, physical properties and acidity of phenols. Preparative methods for

phenols, phenyl ethers and quinones, review of electrophilic substitution reactions of phenols and

phenyl ethers, reactions of phenolate ions. Nomenclature and redox equilibria of quinones.

Poly-functional compounds

A survey of di- and poly-functional compounds. Hydroxy aldehydes and ketones: synthesis via

acyloin condensation and mixed aldol reactions, cyclic hemi-acetal and hemi-ketal formation, acid

and base catalysed dehydrations. Hydroxyl acids: natural occurrence, synthesis, lactone

formation, acid-catalysed dehydration. Dicarboxylic acids: natural occurrence, synthesis, acidity,

decarboxylation of β-keto acids. Dicarbonyl compounds: cleavage of 1,2- and 1, 3- dicarbonyl

compounds.

Spectorscopy

UV: The origin of UV bands, laws of absorption, chromophores, factors affecting the position and

intensity of UV absorption bands, selection rules, empirical rules for computation of λmax and ε

values of organic compounds. Empirical correlation tables. Applications including structure

elucidation of organic compounds. Empirical correlation tables. Applications including structure

elucidation of organic compounds. Limitations.

IR: Theory, modes of vibration and bending, IR absorption band positions, factors affecting the

positions and the intensities of IR bands, correlation charts and table’s analysis of IR spectrum. A

survey of characteristic IR bands, correlation charts and tables analysis of IR spectrum. A survey

of characteristic IR absorption frequencies of important functional groups, applications including

structure elucidation of organic compounds, limitations.

NMR: 1H NMR: Theory, apparatus and sample handling in brief, the chemical shift - units of

measurements and factors affecting chemical shift position. Chemical and magnetic equivalence

of protons, integrations of NMR signal, spin-spin couplings and splitting of the peaks, first order

H-H splitting patterns, coupling constants-vicinal, geminal, long range and virtual couplings.

39

Protons on N, O and S. Simple decoupling methods and chemical shift reagents. Interpretation of

NMR spectra, structure elucidation of organic compounds.

13C NMR: Theory, interpretation of

13C NMR spectra, off resonance decoupling, structure

elucidation of organic compounds.

MS: Theory in brief, interpretation of mass spectrum, applications in determining relative molecular

masses and molecular formulae of organic compounds, fragmentation patterns of alkanes, alkenes

and esters. Structure elucidation of organic compounds by combined spectroscopic methods.





Lab. Work 15%



Organic Chemistry; R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, 5th Ed., Allyn and Bacon, Inc., London, 1987.

Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds; R.M. Silverstein, G. C. Bassler and T. C.

Morril, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991.

Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach; S. Warren, J. Wiley and Sons, New York,

1990.


1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry; A. Stretwieser, Jr. AND c. h. Heathcock, Macmillan

Publishing Company, New York, 1987.

2. Introduction to Spetroscopy; D. L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman and G. S. Kritz, Jr., Saunders College

Publishing Philadelphia, 1980.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C352 Organic Chemistry IV


Rationale;

The course will introduce some aspects of stereochemistry and polymer chemistry. It will provide

an understanding of synthetic methods, physical properties and general reactions of some simple

and fused ring heterocyclic systems and methods of generation and synthetic applications of

carbanions and other reactive intermediates. General principles governing the mechanisms of

rearrangement reactions and general principles and strategies used in planning an efficient

synthesis of target molecules of moderate complexity from readily available starting materials will

be covered.

Course Objectives:


� identify and state steroisomeric relationships in cyclic compounds; and provide resolve recamic

mixtures.

� state the generation and synthetic applications of carbanions and enamines; and show reaction

mechanisms.

� give synthetic routes for 5- and 6- membered heterocyclic compounds with a single hetero-atom,

indoles, quinolines and iso-quinolines.

� map out an efficient and shortest synthetic plan for a target molecule based on the disconnection

approach.

� apply and explain molecular rearrangements of chemical reaction; show the mechanisms of

rearrangement.

� explain different types of polymerisation reactions.

40

Course contents:

Stereochemistry General review, resolution of racemic mixtures, steroisomeric relationships in cyclic compounds.

Carbanions

Review of the methods of generation of carbanions. Reformatsky reaction, Dieckmann and

Knoevenagel condensations, synthetic applications of acetoacetic and malonic esters, enamines,

organoboranes and phenolates.

Heterocyclic compounds

A survey and nomenclature of heterocyclic systems, synthetic routes, physical properties and

general reactions of five, and six membered heterocyclic systems containing a single hetero-atom,

important spectral characteristics. Synthesis, properties and reactions of fused ring systems:

indoles, quinolines and iso-quinolines.

Molecular rearrangements

Introduction, classification, liberal examples of migrations to carbon and hetero-atoms including

detailed reaction mechanisms, investigation of rearrangement reactions by spectroscopy,

applications.

Organic synthesis

A survey of various approaches, planning the synthesis of organic compounds of moderate

complexity by the disconnection approach, Diels-Alder reactions.

Polymers

Introduction, chemistry of chain- and step-reaction polymerisations, homo-, co- and graft-

polymers, structures of polymers and general characteristics.





Lab. Work 15%



Organic Chemistry; R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., London, 1987.

Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach; S. Warren, J. Wiley and Sons, New York, 1990.

Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds; R. M. Silverstein, G. C. Bassler and T. C.

Morril, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991.


1. Heterocyclic Chemistry; T. L. Gilchrist, Longman Scientific & Technical, England, 1991.

2. Advanced Organic Chemistry; Jerry March, 4th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991

3. Introduction to Organic Chemistry; A. Stretwieser, Jr.a nd C. H. Heathcock, Macmillan, New

York, 1987.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C361 Chemical Kinetics and Nuclear Chemistry

Pre-requisite: C265, M212

Rationale

The course is designed to study how fast reactions can occur. This is useful in gaining insight into

the mechanism of reactions i.e. the step-by-step molecular pathway of transforming reactants to

products. The principles involved in nuclear chemistry are discussed in terms of reactions rates.

Application of rates of reaction in enzymatic actions, catalysis, industrial processes and nuclear

technology is the main focus of this course.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course students should be able to:

41

� discuss the factors that control rates of change and their consequence on rates of decay, rusting,

enzyme actions etc.

� formulate mechanisms that are consistent with given rate law;

� describe effect of ionizing radiation on matter;

� explain use of radioactive nuclides as diagnostic tools in medicine, for dating historical artifacts, and

other uses.

Course Content:

Kinetics

Review of rate law, integrated rate equations for zero, first second and third order, Half-life, order

and concentration pseudo order. Determination of order. Experimental methods for studying slow

and fast reactions.

Theories of reaction rates: bimolecular and unimolecular reactions, activated complex. Complex

reactions; rate law for elementary reactions, parallel, opposing, consecutive and chain reactions.

Acid-base catalysis and general acid-base catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis. Kinetics of

heterogeneous reaction. Effect of temperature on heterogeneous reaction. Primary salt effect.

Nuclear Chemistry

Definition of nuclear and radiochemistry. Fundamentals of radiochemistry. Nomenclature.

Mass-energy relationship. The proton-neutron hypothesis. Radionucleides and stability. Types of

radioactive decay (alpha, beta, positron, gamma emissions) electron capture and internal

conversion.

Kinetics of radioactive decay-specific activity. Unit of radioactivity. Fusion and fission.

Interaction of X-ray with matters (photoelectric, Compton effects, pair productions). Carbon

dating.





Lab. Work 15%



P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, W. Freeman and Company, New York, 1986.

SUPPLEMENTARY BOOKS

1 G. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, 1988.

2. G.W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, Addison-Wesley Inc., 1983.

3. P. Harwood, General Chemistry; Principles and Modern Applications, Prentice-Hall Int. Inc.,

1997.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C362 Colloids and Electrochemistry

Pre-requisites: C265, M212

Rationale

The course is designed to give students an insight into how chemical reactions can be used to

produce electricity and vice-versa. These processes coupled with a knowledge of surface and

colloidal chemistry have very wide industrial applications ranging from arteries and fuel cells as

sources of electric power to metal refining, electroplating, corrosion control on one hand and on

grease, soap, dye and paint productions on the other. The course probes deeply into the theory and

mechanism of the behaviour of electrolytic and colloidal solutions and it aims to expose students

to industry applications.

42

Course Objectives:


� explain the role of colloidal solutions in cream, dye and paint industries and surfactants as used in

soap and adhesive productions;

� describe the concept of election transfer at the electrode surface;

� relate electron transfer to the production of energy through electrode potential changes;

� discuss the importance of electroplating, the use of reference electrodes and cells and the

implication of an unwanted Voltaic cells manifested in corrosion.

� use the electro-analytical method of evaluating materials in trace quantity.

Course Content

Colloids

Definitions. Types of colloids -lyophobic, lipophilic colloids. Difference between true solution,

precipitates and colloids. Preparation and purification of colloids- dialysis methods of

determining the molecular weight of colloids- sedimentation, light scattering etc. Gel filtration.

Micelles. Properties of colloids- Optical, electrophoresis & electosmosis. Concept of double

layer, Emulsion, Donan equilibrium.

Change of state

Component, degrees of freedom, Gibbs phase rule. Phase diagrams for one component (water,

sulphur) and two component systems. Eutectic mixtures. Multi-component systems.

Surface Chemistry

Interfaces (types and importance). Surface tension. Capillarity vapour pressure of small droplets -

Kelvin equation. Gibbs adsorption equation. Wetting of solids: contact angels and their

determination, influencing factors and importance in ore flotation. Spreading: spreading of one

liquid on the surface of another. Insoluble monolayer films and their applications in water

conservation. Detergency. Adsorption- factors affecting adsorption. Sorption, chemisorption and

adsorption isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir and Braunauer). BET and Tempkin equation.

Electochemistry

Definition and scope. Iodics. Conductance in solution and fused state- conductivity and weak and

strong electrolytes. Degree of dissociation. Ions in solution under electric field. Conductance in

high electric field - Wien effect. Measurement of conductance. Kohlrausch’s law of independent

migration of ions- Proton jump mechanism. Interionic theory of conductance. Transport number

and measurement. Mobility of ions in elective fields. Diffusion Activity and activity coefficient.

Ionic strength. Semi-quantitative treatment of Debye-Huckel theory. Application of Debye-

Huckel equations.

Electrodics: Standard hydrogen electrode, calomel, silver/silver chloride, glass electrodes.

Irreversible electrodes and cells, polarisation and decomposition voltage. Over potential and over

voltage. Concentration Polarisation. Limiting current. Thickness of difficusion layer. Activation

over-potential. Kinetics of polarized electrode - Butler-Volmer equation. Deduction from Butler-

Volmer equation- Tafel equation. Process of kinetic discharge of hydrogen and oxygen at the

surface of electrode. Introduction to polarography.





Lab. Work 15%



P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, W. Freeman and Company, New York, 1986.

SUPPLEMENTARY BOOKS

1. Chemistry of Surfaces, A. w. Adamson, Interscience Publishers.

2. An Introduction to Surface Chemistry, R. Aveyard and D. A. Hayden, Cambridge University

Press.

3. The Principles of Electrochemistry, D.A. McInnes.

43

4. Physical Chemistry, G. Barrow, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1998.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C411 Advanced Biochemistry I


Rationale

This course aims at teaching students (a) principles behind biochemical techniques, (b) the

biochemistry involved in locomotion and nerve transmission in mammals, and (c) biochemical

control mechanisms in vertebrates.

Course Objectives


� describe the principles behind basic biochemical techniques.

� apply appropriate technique in resolving a given biochemical problem.

� explain locomotion and nerve transmission in biochemical terms

� describe control mechanisms and show how they are used in combating disease

Course contents:

Analytical biochemistry

Principles of extraction, purification, and concentration of biological cell fractionation and cell

culture techniques. Centrifugation, electorophoresis, spectroscopy, radioisotope techniques,

chromatography (column, TLC, HPLC, affinity, Gel exclusion).

Biochemistry of tissues

Cell structure and function. Composition of biological membranes, membrane structure, function,

transport properties. Nerve tissues, nerve impulses, metabolism, chemical transmitters. Muscle

fibre proteins, mechanism of muscle contraction, energy supply. Liver, structure and function.

Hormones

Amino acid derived, peptide, polypeptide and steroid hormones. Biological actions, chemical

structure, biosynthesis, catabolism. Regulation of hormone levels, control of hormone

biosynthesis, mechanism of hormone action. Structure and function of plant growth hormones.

Control of metabolism

Biochemical control mechanisms; Enzyme concentration - transcription, degradation; Enzyme

activity substrate, allosteric effectors, protein modification. Cascade control (of glutamine

synthetase), attenuation control mechanism (of amino acid biosynthesis). Control of energy

metabolism, energy change.





Lab. Work 15%


RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS;

-Biochemistry; D. Voet and J. Voet, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1990.

-Molecular Cell Biology; James Darnel et al, 2nd Ed., 1990.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING:

1. Biochemistry; Lubert Stryer, 3rd Ed., W. H., Freeman, New York, 1988.

2. Principles of Biochemistry, Lehninger, A.L. Nelson and M.M. Cox, North Publishers, 1993.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

44

C412 Advanced Biochemistry II


Rationale

This course aims at teaching students principles of industrial biochemistry, biochemical genetics,

immunochemistry and xenobiotic transformation with special emphasis on recent advances in

biochemistry.

Course Objectives


� explain food spoilage and suggest ways of preventing it.

� suggest ways of improving and animal quality using biochemistry genetics.

� explain HIV/AIDS at molecular level and offer plausible biochemical strategies to be used in

combating the scourge

� explain drug action and ways of improving drug action and delivery.

Course contents;

Industrial biochemistry Industrial food processes and microbial spoilage, principles of food preservation, diary industrial

processes, fermentation.

Biochemical genetics

Chromosome structure, recombination, complementation. Replication of DNA, polymerizes,

ligases, topoisomerases etc. Transcription, control of RNA synthesis operon theory (repressors,

co-repressors, catabolite repression etc). Restriction enzymes. Plasmids and recombinant DNA.

Sequencing of DNA, PCR.

Immunochemistry

Antigen-antibody reaction. Immunoglobulns, antibody production. Role of complement.

Immunisation, interferon. Current topics (e.g. HIV and AIDS).

Xeobiotic biotransforamation

Transport, absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs and other foreign compounds.

Biotransformation reactions and mechanisms of transforming drugs by microsomal, non-

microsomal enzymes and intestinal flora. Conjugation mechanisms, metabolic reactions and

detoxification. Consequences of metabolism of drugs, factors affecting drug metabolism.





Lab. Work 15%



Biochemistry; D. Voet and J. Voet, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1990.

Molecular Cell Biology; James Darnel et al, 2nd Ed., 1990.

Principles of Drug Action; Goldstein et al.


1. Biochemistry; Lubert Stryer, 3rd Ed., W. H. Freeman, New York, 1988.

2. Principles of Biochemistry, Lehninger, A. L. Nelson and M. M. Cox, North Publishers, 1993.

______________________________________________________________________________________

45

C421 Applied Analytical Chemistry, (Inorganic Compounds)


Rationale:

The course aims to introduce the student to practical chemical analysis of inorganic analysis of

soil, rocks, limestone, glass, porcelain, cement, ores, iron and steel.

Course Objectives:


� correctly utilise practical knowledge of the analysis of inorganic samples.

� determine an appropriate method of chemical analysis

� show skills in interpreting analytical data.

Course contents:

Analysis of soils Sampling, field description of soils, physical analysis of soils. Carbonate carbon, organic carbon,

total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrates. Total determination of other soil constituents.

Determination of soil reaction (pH). Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity.

Gypsum and water solubility in alkali soils. Chemical analysis as a measure of soil fertility.

Analysis of ores

Analysis of ores for their contents of copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, cadmium, silver, gold and uranium

etc.

Analysis of ion, steel and alloys

Sampling. Standard methods for chemical analysis of ferro-alloys. Determination of non-ferrous

alloys.

Analysis of silicates, rocks and glasses

Analysis of soda-lime, lead and borate glasses. The analysis of silicate rocks. Analysis of

different types of cement. Analysis of porcelain.

Analysis of fertilizers

Sampling and sample preparation. Determination of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, water, acid

or base forming quality of fertilizers. Analysis of superphosphate.

Water analysis

Sampling of water. Order of analysis in laboratory. Physical examination of water; determination

of metals. Determination of inorganic non-metallic constituents (C1,Cl2, F-, CN

-, I2,

−−−−+ 2

422234 SOO,O,NO,NO,NH etc.) determination of organic constituents.

Pollution analysis

Sampling of polluted water. Analysis of polluted water. Air sample collection. Analysis of

polluted (SO3, SO2, NO2 and NOx, etc.)





Lab. Work 15%



1. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water; American Public Health

Association, 18th Ed., Part City Press, Baltimore, 1994.

2. Water, Atmospheric Analysis Book ASTM Standards; American Society for Testing and

Materials, Philadelphia, 1992.

______________________________________________________________________________________

46

C422 Applied Analytical Chemistry, (Organic Compounds)


Rationale:

The course is designed to give an overview of analysis of different organic compounds and

acquaint student with skills to handle analyses involving organic compounds.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course the students should be able to:

� show application of analytical principles in analysis involving: food, drugs, clinical, detergents etc.

Course contents

Organic analysis

Qualitative analysis of some elements (C, H, N, O, halogens, P, S). Quantitative elemental

analysis of C, H, O, S. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic groups C-H C-X

(halogens), C=C. C≡C, -OH, -COH, =CO, -COOH, -NH2 -NH2, -NH, -N=H-, NO2 -NO, -NH.OH,

-S-S, -SH, R-SO-, R-SO2- and R-RSO2CI.

Food analysis

Food handling and sampling techniques. Proximate analysis. Determination of water in food

production. Determination of traces of minerals in food. Determination of traces of minerals in

food. Determination of food additives and contaminants. Analysis of herbs and spices,

fermentation products, beverages and chocolate. Analysis of fresh foods and dairy products.

Analysis of oil and fats.

Clinical analysis The composition of blood. Collection and preservation of samples. Clinical analysis, analysis of

serum electrolytes. Determination of blood glucose, blood urea, nitrogen, total protein, non-

protein nitrogen, uric acid, urea nitrogen in urine, phosphatase acid and alkaline. Determination of

protein-bound iodine etc. Immunoassay method. Principles of radioimmunoassay method.

Analysis of drugs

Classification of drugs. Thin-layer screening. Gas chromatographic screening,

sepectrophotometric determination of pure drugs. Determination of barbiturates amphetamines,

alkaloids (morphine, herone, cocaine), hallucinogens (marijuana, canabinoids, LSD etc.)

mandarax.

Analysis of pesticides

Sampling analysis of phosphorus based pesticides and chlorine based pesticides (insecticides,

herbicides and fungicides). Analysis so dithiocarbamates pesticides etc. Degradation products of

pesticides.

Analysis of soaps and detergents

Sampling, general scheme of analysis. Determination of active ingredient and other alcohol-

soluble material. Tests for soap synthetic detergents.





Lab. Work 15%


RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS;

Pearson’s Chemical Analysis of Food; H. Egan, R. S. Kirk and R. Sawyer, C. Livingstone,

London, 1981. Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry; N. W. Tietz ed., 2nd Ed. Philadelphia. W. B.

Saunders Company, 1976. Properties, Identification and Assay Procedures of Drugs; Rockville,

Md. Lints, US Pharmacropeia, 1992. Environmental Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, 1994.


1. Methods in Food Analysis; A. M. Josiyn, Academic Press, London, 1973.

47

___________________________________________________________________________

C441 Advanced inorganic Chemistry I


Rationale:

The course intends to introduce the students to relationships between the symmetry of a molecule

or chemical species with its internal chemical bonding and the vabrational spectra. It aims at

explaining the atomic spectra and magnetic properties of elements and go give a much more

advanced treatment of physical inorganic techniques.

Course Objectives:


� sketch the shapes of chemical species and assign point groups to them.

� relate the symmetry of a molecule to its infrared and raman spectra using group theory concepts.

� apply physical inorganic techniques to interpret physical and chemical properties of molecular species.

Course contents:

Chemical application of group theory

Shapes of molecules, shapes and symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations,

representations, character table. Applications of group theory to hybridization, infrared and raman

spectroscopy, symmetry adapted linear combination of atomic orbitals (SALCS), Molecular

orbital energy level diagrams.

Atomic and electronic spectroscopy

Alkali and alkaline earth meals. Russel-Saudners terms. Ligand field theory - weak and strong

Ligand fields with particular reference to octahedral and tetrahedral complexes.

Magnetochemistry

Antiferromagnestism, diamagnetism, ferromagnestism, paramagnestism. Magnet susceptibility,

effect of temperature and pressure on magnetic susceptibility.

Further applications of physical inorganic techniques

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Electron spin resonance (ERS), mass spectroscopy,

Mossbaur spectroscopy.





Lab. Work 15%



Chemical application of group theory for beginners; E.M. R. Kiremire, University of Zambia,

Lusaka, Zambia Molecular symmetry and group theory,; Alan Vincent, John Wiley and Sons,

New York, 1981.


1. some simple methods of deriving R- S terms- The basis for atomic and electronic spectra; E.

M. R. Kiremire, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

2. Chemical applications of Group Theory; F. A. Cotton, 2nd Ed, John Wiley and Sons, New

York, 1990.

3. Physical Methods in Chemistry; R. S. Drago, Saunders College Publishing, San Francisco,

1977.

4. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossur spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, R.V. Parish, Ellis-

Horwood Ltd, England, 1990.

______________________________________________________________________________________

48

C442 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry II


Rationale:

The course is intended to give an advanced coverage of organometallic complexes and cover

special aspects of inorganic chemistry including catalysis, metals in biological systems and

solid state chemistry.

Course Objectives:


� describe some of the key inorganic catalytic processes.

� explain qualitatively some of the biological reactions involving trace and bulk elements.

� show formation and application of semi-and super-conductors of inorganic and organic species

Course contents:

Organ metallic chemistry

Further treatment of organometallic complexes. Metallocenes. Introduction to metal clusters,

metalmetal bond, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular

orbital (LUMO) concepts and their applications to synthetic inorganic chemistry. Cluster

chemistry.

Basic solid state chemistry Band theory, solid conductivity of main group and transition metal compounds. Extrinsic semi

enzymes of vitamin B12.

Inorganic catalysis Uses of transition metal complexes as catalysts. Use and role of catalysis in modern world. The

reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, hydroformylation reaction, hydrogenation,

carbonylation hydrosilation reactions of unsaturated compounds and uses of such reactions.

Zieglar-Natta catalysists. Introduction to zeolite and use of zeolites in catalysis, purification and

ion exchange resins.





Lab. Work 15%



Adv. Inorganic Chemistry; F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, 5th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New

York, 1988. Bio-inorganic Chemistry; R. w. Hay, Ellis-Horwood, New York, 1987.


1. Principles of Organometallic Chemistry; G. E. Coates eta al, Chapman and Hall, London, 1977.

2. Basic Solid State Chemistry; Anthony R. West, John Wiley and Sons, 1988.

3. A Guide to Modern Inorganic Chemistry; S. M. Owen and A. T. Brooker, Longman Group,

London, 1992.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C445 Bio-inorganic Chemistry

Pre-requisites: C312 Co-requisites: C441, C442

Rationale:

The course aims to introduce to the students the vital roles played by metal ions in biological systems, to

give a concise account of the techniques used in characterizing the metal centres, and will finally highlight

some of the applications of inorganic compounds in chemotherapy and environmental pollution.

49

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course is completed, students should be able to:

� identify links between ligands and metal centres in model compounds and relate their biological

functions.

� describe the role inorganic species in therapy and cite active sites.

� distinguish the roles played by metal ions in living systems.

� state side effects arising from use of inorganic drugs.

� describe the role and importance of the nitrogen cycle.

Course contents:

Introduction

Metal ions in biological systems. Position of metal ions in the periodic table. Role of bulky metal

ions in plants and animals. Binding groups for metals in biology. Trace metals and their

importance.

Transition metal elements in biological systems Detailed discussion of roles of the following metals: Iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, vanadium,

molybdenum, aluminium and zinc, etc.

Structural and physical methods of characterizing biological metal centres ESR, NMR, Mossbaur, Cyclic Voltametry, Electronic absorption spectra.

Dioxygen in biological systems The chemistry of dioxygen and its binding modes. Multi-metal centres and concerted electron

transfer. Transport and storage of dioxygen: Heame and non-hearme complexes. Blue copper

proteins. Reference to model complexes.

Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen fixation. The binding and reactivity of dinitrogen in metal complexes. Nitrogenase,

iron-molybdenum cofactor. The reactivity and mechanisms of nitrogenase. Reduction of nitrate.

Reference to model complexes.

Chemotherapeutic applications of inorganic compounds Therapeutic uses of coordination complexes: anti-cancer, anti-arthiritic drugs. Treatment of

deficiencies. Therapeutic uses of ligands which form coordination complexes: chelate therapy in

heavy metal poisoning; iron overload; Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease etc: anti-viral

chemotherapy; effect of metal on drug absorption.

Some chemical aspects of environmental pollution In agriculture: use of fertilizers herbicides and insecticides. Gaseous air pollution; lead poisoning;

water poisoning. Remedies.





Lab. Work 15%


RECOMMEND TEXTBOOKS:

Bio-inorganic Chemistry; Robert W. Hay, Ellis-Horwood Ltd, West Sussex, England. Metals in

biological systems; M. T. Kendrickk et al, Ellis-Horwood, New York, 1990. The Biological

Chemistry of the Elements; J. J. R. Frausto da Silva and R. J. P. Williams, Oxford University

Press, Oxford, U.K.

SUPLLEMENTARY READINGS:

1. The Inorganic Chemistry of biological Process; M. N. Hughes, John Wiley and sons, London,

1981.

2. Synthesis and Characterisation of Inorganic Compounds; William L. Jolly, Prentice Hall Inc.,

1970.

______________________________________________________________________________________

50

C451 Advanced Organic Chemistry I


Rationale:

This advanced course in organic chemistry aims to expose the student to a coverage of (a)

new synthetic techniques using specialized reagents and approaches, (b) introduce the

concept of chemotherapy and provide an understanding of the synthesis, structure and mode

of action of chemotherapeutic agents, (c) the course concludes with a brief discussion on

neighbouring group participation and its effects on organic reactions.

Course Objectives:


� provide a short, cheap efficient synthetic route in organic synthesis of target molecules available

reagents.

� describe qualitative relationship between chemical structure and biological activity

� explain the structure and synthesis of anti-bacterial, anti-malarial and anti-viral agents

� account for the mode of action of some of the anti-bacterial agents.

� define symphoria and explain the role of neighbouring group effects in promoting organic reactions.

Course contents;

New synthetic reactions

Applications of the following in organic synthesis:

Boron, silicon, phosphorus and sulphur compounds.

Selective oxidation and reduction. Carbenes, nitrenes, arynes and organo-metallics.

Chemotherapy Introduction to the concept of chemotherapy. Structures and synthesis of anti-bacterial, anti-

malarial and anti-viral agents, brief introduction to qualitative structure-activity relationships

modes of actions of some of the anti-bacterial agents, resistance to anti-micorbial agents and

antibiotic sensitivity testing in brief.

Neighbouring group effects and non-classical carbocations Time allocation Distribution of marks




Lab. Work 15%



Organic Chemistry; R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, 5th Ed., Allyn and Bacon, Inc., London, 1987.

Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part B: Reactions and Synthesis; F.A. Carey and R. J. Sundberg, 3rd

Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1990.

Organic Chemistry, Volume 2; I. L. Finar, 5th Ed., Longman, London, 1983.


1. Organic Synthesis: The Roles of Boron and Silicon; S.E. Thomas, Oxford U. Press, New York,

1991.

2. Advanced Organic Chemistry; jerry March, 4th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991.

3. Transition Metal Organometallicis in Organic synthesis, vols I and II, Howard Alper, (ed),

Academic Press, New York, 1976.

4. Medicinal Chemistry, Part I, Alfred ?burger, (Ed.), 4th Ed. Wiley Interscience, New York, 1985.

______________________________________________________________________________________

51

C452 Advanced Organic Chemistry II


Rationale:

The course aims to provide an introduction to the chemistry of natural products such as alkaloids,

carbohydrates, steroids etc. Structures isolation, synthesis and reactions of a selected number of

natural products will be studied. The course will also provide an opportunity to offer a brief

introduction to physical organic chemistry.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the, course the student should be able to:

� describe the structures, isolation and deterction of alkaloids and glycosides.

� explain the synthesis and reactions of several of the natural products.

� provide a reasonable mechanistic explanation for the molecular rearrangement reactions in natural

products.

� outline synthetic and bio-synthetic pathways for some alkaloids.

� describe structural effects on reactivity on nucleophilic and acid-base reactions.

� explain the transition state theory and its importance in organic chemistry; and the isotope effects.

Course contents:

Natural products chemistry

A survey of natural products. Structures, isolation, synthesis, bio-synthesis, reactions and

molecular rearrangements in natural products, problem solving with examples from two or

more of the following: (a) Alkaloids, (b) Anthocyanins, (c) Carbohydrates, (d) Flavanoids, (e)

lipids, (f) Phenolic compounds (g) Sterioids, (h) Terpenes.

Introductory physical organic chemistry Kinetics: integration of rate equations, characterisation of transition states. Structural effects on

reactivity: linear free energy relationships - Brostel, Hammett and Yukawa-Tsunote equations;

nucleophilicity-Swain-Scott and Edward equations; solvent parameters, Winstein-Granwald

equation. Transition state theory and primary isotope effects. Acid base equilibria: acid-base

catalysis, equilibrium and secondary isotope effects.





Lab. Work 15%



Organic Chemistry, Volume 2l I. L. Finar, 5th Ed., Longman. London, 1983.

Phytochemical Methods; J. B. Harborne, 2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall, New York, 1991.

Physical Organic Chemistry; Neil S. Isaacs, Longman, ELBS Edition, London, 1987.


1. Alkaloid Chemistry: Manfred Hesse, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1978.

2. Carbohydrate Chemistry; John F. Kennedy, (Ed.) Clarendon Press, 1988.

3. Natural Products Chemistry; E. Torsell, John Wiley and Sons, England, 1983.

4. Physical Organic Chemistry; W. Ritchie, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1990.

52



Rationale:

The course aims to introduce the role of molecular orbital symmetry in organic reactions and

provide an explanation for the mechanisms and stereo-chemistry of the concerted organic

reactions in terms of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). The course also aims to offer an

adequate coverage of the applications of spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry, aspects of

stereochemistry and organic photochemistry.

Course Objectives:

� explain the significance of spectroscopic methods for structure elucidation of organic compounds and

identify organic molecules using IR, UV, MS, 1H,

13C,

19F-NMR.

� describe isometric relationships in simple organic compounds.

� explain organic photochemical transformations.

� illustrate the use of frontier orbitals in explaining mechanisms and stero-chemistry of concerted

organic reactions.

Course contents:

Application of spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry

Identification of organic compounds using, MS., IR, UV, MS, 1H,

13c,

19F-NMR

Stereochemistry Stereoisomerisms and centre of chirality, topicity and stereoisomerism - homotopic, enantiotopic

and diasterotopic ligands and faces. Diastereotopic ligands and NMR spectroscopy.

Recemisation and methods of reduction-optical purity and eneantiomeric excess. Determination

of configuration, dynamic aspects of stereochemistry-conformation and reactivity.

Organic photochemistry Excited electronic states, sensitization and quenching, techniques of photochemistry,

photochemical reactions of carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen double bonds and aromic compounds.

Symmetry controlled reactions Molecular orbital theory, cyclo-additions, electrocyclic reactions, pericyclic reactions and

sigmatropic rearrangements treated by Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) approach.





Lab. Work 15%



Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds; D. Nassipuri, John Wiley and Sons, New York,

1991.

Introduction to Organic Photochemistry; A. Coyle, John Wiley and Sons, England, 1986.

Spectroscopic identification of Organic Compounds; R. M. Silverstein, G. c. Bassler and T.

C. Morril, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991.

Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions; I. Fleming, John Wiley and Sons, New

York, 1990.


53

1. Spectroscopic methods in Organic Chemistry; Dudley H. Williams and Ian Fleming; 4th Ed.,

McGraw-Hill Book Company Ltd, U. K. 1980.

2. Stereochemistry: Conformation and Mechanisms; P.S. Klsi, John Wiley and Sons, New

York,

1990.

C461 Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Spectroscopy

Pre-requisite: C362

Rationale

The course aims at providing a quantitative theoretical analysis of how molecules and atoms

are held together in a molecular structure. Some mathematical complexities are involved at

finding models for such chemical bonding and the goal of the course is to provide relatively

simple mathematical approaches to the task. Theoretical models of quantum chemistry are

employed in molecular spectroscopy to rationalize the experimentally determined

properties. Besides, the understanding of molecular structures will provide a valuable and

powerful tool to quantitatively give explanations to many concepts in Chemistry and

Biochemistry.

Course Objectives On completion of the course, students should be able to

� explain how quantum theories provide models that yield deeper insight into the nature of chemical

bonding;

� describe the internal structure and physicochemical properties of individidual molecules from the

detailed role electrons and atoms play in their geometry and electronic arrangement for the easy

interpretation of spectroscopic data;

� rationalize, on the basis of molecular structure, many concepts in chemistry and some other disciplines.

Course Content

Symmetry

Introduction of symmetry elements, operations and elements. The symmetry classification

of molecules. Consequences of Symmetry. Groups, representation and characters

multiplication table. The representation of transformations. Matrices.

Quantum theory Introduction. Classical mechanics and failure. Quantization and Compton Scattering. The

Schrodinger wave equation and its solution. Interpretation of the wave function. The

particle in a box. Tunnel effect. Postulates of quantum mechanics. Operators. Eigen

values. Harmonic Oscillator. Rigid rotors. The hydrogen atom. Angular moment - Spin

and Pauli’s exclusion principle, singlet and triplet states. Approximation methods.

Variation and perturbation theories, self-consistent field approximation, LCAO-MO theory, +

2H and H2 molecules.

Molecular Spectroscopy

Rotational Spectra: diatomic molecule, rigid rotor. Pure rotational spectra. Selection rule.

Spherical top molecules. Symmetric and asymmetric top molecules.

Internuclear distance calculation. Valence angles.

Vibrational-Rotational spectra: diatomic molecules, harmonic and unharmonic oscillators. Selection

rule. IR spectra. Raman spectra-normal modes of vibration. Rotational

structure of the vib-rot bands.

Electronic specra: diatomic molecules. Vibrational structure of electronic bands. Rotational

structure of electronic bands. Energy of dissociation.

NMR and ESR: Theories and applications.

54





Lab. Work 15%



Physical Chemistry, P. W Atkins, W. Freeman and Company, New York, 1986.

Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry, Melvin W Hanna. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.

London, 1981.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C462 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics

Pre-requisite: C461

Rationale

Statistical mechanics (thermodynamics) and thermodynamics are closely interrelated

concepts. The former concept sums up the microscopic picture of quantum chemistry and

links it up with the macroscopic thermodynamic theory in terms of the exploration of energy

relationship. The course is thus designed to understand the partition of energy among the

translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic motions and how such energy

distribution can be employed to predict the transfer of energy to and from chemicals, a

process that plays a critical part in chemical processes in industry and in living matter.

Course Objectives:


� apply the knowledge of statistics gained in mathematics to thermodynamic problems;

� use the correlation of atomic and molecular behaviour to their bulk or macroscopic properties;

� predict the direction of a chemical change;

� use the knowledge of thermodynamics to provide explanations to many chemical concepts;

� deduce the heat effects accompanying chemical reactions and the interconversion of chemical energy

to mechanical, electrical or heat energy.

Course Content Statistical Mechanics

Introduction. Statistical interpretation of entropy of mixing. Sterling formula. Maximum

distribution. Ensemble, partition function. Harmonic oscillator. Heat capacity. Helmholtz

free energy. Distinguishable and undistinguishable molecules. Sackur Tetrode equation.

Partition function for translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic partition functions.

Basic Thermodynamics First Law: Statement of the law. Expansion work. Relationship between ∆E, ∆H and q. Partial

derivations relating Cp to Cr. Some thermodynamic mathematical problems.

Temperature dependance of enthalpy. Application of the first law of thermodynamic to

ideal gases. Isothermal and adiabatic changes. Behaviour of real gases - van der Waals

equation, Virial and Berthelot equations Joule-Thompson effect.

Second Law Introduction. Need to study the second law Clausius definition. Mathematical statement

of the law - the Carnot cycle. The Carnot theorem. Thermodynamic temperature scale.

Entropy of a system. Reversible entropy changes (isothermal, adiabatic isobaric,

isochoric). Irreversible entropy changes. The Carnot refrigerator. Entropy and

probability - a statistical view.

55

Free Energy

Need for free energy. Derivation of Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies. Total

differential of ∆A and ∆G. Pressure and temperature coefficient of ∆A and ∆G. ∆G and

equilibrium constant. Relationship between ∆G and ∆H. Equilibrium constant and

temperature. Free energy and maximum work. Application of free energy to electrical

work. Clapeyron equation, Clausius - Clapeyron equation. Gibbs Helmholtz equations.

Third Law

Statement. Mathematical formulation of the law. Evaluation of absolute entropy. Debye

equation

Application of Thermodynamic Concepts Mixtures and Solutions - entropy and free energy of mixing. Open system and chemical potential.

Chemical potential of a component of ideal gas mixture and solution. The fugacity function.

Fugacity and pressure. Calculation of fugacity of a real gas (based on α-function, on

compressibility, Z-factor, on van der Waals equation). Partial molar quantities, PMQ and

evaluation. Ideal binary mixture of volatile liquids - Raoult’s law. Solubility of gases in liquids -

Henry’s law. Equilibrium between a pure solid and ideal liquid. Variation of solubility with

pressure and temperature. The colligative properties - elevation of boiling point, depression of

freezing point and osmotic pressure. Van’t Hoff factor, I as related to





Lab. Work 15%



Physical Chemistry, P W Atkins, W. Freeman and Company, New York.

SUPPLEMENTARY BOOKS 1. Physical Chemistry, G Barrow, 6

th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1988.

2. Physical Chemistry, G. W Castellan, Addison-Wesley Inc., 1983.

3. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, P Harwood, Prentice-Hall Int., 1997.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C475 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry


Rationale:

The course aims to provide an introduction to the general principles of medicinal chemistry.

It will also introduce the basis of rational design and development of drugs and other

biologically active compounds such as food additives, pesticides etc.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course the student should be able to:

� describe the factors affecting absorption, distribution and elimination of drugs; state some of the drug

bio transformation reactions and explain simple drug-drug interactions.

� define pharmacophores, bio-isosters and describe qualitative structure - activity relationships.

� state the sources of drugs. Isolate, detect and purify some of the drugs from medicinal plants.

� state desirable characteristics of a drug molecule, design simple analogues of biological active

compounds and provide a shortest efficient synthetic plan for their synthesis.

� explain the synthesis of organic medicinal compounds and describe the mode of action of some of the

anti-infective agents.

56

Course contents

Introduction

Description and scope of medicinal chemistry. Nomenclature, structures and classification

of organic medicinal compounds.

Biological responses to drugs Brief introduction to adsorption, distribution, elimination, interaction with bio-polymers and

relationship of these responses to chemical structure. Drug bio-transformation reactions in brief

and factors affecting such reactions. Drug receptors, drug-drug and food-drug interactions.

Chemical structure and biological activity Relationship between chemical structure and biological activity, the concepts of pharmaophore

and bio-isosterism, stereochemistry and biological activity, qualitative structure-activity

relationships.

Ethno-medicinal chemistry Sources of traditional drugs-secondary metabolites, compounding of drugs, isolation, detection

and purification of drug substances (plant drug analysis). Biotechnology in medicinal chemistry.

Organic medicinal compounds Structures, synthesis and properties of some anti-cancer, enzyme inhibitors, anti-viral, central

nervous system (CNS) active, anti-sickelling and miscellaneous biologically active compounds.

Mode of action of some anti-infective agents. Food and enzymes as drugs.

Introduction to drug and analogue design Desirable characteristics of a drug molecule, general guidelines for analogue design illustrated

with example(s).





Lab. Work 15%



Introductory Medicinal Chemistry; J. B. Taylor and P. D. Kennewell, Ellis Horwood Ltd,

England, 1991. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis, Volume I and II; D. Lednicer and L. A.

Mitscher, (Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, England, 1991.

The Basis of Medicinal Chemistry - Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Pts I & II; M. E. Wolff, (Ed),

J. Wiley and Sons, New York, 1985.


1. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action; R. B. Silverman, Academic Press,

London, 1992.

2. Phytochemicla Methods; J. B. Harborne, 2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall, New York, 1991.

3. Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Layer Chromatographic Atlas; H. Wagner, S. Blad and E. M.

Zgainski, Translated by T. A. Scott, Spring-Verlag, New York, 1991.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C481 Inorganic Industrial Chemistry I


Rationale:

This is a basic theoretical course of industrial chemistry intended to introduce students to the

broad based industrial chemistry involving inorganic materials.

Course Objectives On completion of the course the students should be able to:

57

� describe the concepts involved in the crushing and grinding technological processes.

� explain fluid and heat transfers.

� use and explain flow sheets in the production of industrial gases

� describe cement, glasses and ceramic technology.

� describe the production of alkali compounds: sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and other sodium base

salts.

Course contents:

Theoretical introduction to concepts of chemical engineering Crushing and grinding; flow of fluids; transportation of fluids; flow of heat; distillation, and

evaporation, and absorption.

Production of industrial gases Hydrogen, oxygen, acetylene, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide.

Ceramic industries Basic raw materials. Chemical conversions, basic ceramic chemistry. Whitewares, structural-clay

products. Refractories, specialized ceramic products, industrial ceramic insulators. Vitreous

enamel, bathroom and floor tiles. Lining material, fire roof lining, fire resistant lining. Silicate

catalyst, silicate fibres, ceramic super conductors.

Lime, gypsum, magnesium compounds, cement, and Portland cement.

Glass industries Raw materials, manufacture of different types of glass including special type.

Production of alkali compounds Sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, sodium sulphite, sodium thiosulphate, sodium nitrite, sodium

peroxide, sodium amide, sodium cyanide. and sodium ferrocyanide.





Lab. Work 15%



Shreve’s Chemical processes; George T. Austin, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1998.


1. Basic Chemical Engineering and Practical Applications; A. M. Ketrov et al, 1988.

2. Introduction to Chemical Engineering; Walter L. Badger and Julius T. Banchero, McGraw-Hill,

1988.

3. Chemical Engineering; Coulson & Richardson, Volume 2, Pergamon Press, 4th Ed., 1991.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C482 Inorganic Industrial Chemistry II

Pre-requisite: C 481

Rationale

This is a basic theoretical course for industrial chemistry intended to introduce students to

the broad based industrial chemistry involving organic materials currently in use in Zambia.

Course Objectives

Production of compound fertilizers Nitrogen industries

Synthetic ammonia, ammonia nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, urea,

and nitric acid. Sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and cyanamide.

58

Sulphur industries Mining and manufacture of sulphur, sulphuric acid, and sulphur pollution.

Potassium industries Potassium, potassium chloride, potassium sulphate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate,

potassium nitrate, potassium bromate, potassium iodate, potassium permanganate, and potassium

dichromate.

Chlor-alkali compounds Manufacture of soda-ash. Sodium bicarbonate, manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda.

Bleaching powders, calcium hypochlorite, and sodium chlorite.

Hydrochloric acid and miscellaneous inorganic chemicals.

Hydrochloric acid and its derivatives.





Lab. Work 15%



Shreve’s Chemical Processes; George T. Austin, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1988.


1. Basic Chemical Engineering and Practical Applications; A. M. Ketrov et al, 1988.

2. Chemical Engineering; Coulson & Richardson, Volume 2 and 3, Pergamon Press, 1991.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C491 Organic Industrial Chemistry I


Rationale:

This course is intended to introduce students to the fundamentals of petroleum, coal, pulp

and heavy organic technology

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course a student should be able to:

� describe refining of petroleum and production of oils from crude oil.

� explain carbonisation of coal and products from coal and products from coal carbonization.

� state the use of pulp, cellulose and paper technology.

� describe the production of basic heavy organic industrial chemicals.

Course contents:

Theoretical introduction to concepts of chemical engineering Crushing and grinding; flow of fluids; transportation of fluids; flow of heat; distillation, and

evaporation, and absorption.

Distillation theory, petroleum as a raw material for chemical industries The petroleum industry. Refining of petroleum and petroleum gases.

Pulp and paper technology Manufacture of pulp for paper. Manufacture of cellulose, toilet paper, paper board etc.,

production of polygraphic materials.

Heavy organic technology Production of basic industrial organic compounds such as: benzene, toluene, aniline, xylene,

acetone. Manufacture of methyl and ethyl alcohol respectively. Manufacture and

processing of acetylene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1,2-butadience etc.

59

Production of agricultural chemicals, pesticides, insecticides and herbicides

Industry of soap, washing powder and detergents





Lab. Work 15%



Handbook of Applied Chemistry; V, Hopp and R. Henrning, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983.

Riegelis Handbook of Industrial Chemistry; I. Kent (Ed.) Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983.


1. Kirk-Othmer Concise Encylop. Of Chem. Technology; M. Grayson and D. Eckroth (Ed.), John

Wiley and Sons, 1985

2. Chemistry of Coal Utilisation; M. A. Eliot, John Wiley and Sons, 1981.

3. Cellulose: Structure, Modification and Hydrolysis; K. A. Young and R. M. Rowell, John Wiley

and Sons, 1986.

4. Pesticides, Preparation and Mode of Action; R. Crumlyn, John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

5. Insect ides; D. H. Htson and T. R. Roberts, John Wiley and Sons, 1985.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C492 Organic Industrial Chemistry II


Rationale:

This course is intended to introduce students to polymer and plastic technology, pharmaceutical

chemicals, different kinds of colours and dyes, explosives etc.

Course Objectives:


� Apply theoretical and practical understanding of polymers, plastics and rubber technology.

� Describe the theory, production and biological activity of pharmaceutical chemicals.

� Use theoretical knowledge of colours and their practical use as dyes.

� Describe the production of sugar.

� Apply the theory on hides to production of leather.

Course contents:

Natural and synthetic rubber and production from them Polymers, plastics and synthetic fibres

Plastics - thermos- setting and thermoplastic resins. Polyurethans and polycarbonates. Processing

of plastics, synthetic fibres; viscose and cellulose acetate. Nylon, Dacron etc., natural polymer.

Pharmaceutical chemicals Production of pharmaceutically important compounds such as barbiturates, sulfonamides,

analgestic sedative, hypnotic and anaesthetic. Production of antibiotic chemicals (e.g. penicillin,

streptomycin etc.)

Production of different types of synthetic colours and dyes.

Sugar industry Manufacture of sugar, refining of sugar.

Leather industry Manufacture of leather for shoe industry and for bags.

Chemistry and industry of explosives



60



Lab. Work 15%



Survey of Industrial Chemistry; P. J. Cheiner, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1986.

Polymer Handbook; J. Bandrup and E. Immergul, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1989.

Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers and Composites; C. Harper, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1992.


1. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering; J. Mark, John Wiley and Sons, 1989.

2. Encyclopedia of Textiles, Fibres and Non-Woven Fabrics, John Wiley and Sons, 1986.

3. Principles of Colour Technology; F. W. Billmayer and M. Saltzman, John Wiley and Sons, 1986.

4. A guide to Chemical Basis of Drug Design; A. Burger, John Wiley and Sons, 1983.

______________________________________________________________________________________

61

M.Sc. DEGREE PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY

M.Sc. program offered by the Chemistry department aims at imparting more in-depth knowledge of various

chemical principles, techniques and instrumentation than that is available at undergraduate level. It also

introduces a number of sub-areas in chemistry not offered in the undergraduate chemistry major program.

The long term objective of the Department is to introduce and develop specialized graduate chemistry

programs culminating in specialized post-graduate degrees and diplomas in chemistry such as M.Sc

Physical Chemistry, M.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry, M.Sc. Organic Chemistry, M.Sc. Biochemistry, M.Sc.

Analytical Chemistry, M.Sc. Environmental Chemistry, M.Sc. Medicinal Chemistry, etc. Many more new

courses will have to be introduced to achieve this long term objective and the Department is working in this

direction.

OBJECTIVES � To provide an in-depth knowledge of: (a) more complex chemical principles, (b) advanced modern

chemical techniques, (c) modern instrumentation.

� To strengthen problem solving ability.

� To produce adequately trained personnel in Chemistry to cater for the present and anticipated future

needs of: (a) academic and research institutions in the country, (b) various existing and future chemical

industries in the country, (c) health institutions in he country.

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF M.Sc. CHEMISTRY DEGREE PROGRAM Within the framework of these broad objectives the Department offers three M.Sc. Chemistry degree

options namely Option A, Option B, and Option C to: (a) cater for varying student deficiencies in subject

areas of chemistry, (b) be flexible enough so as to accommodate the needs of the industry through research

programs, (c) recognize the varying ability of students with good educational background.

Some of the salient features common to all the three M. Sc. Chemistry degree options include:

(a) a compulsory general chemical techniques course. (b) a laboratory component in each course.

(b) A compulsory seminar per year. (d) a research project leading to submission of an acceptable

dissertation for evaluation by at least two independent examiners.

M.Sc. CHEMISTRY DEGREE OPTIONS, ELIGIBILITY & STRUCTURES

Year 1:

(i) OPTION A

Program:

Two year (4 semester) M.Sc. degree program in chemistry by taught courses; followed by research.

Eligibility The applicant must posses:

1. an upper credit B.Sc. or B.Sc. Ed. Degree with Chemistry as one of the major subjects of the

University of Zambia or its equivalent form any other recognized University.

2. an average grade of at least B in senior level chemistry courses.

3. Work experience in a relevant field of chemistry, if any, will be and added advantage.

62

Degree Structure:

Year I:


C501 General Chemical Techniques

Choose two (2) from the following electives Choose three(3) from the following

electives

C511 Macro and Micro-Mol. Biochemistry C512 Physiological Chemistry

C521 Spectra Analytical Methods C522 Electrochemical and Chromatographic Methods

C541 Applied Inorganic Techniques C542 Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry

C545 Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry

C555 Physical Organic Chemistry C555 Physical Organic Chemistry

C561 Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution C562 Molecular Structure and Reactivity

C571 Applied Inorganic Techniques C542 Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry

C545 Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry

C551 Theoretical Organic Chemistry C552 Plant Natural Products Chemistry

C555 Physical Organic Chemistry C555 Physical Organic Chemistry

C561 Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution C562 Molecular Structure and Reactivity

C571 Medicinal Chemistry I(Anti-infective C572 Medicinal Chemistry II

& CNS active agents) (Cardio-vascular Drugs and

Cytotoxic-Agents

Submission of research project proposal

Year 2

Mainly Research Work

� Research work on the approved project under the supervision of a designated supervisor.

� Presentation of a seminar on the work done.

� Submission of four (4) bound computer-typed copies of the Dissertation.

� Examination of the Dissertation.

______________________________________________________________________________________

(ii) OPTION B

Program:

Two year (4 semester) M.Sc. degree program in Chemistry by research only. This program can only be

offered by prior consultation with the department and is subject the availability of the needed facilities.

Eligibility

The applicant must possess:

1. an upper merit B.Sc degree with Chemistry as a major subject of the University of

Zambia or its equivalent from any other recognised University.

2. an average grade of at least B+ in senior level chemistry courses.

3. Work experience in a relevant field of chemistry, if any, will be an added advantage.

Degree Structure

Year 1:

Semester I

� Submission of research project proposal within three months from the date of registration.

� Research work on the approved project under the supervision of a designated supervisor.

� Audit additional course or courses, where necessary and as recommended by the supervisor.

63

Semester II

� Audit additional course or courses, where necessary and as recommended by the supervisor.

� Presentation of a seminar on the actual work done at this stage.

Year 2


Continuation of research work Completion of research work.

Auditing additional course(s), if necessary Presentation of a seminar on the work done

Submission of four(4) bound computer-typed copies

of the Thesis.

______________________________________________________________________________________

(iii) OPTION C

Program Two and a half year (5 semester) integrated M.Sc. degree program in chemistry by taught courses; followed

by research.

Eligibility The applicant must possess:

1. an upper credit B.Sc or B.Sc . Ed degree with Chemistry as one of the major subjects of the

University of Zambia or its equivalent from any other recognised University.

2. an average grade of at least B in senior level chemistry courses.

3. Work experience in a relevant field of chemistry, if any, will be an added advantage.

Degree Structure

Year 1:

Semester I

C501 General Chemical Techniques

Choose one(1) from the following electives

C511 Macro and Micro-Mol. Biochemistry C521 Special Analytical Methods

C541 Applied Inorganic Techniques C545 Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry

C551 Theoretical Organic Chemistry C555 Physical Organic Chemistry

C561 Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution C571 Medicinal Chemistry I(Anti-

infective & CNS active agents)

Choose two(2) from the following electives

C411 Advanced Biochemistry I C421 Appl. Analyt. Chem. (Inorg.

Comp.)

C441 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry I C445 Bio-inorganic Chemistry

C451 Advanced Organic Chemistry I C475 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry

C562 Molecular Structure and Reactivity C572 Medicinal Chemistry II:-

(Cardio-vascular Drugs and

Cytotoxic Agents)

Choose two(2) from the following electives

C412 Advanced Biochemistry II C422 Appl. Analyt. Chem. (Org. Comp.)

C442 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry II C445 Bio-inorganic Chemistry

C452 Advanced Organic Chemistry II C475 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry

64

C462 Statistical Mechs. & Thermodynamics C482 Inorganic Industrial Chemistry II

C492 Organic Industrial Chemistry II C455 Advanced Organic Chemistry III

Year 2 Semester I

Choose any two(2) from the following electives (no taken in year 1)

C511 Macro and Micro-Moi. Biochemistry C521 Spectral Analytical Methods

C541 Applied Inorganic Techniques C545 Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry

C551 Theoretical Organic Chemistry C555 Physical Organic Chemistry

C561 Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution C571 Medicinal Chemistry I(Anti-

infective & CNS active agents)

Submission of a research proposal

Semester II Mainly research work

Research work on the approved project under the supervision of a designated supervisor.

Presentation of a seminar on the work done.

Year 3 Semester I

� Completion of research work and presentation of a seminar on the work done.

� Submission of four(4) bound computer-typed copies of the Dissertation.

______________________________________________________________________________________

DETAILED CORUSE OUTLIENS

CHE5011 General Chemical Techniques

Pre-requisites: First degree with a bias is Chemistry

Rationale:

To broaden the scope of students knowledge in general techniques essential for research work in chemistry.

Course Objectives:


� purify micro-scale organic compounds.

� apply and interpret spectroscopic techniques and data.

� describe and apply light scattering and viscosity measurements.

� use gas-chromatography as a separation technique.

Course Content:

Isolation and purification of micro-scale organic compounds.

Spectroscopic techniques: IR, Raman, UV, NMR (H,C, P and F), and MS.

X-ray methods wavelength dispersive devices, X-ray fluorescence, induced X-ray emission, X-ray

diffraction.

Light scattering and viscosity measurements.

Gas and liquid chromatography.

Photochemical processes: flash photolysis, Laser, radiolysis of gases and liquids.


Lectures 3 hrs per week Continuous Assessment (C.A.) total = 50%

Tutorials 1 hour per week Breakdown of C.A: Tests 20%

65

Laboratory 3 labs per semester Assignments 5%

Seminars 1 per semester Seminar 10%

Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%

PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS:

Modern NMR Techniques for Chemistry Res., Vol. 6, J.R. Baldwin, Eds, Pergamon Press, N. York, 1990.

Quantitative X-ray spectrometry, R. Jenkins, R. W. Gould and D. Geddcke, Dekker, New York, 1991.


1. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, D. H. Williams & I. Flemming, McGraw-Hill

Co., 1995.

2. Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, D. Brigs and

M.P. Seah,

______________________________________________________________________________________

CHE5111 Macro- & Micro-Molecular Biochemistry


Rationale:

The course aims at introducing the students to the molecular basis of biochemistry.

Course Objectives On the completion of the course, the student be able to:

� interpret data from work with electron microscope, iso-electric focusing, light scattering and others.

� describe molecular basis of genetics, nucleic acids-DNA, RNA, Retrovirus, lipids and membranes.

Course Content:

Chemistry of purines and pyrimidines.

Metabolism of RNA and DNA.

Protein Bio-synthesis.

Lipid metabolism and membrane architecture.

Finger printing and genetic engineering.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%


Principles of Biochemistry, A. L. Lehninger and M. M. Wilson, Betterworth Publishers, 1993.


Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, B. L. Williams and K. Wilson, Edwards Arnold.

London, 1975.

Journals: Biochemistry; Science; J. Molecular Biology

______________________________________________________________________________________

CHE5211 Spectral Analytical Methods

Pre-requisite: C322

66

Rationale:

The theoretical knowledge of optical principles can help students to better understand the

use of optical methods in chemical analysis. The course will assist students in handling of

research using optical methods.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course the students should be able to:-

� apply optical methods for chemical analysis.

� interpret data from optical analysis.

� use modern optical apparatus.

� identify structure of compounds from UV VIS, IR, NMR and MS.

Course Content:

Quantum Chemistry of absorption spectroscopy.

Optical fiber, fiber optic sensors, fiber optic fluorescence sensors.

Chemiluminiscence and electro-chemiluminiscence.

Gas-phase chemilumniscence analysis, liquid-phase chemiluminiscence assays.

Electro-luminescence. Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Analysis of nonlumination compound.

Mass spectrometry-chemical analysis, isotopic abundance; fragmentation patterns. FT mass

spectrometry.

Optical rotation, circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotation dichroism (ORD).

X-ray methods. Wavelength dispersive devices. X-ray fluorescence.

Induced X-ray emission. X-ray diffraction and applications.

Radiochemical methods. Emissions and reactions, Sample handling and safety sources.

Statistical considerations. Neutron activation analysis.

Isotopic dilution titration.

Electron spectroscopy, ESCA analysis. Auger electron spectroscopy.

The scanning electron microscope and microprobe.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%


Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 4th Edition; Douglas A. Skoog and James, J. Leary, Saunders

College Publishing, New York, 1992.

Advanced mass Spectrometry: Applications in Organic and Analytical Chemistry; U.P.

Schlunegger; Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980.

Photoelectron and Auger Spectroscopy; T.A. Carlson; Plenum Press, New York, 1975.


1. Analytical Chemistry, 41, 481(1968); J. W. Strojek, G. A. Gruver, and T. Kuwana.

2. Optoacustic and Photoaclastic Spectroscopy, C.F. Dewey, Fr., Wiley-Interscience, New York,

1980.

67

3. Luminiscence in Chemistry; E. J. Browen, ed., Van Nostrand, London, 1968.

______________________________________________________________________________________

CHE5411 Applied Inorganic Techniques

Pre-requisites: C442/C 445

Rationale: The course aims to provide thorough knowledge of the applications of major techniques

which are used in the study of inorganic and organometallic compounds.

Course Objectives:


� determine the magnetic properties, structure of transition metal and other inorganic compounds using

inorganic techniques.

� synthesise and handle air sensitive substances and their reactions.

� describe the nature of principle ligands, their reactions and uses.

� describe general principles of lasers and their uses in applied chemistry.

Course Content:

Magnetism and magnetic properties of transition metal compounds.

Advanced treatment of inorganic techniques in relation to inorganic compounds (e.g. ESR,

Mossbaur).

Synthetic methods and handling of air sensitive compounds and reactions.

Pnictide (ns2np

3) ligands and their reactions with metals. Use of such compounds in extraction,

pollution and medicinal chemistry.

Lasers and their application in chemistry.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%


Adv. Inorganic Chemistry; F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, John Wiley and Sons, New York,

1988.

Magnetism and Transition Metal Complexes; F. Mabbs and D. Machin, Chapman and Hall,

London, 1985.


1. Chemistry and Light; P. Suppan, Royal Society of Chemistry, Britain.

2. Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry; E. A. V. Ebsworth, David W. h Rankin and Stephen,

Cardock, Blackwell Scientific Publications (ELBS), 1987.

3. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossbaur Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry; R. V. Parish, Ellis

Horwood, 1990.

Journals: Journal of Inorganic Chemistry; Journal fo the RSC (Dalton Trans).

______________________________________________________________________________________

C 545 Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry

Pre-requisites: C442/C445

Rationale:

68

The course is intended to cover some biological aspects of the functions of non-metals and metals

in relation to toxicity, radio nuclide and bio-mineralization.

Course Objectives:


� describe the processes of bio-mineralization and formation of inorganic mineral strucutures in living

systems.

� study and identify the effects of quintessentially toxic metals.

Course Content:

Bio-mineralization: Introduction, types of biominerals, functions of biominerals, formation

of inorganic mineral structures (e.g. nucleation, Lussac’s law, growth of inorganic crystals),

examples.

Biological functions of the non-metallic elements: Overview, B, Si, As and PH3, Br, F, I, Se.

The bioinorganic chemistry of the quintessentially toxic metals: Overview, Pb, Cd, Th, Hg, Al,

Be, Chromate (IV).

Biochemical behaviour of inorganic radionuclides, radiation risks and benefits.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%


1. Bio-inorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life. An Introduction and

guide; Wolfgang Kainn and Brigitte Schwederski, John Wiley and Sons, 1996.

2. Bio-coordination Chemistry; David E. Fenton, Oxford University Press, 1995.


1. Bio-inorganic Chemistry; R. W. Hay, Ellis Horwood Ltd, 1987.

2. The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life; J.J. R. Frausto

da Silva and R. J. P Williams, Oxford University Press, 1994.

Journals: Journal of Bio-inorganic Chemistry ______________________________________________________________________________________

C 551 Theoretical Organic Chemistry

Pre-requisites: C 452/C455

Rationale:

The course is designed to build upon and consolidate on the three topics students should

have been introduced to undergraduate level; namely organic photochemistry,

stereochemistry and physical organic chemistry. With this build up and consolidation

students should have a broader, more solid overview of the above state topics, they can be

able to elucidate the structure of complex organic compounds and explain convincingly the

mechanism of new organic reactions. It will further assist the students in better handling of

research and/or teaching assignments.

Course Objectives:


69

� elucidate the structures of simple and moderately complex organic compounds from spectroscopic and

other analytical data.

� distinguish between radiate and radiationless transitions.

� explain the mechanisms and stereochemistry of photochemical organic reactions and predict the

stereochemistry of the product(s) in terms of orbital intraactions from correlation diagrams.

� identify various stereo-isomeric relationships, explain the effect of conformation on reactivity and

stereoselective organic reactions.

� explain the general methods employed for the study of organic reaction mechanisms and interpret the

physical data.

Course Content:

Structure elucidation of organic compounds by spectroscopic methods.

Organic Photochemistry:

Radioactive and radiation less transitions, orbital interactions, correlation diagrams, mechanistic

organic photochemistry.

Advanced Stereochemistry Symmetry and chirality, pro-stero-isomerism, conformation and reactivity stereo-selective

reactions.

Physical Organic Chemistry Linear free energy relationships, thermochemistry, kinetics, interpretation of rate constants,

isotope effects.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%


Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition; Dudley H. Williams and Ian

Flemming, Mcgraw-Hill Book company; 1995.

Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds-Principles and Applications; D. Nassipuri, J. Wiley &

Sons, 1990.

Photochemistry; Nicholas J. Turo, Benjamin and Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1990.


1. stereochemistry; P. S. Kalsi, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.

2. Mechanism and Structure in Organic Chemistry; Edwin S. Gould, Hart Rhinechart and J. Winston,

1959.

3. Physicla Organic Chemistry; Neil S. Isaacs, ELBS/Longman, 1987.

4. Modern NMR Techniques for Chemistry Research, Volumes 1 to 6; Andrwe E. Derome,

Pergamon Press, 1990.

5. Physical Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition; Calvin D. Ritchie, Marcel Dekker Inc. 1990.

6. Organic Stereochemistry; Henry Kapan, Edward Arnold, 1979.

Journals: Journal of American Chemical Society, Journal of Organic Chemistry, Chemical

Reviews.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C 55 Physical Organic Chemistry

Pre-requisites: C 452/C455

Rationale;

This course seeks to introduce to the students an in depth coverage of the listed topics.

70

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course the student should be able to:

� describe the relationship between structure and physical properties of molecules as applied in

spectroscopy.

� explain the structural effects on reactivity

� explain the role of HOMO and LUMO molecular orbitals in certain classes of reactions.

� state and describe organic photochemical processes

� describe some of the 2-D NMR techniques.

Course Content:

Structural Effects on Reactivity:

Additivity schemes for atomic bond and group properties, The Hammett equation.

Transition states and intermediates, structure and reactivity: Quantum mechanics, acid-base

equilibria and catalysis, equilibrium, and isotope effects.

Orbital symmetry in organic chemistry.

2-D NMR Techniques: HH, CH, multiplicities; HH, CH, NH coupling constants, HH, CH COSY,

CH INADEQUATE, NOE, HHNoESY

More organic photochemistry: Nature of light, kinetic feasibility, absolute efficiencies and kinetic

parameters theory of CIDNP, energy transitions, multiphoton processes, photonucleophilic

aromatic substitution reactions; isomerization and re-arrangements.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%


Structure and Reactivity - Fundamental Concepts, Calvin D. Ritchie, 2nd Edition, Marcal Dekker,

1990. The Hammett Equation, C.D. Johnson, Cambridge University Press, 1983.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING;

1. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A:- Structure and mechanisms, Francis A. Carey and Richard

J. Sundberg, 3rd Edition, Plenum Press, 1977.

2. Modern Molecular Photochemistry, Nicholas J. Turro, Benjamin/Cummings Publishign Co. Inc.,

1978.

3. Orbital Symmetry Papers, Howard E. Simmons (Ed), ACS Reprint Collection, 1974.

4. Spectorscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, D. H. Williams & Ian Fleming, McGraw-Hill Co.,

1995.

Journals: Journal of Organic Chemistry, Journal of Chemical Society, Chemical Reviews

______________________________________________________________________________________

C 561 Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution


Rationale:

To broaden the scope of students knowledge in the complex behaviour of ions and molecules

in solution.

Course Objectives:

71


� determine activity and coefficient of solution

� explain why solutions deviate form ideal behaviour.

� measure surface tention by different methods and relate this to atomic parachors for solving Interfacial

problems.

� predict the behaviour of ions at the electrode surface and the use of electro-analytical techniques.

� evaluate thermodynamic data of phase transitions.

� describe the properties of polymers and their applications.

Course Content:

Methods of determining activity and activity coefficient of solution.

Ionic distribution functions, potential and Debye-Huckel theory.

Partial molar quantities and Gibbs-Duhem equation.

Calorimetry-bomb calorimeter differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) or differential thermal

Analyser (DTA). Bond energy and Bond dissociation energy.

Interfacial behaviour surface tensions measurement, contact angles, spreading, insoluble

monolayers, atomic parachor and phase diagrams.

Electrode Kinetics and Voltametry-Bulter and Tafel equations, Chronopotentiometry, linear sweep

and cyclic voltametry, polarography.

Behaviour of macromolecules in solution - Polymers.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%

PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS Chemical Thermodynamics; I.M. Klotz, 5

th Ed. J. Wiley and Sons, 1995.

Principles of Electrochemistry; J. Koryta and J. Dvorak, Czecholslovakia Academy of Sciences,

1995.


1. Physical Chemistry: P.W. Atkins, 3rd Ed., W. H. Freeman, New York, 1986.

2. Electrolyte Solution; R.A. Robinson and R. H. Stokes, Butterworths, London, 1968.

3. Physical Chemistry G.W. Castellan, Addison- Wesley Inc., 1983.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C 571 Medicinal Chemistry I(Anti-infective and CNS-Active Agents)

Pre-requisite: C 452/C472

Rationale:

Development of more potent and less toxic anti-infective drugs and drugs regulating the

central nervous system (CNS) is an active areas of current study and research. The course is

designed to impact in-depth understanding of the synthesis, structure-activity relationships

(SAR), metabolism and modes of action of CNS active and anti-infective agents. The course

also intends to introduce the general principles of rational design of new CNS active and

72

anti-infective agents. The course will assist the students in better handling of research

and/or industrial and teaching assignments.

Course Objectives On completion of the course the student should be able to:

� propose a plausible synthetic plan for a desired anti-fungal/anti-viral/anti-protozoal and CNS active

compounds and explain the reactions involved.

� explain the most probable mode of pharmacological action of sme of the anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-

protozoal and CNS active compounds.

� interpret the structure-activity relationships.

� design the organic molecules which could be expected to possess anti-fungal/anti-viral/anti

protozoal/CNS active properties.

� synthesize some biologically active compounds and evaluate their in-vitro biological activity.

Course Content:

1. Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR), metabolism and modes of action of:

enzyme inhibitors, anti-viral agents, anti-fungal agents, anti-protozoal agents, central nervous

system (CNS) active agents analgesics, anaesthetics.

2. Essential principles of rational drug design.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%

PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS;

1. Medicinal Chemistry, Vols I & II; A.I. Burger, Eds; Academic Press New York, 1987.

2. Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Graham L. Patrick; Oxford University Press, 1995.

3. Organic Chemistry of Drugs Synthesis; volumes II-IV; D. Lednicer and L. A. Mitscher, Eds, John

Wiley & Sons, 1991.


1. The Search for Anti-viral Drugs; Adams and V. Merluzzi, Birkhauser, 1993.

2. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Anti-infective Agents; P. H. Bentley, Eds, Royal

Society of Chemistry, 1993.

3. Progress in Drug Research, Vol. 43; E. Jucker, Eds., Birkhauser, 1994; ibid. Vol. 39, 1992.

4. Molecular Connectivity in Structure-Activity Analysis; L. B. Kier and L. H. Hall, John Wiley

& Sons, 1986.

5. Xenobiosis; A. Albert, Chapman & Hall, 1987.

6. Design of Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs, Volumes 1 & 2; Merton Sandler and H. John Smith,

Eds, Oxford University Press, 1994.

Journals: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Journal of American Chemical Society, Lancet,

Chemical Reviews.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C 512 Physiological Chemistry

Pre-requisite: C511

Rationale:

The course aims at utilizing the information from molecular biochemistry in the study of

applied biochemistry, nutrition and toxicology.

73

Course Objectives:

On Completion of the course the students should be able to:

� outline procedures of food analysis for the purpose of determining their nutritional values.

� describe toxicology-toxins and their migrations in foods and suggest methods for prevention of food

spoilage.

� explain the mechanism of drug action.

Course Content:

Nutritional Biochemistry; Food Biochemistry; Nutrients of food and its analysis; food

processing techniques, food spoilage and food toxins.

Biochemistry of Drugs, molecular mechanism of drug action; time course of drug action, drug

toxicity and its evaluation, drug tolerance, allergy chemical carcinogenesis and teratogenesis.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%


1. Biochemistry; G. Zubay, 2nd edition, Macmillan, New York, 1988.


1. Principles of Biochemistry, A. L. Lehninger, 2nd edition, butterworth Publishers, 1993.

____________________________________________________________________________________

C 522 Electrochemical and Chromatographic Methods

Pre-requisite: C 521

Rationale:

Theoretical knowledge of electrochemical and chromatographic methods helps students

appreciate better electrochemical and separation processes.

Course Objectives On completion of the course, the students should be able to:

� apply electrochemical analytical and chromatographic methods to chemical analysis.

� recognise and differentiate various electrochemical methods so as to correctly select the most suitable

method for a given measurement.

Course Content 1. Measurement, signals and data. Signal to noise ratio. Software techniques. Signal-to-noise

enhancement. Evaluation of results.

2. Potentiometry-Electrochemical cells. Ion selective electrodes. Quantitative analysis and

interferences.

3. Voltametric techniques: Voltametry. Phase-sensitive AC coulometry. Hydrodynamic methods.

Voltametric methods and applications.

74

4. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrumentation. Columns and detectors.

HPLC interfaces. Ion exchange, ion-pair chromatography. Exclusion and affinity

chromatography.

5. Thermal analysis. Differential calorimetry. Thermogravimetry. Thermometric titrimetry and

related approaches. Direct injection enthalpimetry.

6. Process instruments and automated analysis. Methods based on properties. Oxygen analysers.

Chemical sensors. Automatic analysers. Laboratory robots. Flow injection analysis (F.I.A).


Principles of Instrumental Analysis S, D. A. Skoog and J. J. Jeary, Saunders College Publishing, N York,

1992. Electrochemical Methods-Fundamentals and Applications; A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, John

Wiley, New York, 1980.

Modern Polaographic Methods in Analytical Chemistry; A> M. Bond, Marcel Dekker; New York, 1980.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING;

1. fundamentals of Electrochemical Analysis; Z. Galus, Halsted Press, New York, 1976.

2. Organic Polarographic Analysis; P. Zuman, Pergamon Press, Oxford: 1964

3. Basic Liquid Chromatography Palo Acto; E. L. John, and R. L. Stevenson, Varian Associates,

California, 1978.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C 542 Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry

Pre-requisite C 541

Rationale:

The course is intended to cover advanced theoretical knowledge of specialized topics of inorganic

chemistry.

Course Content


� determine and distinguish structures of neutral and ionic boron hydrides using topological approach.

� outline the synthesis, reactions and applications of boron hydrides, carboranes and metallocarboranes.

� describe the chemistry of clusters and cages with special reference to organometallic compounds.

� discuss the reaction mechanisms for various inorganic reactions.

Course Contents:

1. The topological approach to boron hydride structures:- closo, -nido and arachno boranes, synthesis

and reactivity of neutral boron hydrides, carboranes and metallocarboranes.

2. Cluste rand Cages: Treatment of boron hydrides and transition organometallic compounds.

3. Reactions of simple coordinated ligands such as carbonyls, nitrosyla and dinitrogen etc.

Occurrences of such compounds in the environment.

4. Inorganic reaction mechanisms.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%


75

Adv. Inorganic Chemistry; F. A. Cotton, and G. Wilkinson, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988.

Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry; E. A. V. Ebsworth, David W. H. Rankin, and Stephen Cardock,

Blackwell Scientific Publications (ELBS), 1987.


1. Electron Transfer Reactions; R. D. Cannon, Butterworth, London, 1980.

2. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms; J. Espenson, McGraw-Hill, 1981.

3. Inorganic Chemistry; D. F. Shiver, P. W. Atkins and C. H. Langford, Oxford Univ. Press, 1990.

Journals: Journal of Inorganic Chemistry; Journal of the RSC(Dalton Trans.), JACS.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C 552 Plant Natural Products Chemistry

Pre-requisite: C 451/C475

Rationale:

This course is designed to equip the students with the principles and techniques of isolation,

structure studies, synthesis and bio-synthesis of selected plant natural products. The course also

intends to prepare the students to undertake research in biologically active organic molecules of

plant origin.

Course Objectives:


� classify the naturally occurring organic compounds, by chemical structures and laboratory tests.

� outline general isolation and purification plan or a variety of natural products from plant kingdom.

� explain the reactions and synthesis of some of the natural products of biological importance.

� outline general methods of structure studies and elucidate the structures of some of the simple naturally

occurring biologically active compounds.

� explain the biogenetic pathways of some alkaloids, and terpenoids.

� explain the synthesis and chemistry of some water soluble and water insoluble vitamins.

Course Contents

1. Classification, isolation, chemistry, general methods of structure studies, synthesis and

applications illustrated with examples from some of the following:

Alkaloids including selected biogenesis, (b) Carotenoids, (c) Plant phenolics including flavone

glycosides, (d) Steronds-bile acids, steroid hormones, steroidal glycosides and steroidal alkaloids.

Selected biogenesis, (e) Terpenoids including selected biogenesis.

2. Vitamins

Classification, chemistry, synthesis and applications of some water soluble and some fat soluble

vitamins.






Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%

PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS

1. Natural Products: Their Chemistry and Biological Significance, J. Mann, S. Davidson, J. Hobbs,

D. Bathrope, and J. Harborne, Longman, 1993.

2. Natural products Chemistry; P. Torsell, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.

3. Organic Chemistry. Volume 2; I. L. Finar, 5th Edition, Longman, 1988.

76


1. Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Propt.; S. W. Pelletier, Eds; Vol 1-6, J. Wiley & Sons, 1988.

2. Carotenoids, Vols. 1A & 1B; G. Britton, Q. Liassen-jenson, and H. Pfander, Birkhauser, 1993.

3. The Biosysnthesis of Secondary Metabolites; R. B. Herbert, 2nd Edition, Chapman & Hall, 1989.

4. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Vol 1, Atta-ur-Rahaman, Eds, Elsvier Science

Publications, 1988; Ibid Volume 2, 1990.

5. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Vol 53, W. Herz, H. Grisebach, G. W.

Kirby and C. Tomm, Eds, Springer-Verlag, 1988.

6. The Total Synthesis of Natural Products, John W. Apsimon, Eds, Volumes 1 to 7, 1992.

7. Biosynthesis of Naturla products; P. Manito, John Wiley & Sons, 1981.

8. Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Laeyr Chromatographic Atlas, H. Wagner, S Bladt and E. M.

Zgainki, Springer Verlog, 1985.

Journals: J. of Natural Products Planta Medica, Current Contents (Life Section), Phytochemistry.

______________________________________________________________________________________

C 562 Molecular Structures and Reactivity

Pre-requisite C 462

Rationale:

The course intends to use the structure of molecules to broaden the scope of students knowledge in

solution kinetics, photochemistry and spectroscopy.

Course Objectives:


� apply spectroscopic methods to solve the structure of molecules.

� explain the concept of free radicals and the response of molecules to photochemical stimuli.

� measure and interpret kinetic parameters in solution.

� formulate mechanisms for the reaction of complexes in solution.

Course Contents:

1. Crystallography - type of crystal, unit cells space lattices, Bravais lattices, Miller indices, Bragg’s

equation, semi conductors and lattice defects.

2. Catalysis: Quantitative treatment of homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis.

3. Spectroscopy-Molecular structure, excitation, single and triplet states, multiplicity, spectral terms,

variation principle and perturbation theory. Quantitative treatment of magnetic resonance and

electron spin spectroscopy. Theory of chemical shift and measurement, coupling constant and

Pascal triangle.

4. Photochemistry-Type of molecules for absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence,

chemiluminescence Kinetics of photochemical reactions, flash photolysis, laser and radiolysis.

5. Redox reactions - structure of complex electorn transfer reactions in solution, Outer-inner sphere

mechanisms, Base hydrolysis of complexes, Acid dependency of rates of substitution by SN1 and

SN2 mechanisms, Kinetic salt effect.





Seminars 1 per semester Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%

PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS

1. Physical Chemistry; P. W. Atkins, W. H. Freeman & Company, New York, 1986.

2. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy; C. N. Banwell, McGraw-Hill co, London, 1972.

77


Development of safe and more potent drugs for the treatment of cancer, hypertension and other

heart diseases and the search for safe and bio-degradable pesticides are active areas of current

research. The course intends to impart sound understanding of the synthesis, structure-activity

relationships (SAP), metabolism and modes of action of anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive drugs and

insecticides/pesticides. The course will assist the students in better handling of research and/or

industrial assignments.

Course Objectives:


� propose plausible synthesis of target anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive agents, insecticides and pesticides

and explain the reactions involved in the synthesis.

� explain the most plausible mode of action of anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive agents.

� propose the metabolism of some anti--hypertensive drugs.

� design novel organic molecules expected to demonstrate anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive/pesticidal

activities.

� synthesize some anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive/pesticidal compounds and evaluate their in-vitro

biological activity.

Course Content

Synthesis structure-activity relationships (SAR), metabolism, modes of action and rational design

of: anti-cancer agents, anti-hypertensive agents, cardiotheapeutic agents, and pesticides.





Seminars 1 per semester Laboratory 15%

Examination 50%


1. Medicinal Chemistry, Vols I & II; A. I. Burger, Eds, Academic Press, New York 1987.

2. Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action; Richard B. Silverman, Acad. Press, 1992.

3. Introduction to Drug Metabolism; G. G. Gibson, Chapman & Hall, 1986.


1. Progress in Drug Research, Vol. 43; E. Jucker, Eds., Birkhauser, 1994; ibid Vol. 39, 1992.

2. Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, Special Publication Number 65, RSC 1988.

3. Insecticides of Plant Origin; J. T. Arnason, B. J. R. Philogane and P. Morand, Eds, American

Chemical Society Symposium Series, Number 389, 1989.

4. Medicinal Chemistry: A Biochemical Approach; A. Nogrady, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.

5. Molecular Connectivity in Structure-Activity Analysis; L. B. Kier and L. H. Hall, J. Wiley & sons,

1986.

6. Xenobiosis; A. Albert, Chapman & Hall, 1987.

7. Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics; P. Goodmann and G. Gilmann, Eds, J. Wiley and Sons,

1990.

Journals: J. of Medicinal Chemistry, J. of Chemical Society, Chemical Reviews, JACS.

UNZA Chemistry Handbook

Documents

frausto da

coates eta

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prescribed

long term

phd cape town

time allocation

c461 quantum